- Introduction
- Materials and Methods
- Results
- Secular trend of the P. falciparum and P. vivax malaria epidemic.
- Seasonal index of the P. falciparum and P. vivax malaria epidemic.
- Cyclical fluctuation of the P. falciparum and P. vivax malaria epidemic.
- Spatial distribution of annual P. falciparum and P. vivax malaria incidence.
- Temporal clusters of the P. falciparum and P. vivax malaria epidemic.
- Spatial clusters of the P. falciparum and P. vivax malaria epidemic.
- Discussion
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
World Health Organization, 2010. World Malaria Report 2010. Available at: http://www.who.int/malaria/publications/atoz/9789241564106/en/. Accessed July 1, 2011.
-
2.
Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China, 2010. Chinese Health Statistics Yearbook 2010. Available at: http://www.moh.gov.cn/publicfiles/business/htmlfiles/zwgkzt/ptjnj/year2010/index2010.html. Accessed October 1, 2011.
-
3.
Lin H, Lu L, Tian L, Zhou S, Wu H, Bi Y, Ho S, Liu Q, 2009. Spatial and temporal distribution of falciparum malaria in China. Malar J 8: 130.
-
4.
Zhou S, Tang L, Sheng H, Wang Y, 2006. Malaria situation in the People's Republic of China in 2004. Zhong Guo Ji Sheng Chong Xue Yu Ji Sheng Chong Bing Za Zhi 24: 1–3.
-
5.
Xiao D, Long Y, Wang S, Fang L, Xu D, Wang G, Li L, Cao W, Yan Y, 2010. Spatiotemporal distribution of malaria and the association between its epidemic and climate factors in Hainan, China. Malar J 9: 185.
-
6.
Cazelles B, Chavez M, Magny GC, Guegan JF, Hales S, 2007. Time-dependent spectral analysis of epidemiological time-series with wavelets. J R Soc Interface 4: 625–636.
-
7.
Grenfell BT, Bjornstad ON, Kappey J, 2001. Travelling waves and spatial hierarchies in measles epidemics. Nature 414: 716–723.
-
8.
Broutin H, Guegan J, Elguero E, Simondon F, Cazelles B, 2005. Large-scale comparative analysis of pertussis population dynamics: periodicity, synchrony, and impact of vaccination. Am J Epidemiol 161: 1159–1167.
-
9.
Pascual M, Cazelles B, Bouma MJ, Chaves LF, Koelle K, 2008. Shifting patterns: malaria dynamics and rainfall variability in an African highland. Proc Biol Sci 275: 123–132.
-
10.
Chaves LF, Pascual M, 2006. Climate cycles and forecasts of cutaneous leishmaniasis, a nonstationary vector-borne disease. PLoS Med 3: 1320–1328.
-
11.
Snow RW, Guerra CA, Noor AM, Myint HY, Hay SI, 2005. The global distribution of clinical episodes of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Nature 434: 214–217.
-
12.
Hay SI, Guerra CA, Gething PW, Patil AP, Tatem AJ, Noor AM, Kabaria GW, Manh BH, Elyazar IRF, Brooker S, Smith DL, Moyeed RA, Snow RW, 2009. A world malaria map: Plasmodium falciparum endemicity in 2007. PLoS Med 6: 286–302.
-
13.
Munyekenye OG, Githeko AK, Zhou G, Mushinzimana E, Minakawa N, Yan G, 2005. Plasmodium falciparum spatial analysis, western Kenya highlands. Emerg Infect Dis 11: 1571–1577.
-
14.
Hui FM, Xu B, Chen ZW, Cheng X, Liang L, Huang HB, Fang LQ, Yang H, Zhou HN, Yang HL, Zhou XN, Cao WC, Gong P, 2009. Spatio-temporal distribution of malaria in Yunnan Province, China. Am J Trop Med Hyg 81: 503–509.
-
15.
Clements AC, Barnett AG, Cheng ZW, Snow RW, Zhou HN, 2009. Space-time variation of malaria incidence in Yunnan Province, China. Malar J 8: 180.
-
16.
Zhang W, Wang L, Fang L, Ma J, Xu Y, Jiang J, Hui F, Wang J, Liang S, Yang H, Cao W, 2008. Spatial analysis of malaria in Anhui Province, China. Malar J 7: 206.
-
17.
Wang LP, Xu YF, Wang JJ, Xu X, Zhang WY, Fang LQ, Ma JQ, Cao WC, Jin SG, 2008. Spatial-temporal analysis on the distribution of malaria in Anhui, 1990–2006. Ji Bing Kong Zhi Za Zhi 12: 156–159.
-
18.
Wen L, Xu DZ, Wang SQ, Li CX, Zhang ZY, Su YQ, 2003. Epidemic of malaria in Hainan Province and modeling malaria incidence with meteorological parameters. Ji Bing Kong Zhi Za Zhi 7: 520–524.
-
19.
Fang L, Yan L, Liang S, de Vlas SJ, Feng D, Han X, Zhao W, Xu B, Bian L, Yang H, Gong P, Richardus JH, Cao W, 2006. Spatial analysis of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in China. BMC Infect Dis 6: 77.
-
20.
Kulldorff M, Feuer EJ, Miller BA, Freedman LS, 1997. Breast cancer clusters in the northeast United States: a geographic analysis. Am J Epidemiol 146: 161–170.
-
21.
Daubechies I, 1992. Ten Lectures on Wavelets. Series in Applied Mathematics Monographs. Philadelphia, PA: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, 1–16.
-
22.
Kulldorff M, 1997. A spatial scan statistic. Comm Statist Theory Methods 26: 1481–1496.
-
23.
Kulldorff M, 2006. SatScan User Guide for Version 7.0. Available at: http://www.satscan.org/. Accessed March 9, 2010.
-
24.
Chaput EK, Meek JI, Heimer R, 2002. Spatial analysis of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis near Lyme, Connecticut. Emerg Infect Dis 8: 943–948.
-
25.
Pitzer VE, Viboud C, Simonsen L, Steiner C, Panozzo CA, Alonso WJ, Miller MA, Glass RI, Glasser JW, Parashar UD, Grenfell BT, 2009. Demographic variability, vaccination, and the spatiotemporal dynamics of rotavirus epidemics. Science 325: 290–294.
-
26.
Wang S, 2005. Evaluation of feasibility in elimination of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Hainan Province. Zhong Guo Re Dai Yi Xue 5: 1779–1781.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
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| Abstract Views | 1114 | 1021 | 24 |
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Epidemic Distribution and Variation of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax Malaria in Hainan, China during 1995–2008
Dan Xiao
Dan Xiao
Department of Epidemiology and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, and Department of Mathematics and Physics, School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China; Hainan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Haikou, China
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Yong Long
Yong Long
Department of Epidemiology and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, and Department of Mathematics and Physics, School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China; Hainan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Haikou, China
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Shanqing Wang
Shanqing Wang
Department of Epidemiology and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, and Department of Mathematics and Physics, School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China; Hainan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Haikou, China
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Kejian Wu
Kejian Wu
Department of Epidemiology and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, and Department of Mathematics and Physics, School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China; Hainan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Haikou, China
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Dezhong Xu
Dezhong Xu
Department of Epidemiology and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, and Department of Mathematics and Physics, School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China; Hainan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Haikou, China
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Haitao Li
Haitao Li
Department of Epidemiology and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, and Department of Mathematics and Physics, School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China; Hainan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Haikou, China
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Guangze Wang
Guangze Wang
Department of Epidemiology and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, and Department of Mathematics and Physics, School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China; Hainan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Haikou, China
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Yongping Yan
Yongping Yan
Department of Epidemiology and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, and Department of Mathematics and Physics, School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China; Hainan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Haikou, China
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Hainan Province is the main area threatened by malaria in China. However, the epidemiologic patterns of malaria in this region are not yet defined. In this study, we determined the spatio-temporal distribution and variation of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax malaria in Hainan during 1995–2008 by using wavelet and cluster quantitative approaches. The results indicated a decreasing secular trend and obvious seasonal fluctuation of malaria in Hainan. In addition, the characteristic annual peak of malaria could not be detected after 2005. The southcentral region of Hainan has remained an area of relatively high malaria risk, but the incidence of P. falciparum malaria increased significantly in the southeast and southwest regions during 2002–2008. These findings identify epidemic patterns of malaria in Hainan, and are applicable for designing an effective and dynamic public health campaign to combat malaria in this region.
Author Notes
Financial support: This study was supported by National Special Grant for Prevention and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, China (2008ZX10004-012) and the Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University (PCSIRT).
Authors' addresses: Dan Xiao, Yong Long, Kejian Wu, Dezhong Xu, Haitao Li, and Yongping Yan, No. 169, Changle West Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, China, E-mails: danxiao@fmmu.edu.cn, longyong@fmmu.edu.cn, octopuspie@126.com, xudezh69@163.com, haitaoli@fmmu.edu.cn, and yanyping@fmmu.edu.cn. Shanqing Wang and Guangze Wang, 44 Haifu Road, Haikou, China, E-mails: wangsqkevin@163.com and wangguangze63@126.com.
- Introduction
- Materials and Methods
- Results
- Secular trend of the P. falciparum and P. vivax malaria epidemic.
- Seasonal index of the P. falciparum and P. vivax malaria epidemic.
- Cyclical fluctuation of the P. falciparum and P. vivax malaria epidemic.
- Spatial distribution of annual P. falciparum and P. vivax malaria incidence.
- Temporal clusters of the P. falciparum and P. vivax malaria epidemic.
- Spatial clusters of the P. falciparum and P. vivax malaria epidemic.
- Discussion
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
World Health Organization, 2010. World Malaria Report 2010. Available at: http://www.who.int/malaria/publications/atoz/9789241564106/en/. Accessed July 1, 2011.
-
2.
Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China, 2010. Chinese Health Statistics Yearbook 2010. Available at: http://www.moh.gov.cn/publicfiles/business/htmlfiles/zwgkzt/ptjnj/year2010/index2010.html. Accessed October 1, 2011.
-
3.
Lin H, Lu L, Tian L, Zhou S, Wu H, Bi Y, Ho S, Liu Q, 2009. Spatial and temporal distribution of falciparum malaria in China. Malar J 8: 130.
-
4.
Zhou S, Tang L, Sheng H, Wang Y, 2006. Malaria situation in the People's Republic of China in 2004. Zhong Guo Ji Sheng Chong Xue Yu Ji Sheng Chong Bing Za Zhi 24: 1–3.
-
5.
Xiao D, Long Y, Wang S, Fang L, Xu D, Wang G, Li L, Cao W, Yan Y, 2010. Spatiotemporal distribution of malaria and the association between its epidemic and climate factors in Hainan, China. Malar J 9: 185.
-
6.
Cazelles B, Chavez M, Magny GC, Guegan JF, Hales S, 2007. Time-dependent spectral analysis of epidemiological time-series with wavelets. J R Soc Interface 4: 625–636.
-
7.
Grenfell BT, Bjornstad ON, Kappey J, 2001. Travelling waves and spatial hierarchies in measles epidemics. Nature 414: 716–723.
-
8.
Broutin H, Guegan J, Elguero E, Simondon F, Cazelles B, 2005. Large-scale comparative analysis of pertussis population dynamics: periodicity, synchrony, and impact of vaccination. Am J Epidemiol 161: 1159–1167.
-
9.
Pascual M, Cazelles B, Bouma MJ, Chaves LF, Koelle K, 2008. Shifting patterns: malaria dynamics and rainfall variability in an African highland. Proc Biol Sci 275: 123–132.
-
10.
Chaves LF, Pascual M, 2006. Climate cycles and forecasts of cutaneous leishmaniasis, a nonstationary vector-borne disease. PLoS Med 3: 1320–1328.
-
11.
Snow RW, Guerra CA, Noor AM, Myint HY, Hay SI, 2005. The global distribution of clinical episodes of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Nature 434: 214–217.
-
12.
Hay SI, Guerra CA, Gething PW, Patil AP, Tatem AJ, Noor AM, Kabaria GW, Manh BH, Elyazar IRF, Brooker S, Smith DL, Moyeed RA, Snow RW, 2009. A world malaria map: Plasmodium falciparum endemicity in 2007. PLoS Med 6: 286–302.
-
13.
Munyekenye OG, Githeko AK, Zhou G, Mushinzimana E, Minakawa N, Yan G, 2005. Plasmodium falciparum spatial analysis, western Kenya highlands. Emerg Infect Dis 11: 1571–1577.
-
14.
Hui FM, Xu B, Chen ZW, Cheng X, Liang L, Huang HB, Fang LQ, Yang H, Zhou HN, Yang HL, Zhou XN, Cao WC, Gong P, 2009. Spatio-temporal distribution of malaria in Yunnan Province, China. Am J Trop Med Hyg 81: 503–509.
-
15.
Clements AC, Barnett AG, Cheng ZW, Snow RW, Zhou HN, 2009. Space-time variation of malaria incidence in Yunnan Province, China. Malar J 8: 180.
-
16.
Zhang W, Wang L, Fang L, Ma J, Xu Y, Jiang J, Hui F, Wang J, Liang S, Yang H, Cao W, 2008. Spatial analysis of malaria in Anhui Province, China. Malar J 7: 206.
-
17.
Wang LP, Xu YF, Wang JJ, Xu X, Zhang WY, Fang LQ, Ma JQ, Cao WC, Jin SG, 2008. Spatial-temporal analysis on the distribution of malaria in Anhui, 1990–2006. Ji Bing Kong Zhi Za Zhi 12: 156–159.
-
18.
Wen L, Xu DZ, Wang SQ, Li CX, Zhang ZY, Su YQ, 2003. Epidemic of malaria in Hainan Province and modeling malaria incidence with meteorological parameters. Ji Bing Kong Zhi Za Zhi 7: 520–524.
-
19.
Fang L, Yan L, Liang S, de Vlas SJ, Feng D, Han X, Zhao W, Xu B, Bian L, Yang H, Gong P, Richardus JH, Cao W, 2006. Spatial analysis of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in China. BMC Infect Dis 6: 77.
-
20.
Kulldorff M, Feuer EJ, Miller BA, Freedman LS, 1997. Breast cancer clusters in the northeast United States: a geographic analysis. Am J Epidemiol 146: 161–170.
-
21.
Daubechies I, 1992. Ten Lectures on Wavelets. Series in Applied Mathematics Monographs. Philadelphia, PA: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, 1–16.
-
22.
Kulldorff M, 1997. A spatial scan statistic. Comm Statist Theory Methods 26: 1481–1496.
-
23.
Kulldorff M, 2006. SatScan User Guide for Version 7.0. Available at: http://www.satscan.org/. Accessed March 9, 2010.
-
24.
Chaput EK, Meek JI, Heimer R, 2002. Spatial analysis of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis near Lyme, Connecticut. Emerg Infect Dis 8: 943–948.
-
25.
Pitzer VE, Viboud C, Simonsen L, Steiner C, Panozzo CA, Alonso WJ, Miller MA, Glass RI, Glasser JW, Parashar UD, Grenfell BT, 2009. Demographic variability, vaccination, and the spatiotemporal dynamics of rotavirus epidemics. Science 325: 290–294.
-
26.
Wang S, 2005. Evaluation of feasibility in elimination of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Hainan Province. Zhong Guo Re Dai Yi Xue 5: 1779–1781.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1114 | 1021 | 24 |
| Full Text Views | 414 | 2 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 94 | 4 | 2 |