ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Brabin BJ, Premji Z, Verhoeff F, 2001. An analysis of anemia and child mortality. J Nutr 131: 36S–648S.
-
2.
Guyatt HL, Snow RW, 2004. Impact of malaria during pregnancy on low birth weight in sub-Saharan Africa. Clin Microbiol Rev 17: 760–769.
-
3.
Steketee RW, Nahlen BL, Parise ME, Menendez C, 2001. The burden of malaria in pregnancy in malaria-endemic areas. Am J Trop Med Hyg 64: 28–35.
-
4.
Shulman CE, Dorman EK, 2003. Importance and prevention of malaria in pregnancy. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 97: 30–35.
-
5.
McCormick MC, 1985. The contribution of low birth weight to infant mortality and childhood morbidity. N Engl J Med 312: 82–90.
-
6.
Okoko BJ, Enwere G, Ota MO, 2003. The epidemiology and consequences of maternal malaria: a review of immunological basis. Acta Trop 87: 193–205.
-
7.
Rogerson SJ, Wijesinghe RS, Meshnick SR, 2010. Host immunity as a determinant of treatment outcome in Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Lancet Infect Dis 10: 51–59.
-
8.
Brentlinger PE, Behrens CB, Kublin JG, 2007. Challenges in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of malaria in human immunodeficiency virus infected adults in sub-Saharan Africa. Arch Intern Med 167: 1827–1836.
-
9.
Kamya MR, Gasasira AF, Yeka A, Bakyaita N, Nsobya SL, Francis D, Rosenthal PJ, Dorsey G, Havlir D, 2006. Effect of HIV-1 infection on antimalarial treatment outcomes in Uganda: a population-based study. J Infect Dis 193: 9–15.
-
10.
Colebunders R, Bahwe Y, Nekwei W, Ryder R, Perriens J, Nsimba K, Turner A, Francis H, Lebughe I, Van der Stuyft P, Piot P, 1990. Incidence of malaria and efficacy of oral quinine in patients recently infected with human immunodeficiency virus in Kinshasa, Zaire. J Infect 21: 167–173.
-
11.
Thigpen MC, Filler SJ, Kazembe PN, Parise ME, Macheso A, Campbell CH, Newman RD, Steketee RW, Hamel M, 2011. Associations between peripheral Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasitemia, human immunodeficiency virus, and concurrent helminthic infection among pregnant women in Malawi. Am J Trop Med Hyg 84: 379–385.
-
12.
Naniche D, Serra-Casas E, Bardají A, Quintó L, Dobaño C, Siguaque B, Cisteró P, Chauhan VS, Chitnis CE, Alonso PL, Menéndez C, Mayor A, 2012. Reduction of antimalarial antibodies by HIV infection is associated with increased risk of Plasmodium falciparum cord blood infection. J Infect Dis 205: 568–577.
-
13.
Verhoeff FH, Brabin BJ, Hart CA, Chimsuku L, Kazembe P, Broadhead RL, 1999. Increased prevalence of malaria in HIV-infected pregnant women and its implications for malaria control. Trop Med Int Health 4: 5–12.
-
14.
Steketee RW, Wirima JJ, Bloland PB, Chilima B, Mermin JH, Chitsulo L, Breman JG, 1996. Impairment of a pregnant woman's acquired ability to limit Plasmodium falciparum by infection with human immunodeficiency virus type-1. Am J Trop Med Hyg 55: 42–49.
-
15.
van Eijk AM, Ayisi JG, ter Kuile FO, Misore AO, Otieno JA, Rosen DH, Kager PA, Steketee RW, Nahlen BL, 2003. HIV increases the risk of malaria in women of all gravidities in Kisumu, Kenya. AIDS 17: 595–603.
-
16.
ter Kuile FO, Parise ME, Verhoeff FH, Udhayakumar V, Newman RD, van Eijk AM, Rogerson SJ, Steketee RW, 2004. The burden of co-infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and malaria in pregnant women in Sub-Saharan Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71: 41–54.
-
17.
Cabinet of the President, 2010. Malawi HIV and AIDS Monitoring and Evaluation Report, 2008–2009. Available at: http://www.unaids.org/fr/dataanalysis/monitoringcountryprogress/2010progressreportssubmittedbycountries/file,33686,fr.pdf. Accessed May 7, 2012.
-
18.
Molenberghs G, Verbeke G, 2005. Models for Discrete Longitudinal Data. New York: Springer, Chap. 32.
-
19.
Brentlinger PE, Montoya P, Rojas AJ, Correia MA, Dgedge M, Saúte F, Gimbel-Sherr K, Mercer MA, Gloyd S, 2007. Prevalence and predictors of maternal peripheral malaria parasitemia in central Mozambique. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77: 228–234.
-
20.
Patnaik P, Jere CS, Miller WC, Hoffman IF, Wirima J, Pendame R, Meshnick SR, Taylor TE, Molyneux ME, Kublin JG, 2005. Effects of HIV-1 serostatus, HIV-1 RNA concentration, and CD4 cell count on the incidence of malaria infection in a cohort of adults in rural Malawi. J Infect Dis 192: 984–991.
-
21.
Whitworth J, Morgan D, Quigley M, Smith A, Mayanja B, Eotu H, Omoding N, Okongo M, Malamba S, Ojwiya A, 2000. Effect of HIV-1 and increasing immunosuppression on malaria parasitemia and clinical episodes in adults in rural Uganda: a cohort study. Lancet 356: 1051–1056.
-
22.
Laufer MK, van Oosterhout JJ, Thesing PC, Thumba F, Zijlstra EE, Graham SM, Taylor TE, Plowe CV, 2006. Impact of HIV-associated immunosuppression on malaria infection and disease in Malawi. J Infect Dis 193: 872–878.
-
23.
Kapito-Tembo A, Meshnick SR, van Hensbroek MB, Phiri K, Fitzgerald M, Mwapasa V, 2011. Marked reduction in prevalence of malaria parasitemia and anemia in HIV-infected pregnant women taking cotrimoxazole with or without sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine intermittent preventive therapy during pregnancy in Malawi. J Infect Dis 203: 464–472.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Full Text Views | 356 | 134 | 2 |
| PDF Downloads | 35 | 12 | 2 |
The Effect of HIV Infection on the Risk, Frequency, and Intensity of Plasmodium falciparum Parasitemia in Primigravid and Multigravid Women in Malawi
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is common in pregnant women in many malaria-endemic regions and may increase risk of placental parasitemia. Placental malaria is more common in primigravidae than multigravidae, but the relationship between HIV and malaria across gravidities is not well characterized. We recruited pregnant Malawian women during the second trimester and followed them until delivery. Parasitemia was assessed at enrollment, follow-up visits, and delivery, when placental blood was sampled. There was no difference in risk of parasitemia between HIV-positive and HIV-negative primigravidae. Among multigravidae, HIV-infected women had greater than twice the risk of parasitemia as HIV-uninfected women throughout follow-up. Human immunodeficiency virus was also associated with more frequent peripheral parasitemia in multigravidae but not primigravidae. Both HIV and primigravid status were independently associated with higher peripheral and placental parasite densities. Although risk of parasitemia is lower in multigravidae than primigravidae, the HIV effect on risk of malaria is more pronounced in multigravidae.
Author Notes
Financial support: This work was supported by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Grant CDC/ASPH/ASTDR S1935-21/21. ETN was funded through the Kenan Fellowship at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. NMB is supported by Ruth Kirschstein NRSA T32 715134 and NIH CTSA #UL1RR025747.
Authors' addresses: Ella T. Nkhoma, Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, E-mail: ella.nkhoma@bms.com (Currently: Global Pharmacovigilance and Epidemiology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, CT). Natalie M. Bowman, Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina Hospitals, Chapel Hill, NC, E-mail: nbowman@med.unc.edu. Linda Kalilani-Phiri and Victor Mwapasa, Department of Community Health, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi, E-mails: lkalilani@hotmail.com and vmwapasa@yahoo.com. Stephen J. Rogerson, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, E-mail: sroger@unimelb.edu.au. Steven R. Meshnick, Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, E-mail: meshnick@email.unc.edu.