ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
International Energy Agency, 2010. World Energy Outlook 2010. Available at: http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/. Accessed May 19, 2012.
-
2.
United Nations Development Programme, 2010. United Nations Development Programme, Energy for a Sustainable Future: The Secretary-General's Advisory Group on Energy and Climate Change Summary Report and Recommendations. Available at: http://www.un.org/wcm/webdav/site/climatechange/shared/Documents/AGECC%20summary%20report%5B1%5D.pdf. Accessed July 11, 2012.
-
3.
International Energy Agency, 2011. World Energy Outlook 2011. Available at: http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/. Accessed May 19, 2012.
-
4.
UN-Energy, 2005. The Energy Challenge for Achieving the Millennium Development Goals. Available at: http://www.unhabitat.org/downloads/docs/920_88725_The%20Energy%20challenge%20for%20achieving%20the%20millenium%20development%20goals.pdf. Accessed July 11, 2012.
-
5.
Guruswamy L, 2011. Energy poverty. Annu Rev Environ Resour 36: 139–161.
-
6.
Brown J, Theis L, Kerr L, Zakhidova N, O'Connor K, Uthman M, Oden ZM, Richards-Kortum R, 2011. A hand-powered, portable, low-cost centrifuge for diagnosing anemia in low-resource settings. Am J Trop Med Hyg 85: 327–332.
-
7.
World Health Organization, Department of Communicable Disease, Surveillance and Response, 2002. WHO/CDS/CSR/EPH/2002.12. Prevention of Hospital-Acquired Infections: A Practical Guide. Second edition. Available at: http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/drugresist/WHO_CDS_CSR_EPH_2002_12/en/. Accessed July 11, 2012.
-
8.
Rosenthal VD, Maki D, Salomao R, Alvarez-Moreno C, Mehta Y, Higuera F, Cuellar LE, Arikan OA, Abouqal R, Leblebicioglu H, 2006. International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium. Device-associated nosocomial infections in 55 intensive care units of 8 developing countries. Ann Intern Med 145: 582–591.
-
9.
Fisher-Hoch SP, 2005. Lessons from nosocomial viral hemorrhagic fever outbreaks. British Med Bull 73 and 74: 123–137.
-
10.
Frank C, Geogr D, Mohamed MK, Strickland GT, Lavanchy D, Arthur RR, Magder LS, El Khoby T, Abdel-Wahab Y, Ohn ES, Anwar W, Sallam I, 2000. The role of parenteral antischistosomal therapy in the spread of hepatitis C virus in Egypt. Lancet 355: 887–891.
-
11.
Luby SP, Qumruddin K, Shah A, Omair A, Pahsa O, Khan AJ, McCormick JB, Hoodbhouy F, Fisher-Hoch S, 1997. The relationship between therapeutic injections and high prevalence of hepatitis C infection in Hafizabad, Pakistan. Epidemiol Infect 119: 349–356.
-
12.
US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008. Guideline for Disinfection and Sterilization in Healthcare Facilities. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/hicpac/pdf/guidelines/Disinfection_Nov_2008.pdf. Accessed July 11, 2012.
-
13.
Stoffel T, Renne D, Myers D, Wilcox S, Sengupta M, George R, Turchi C, 2010. Concentrating Solar Power: Best Practices Handbook. Technical Report NREL/TP 550-47465. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Energy. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratories.
-
14.
The Engineering ToolBox, Fuels and Chemicals – Auto Ignition Temperatures, 2012. Available at: http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/fuels-ignition-temperatures-d_171.html. Accessed May 16, 2012.
-
15.
We have located three other solar-powered autoclaves: Sydney University (2003), MIT/Solarclave (2010), and University of Kansas (2011). To our knowledge, there are no published data about the efficacy of these devices to achieve wet sterilization per the CDC's guidelines.
-
16.
The Forum of Energy Ministers of Africa, 2006. Energy and the Millennium Development Goals in Africa. April. Available at: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTAFRREGTOPENERGY/Resources/Energy_and_MilleniumFEMA_Report.pdf. Accessed July 11, 2012.
-
17.
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008. Guideline for Disinfection and Sterilization in Healthcare Facilities. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/hicpac/pdf/guidelines/Disinfection_Nov_2008.pdf. Accessed July 11, 2012. 58.
-
18.
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008. Guideline for Disinfection and Sterilization in Healthcare Facilities. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/hicpac/pdf/guidelines/Disinfection_Nov_2008.pdf. Accessed July 11, 2012.
-
19.
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008. Guideline for Disinfection and Sterilization in Healthcare Facilities. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/hicpac/pdf/guidelines/Disinfection_Nov_2008.pdf. Accessed July 11, 2012. 68–69.
-
20.
We identified the Prahbat Nr2 as an appropriate burner for an autoclave as it is listed for such a purpose on the web-site of the International Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. For prices and specifications about fuel consumption, see http://procurement.ifrc.org/catalogue/detail.aspx?itemcode=XSTEAUTO39BK%20%20%20&from=kit.
-
21.
Fuel price of kerosene is estimated from the World Bank, Changes in End-User Petroleum Product Prices. Extractive Industries and Development Series #2. February 2009. Figure 3. Retail Prices of Kerosene, August 2008. Mozambique. p. 9. Available at: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTOGMC/Resources/ei_for_development_2.pdf.
-
22.
Ramachandra V, 2008. Power and Roads for Africa: What the United States Can Do. In: Birdsall N ed. The White House and the World. Washington, DC: Center for Global Development, 91–119.
-
23.
World Bank, 2009. Changes in End-User Petroleum Product Prices. Extractive Industries and Development Series #2. February, 1. Available at: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTOGMC/Resources/ei_for_development_2.pdf. Accessed July 11, 2012.
-
24.
Alaphilippe M, Bonnet S, Stouffs P, 2007. Low power thermodynamic solar energy conversion: coupling of a parabolic trough concentrator and an Ericsson engine. Int J Thermodynamics 10: 37–45.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 647 | 513 | 17 |
| Full Text Views | 406 | 8 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 211 | 7 | 0 |
Validation of the Efficacy of a Solar-Thermal Powered Autoclave System for Off-Grid Medical Instrument Wet Sterilization
Tremayne Kaseman
Tremayne Kaseman
Brown School of Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas; Jones Graduate School of Business and Institute for Global Health Technologies, Rice University, Houston, Texas
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Jean Boubour
Jean Boubour
Brown School of Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas; Jones Graduate School of Business and Institute for Global Health Technologies, Rice University, Houston, Texas
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Douglas A. Schuler
Douglas A. Schuler
Brown School of Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas; Jones Graduate School of Business and Institute for Global Health Technologies, Rice University, Houston, Texas
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This work describes the efficacy of a solar-thermal powered autoclave used for the wet sterilization of medical instruments in off-grid settings where electrical power is not readily available. Twenty-seven trials of the solar-thermal powered system were run using an unmodified non-electric autoclave loaded with a simulated bundle of medical instruments and biological test agents. Results showed that in 100% of the trials the autoclave achieved temperatures in excess of 121°C for 30 minutes, indicator tape displayed visible reactions to steam sterilization, and biological tests showed that microbial agents had been eliminated, in compliance with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention requirements for efficacious wet sterilization.
Author Notes
Financial support: This study was funded in part by grants from The Shell Center for Sustainability at Rice University, Jim and Linda Hargrove, and The Shell Oil Company Foundation.
Authors' addresses: Tremayne Kaseman and Jean Boubour, Rice University, Brown School of Engineering Houston, TX, E-mails: tremayne.kaseman@gmail.com and jean.boubour@orange.fr. Douglas A. Schuler, Jones Graduate School of Business, Rice University, Houston, TX, E-mail: schuler@rice.edu.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
International Energy Agency, 2010. World Energy Outlook 2010. Available at: http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/. Accessed May 19, 2012.
-
2.
United Nations Development Programme, 2010. United Nations Development Programme, Energy for a Sustainable Future: The Secretary-General's Advisory Group on Energy and Climate Change Summary Report and Recommendations. Available at: http://www.un.org/wcm/webdav/site/climatechange/shared/Documents/AGECC%20summary%20report%5B1%5D.pdf. Accessed July 11, 2012.
-
3.
International Energy Agency, 2011. World Energy Outlook 2011. Available at: http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/. Accessed May 19, 2012.
-
4.
UN-Energy, 2005. The Energy Challenge for Achieving the Millennium Development Goals. Available at: http://www.unhabitat.org/downloads/docs/920_88725_The%20Energy%20challenge%20for%20achieving%20the%20millenium%20development%20goals.pdf. Accessed July 11, 2012.
-
5.
Guruswamy L, 2011. Energy poverty. Annu Rev Environ Resour 36: 139–161.
-
6.
Brown J, Theis L, Kerr L, Zakhidova N, O'Connor K, Uthman M, Oden ZM, Richards-Kortum R, 2011. A hand-powered, portable, low-cost centrifuge for diagnosing anemia in low-resource settings. Am J Trop Med Hyg 85: 327–332.
-
7.
World Health Organization, Department of Communicable Disease, Surveillance and Response, 2002. WHO/CDS/CSR/EPH/2002.12. Prevention of Hospital-Acquired Infections: A Practical Guide. Second edition. Available at: http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/drugresist/WHO_CDS_CSR_EPH_2002_12/en/. Accessed July 11, 2012.
-
8.
Rosenthal VD, Maki D, Salomao R, Alvarez-Moreno C, Mehta Y, Higuera F, Cuellar LE, Arikan OA, Abouqal R, Leblebicioglu H, 2006. International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium. Device-associated nosocomial infections in 55 intensive care units of 8 developing countries. Ann Intern Med 145: 582–591.
-
9.
Fisher-Hoch SP, 2005. Lessons from nosocomial viral hemorrhagic fever outbreaks. British Med Bull 73 and 74: 123–137.
-
10.
Frank C, Geogr D, Mohamed MK, Strickland GT, Lavanchy D, Arthur RR, Magder LS, El Khoby T, Abdel-Wahab Y, Ohn ES, Anwar W, Sallam I, 2000. The role of parenteral antischistosomal therapy in the spread of hepatitis C virus in Egypt. Lancet 355: 887–891.
-
11.
Luby SP, Qumruddin K, Shah A, Omair A, Pahsa O, Khan AJ, McCormick JB, Hoodbhouy F, Fisher-Hoch S, 1997. The relationship between therapeutic injections and high prevalence of hepatitis C infection in Hafizabad, Pakistan. Epidemiol Infect 119: 349–356.
-
12.
US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008. Guideline for Disinfection and Sterilization in Healthcare Facilities. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/hicpac/pdf/guidelines/Disinfection_Nov_2008.pdf. Accessed July 11, 2012.
-
13.
Stoffel T, Renne D, Myers D, Wilcox S, Sengupta M, George R, Turchi C, 2010. Concentrating Solar Power: Best Practices Handbook. Technical Report NREL/TP 550-47465. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Energy. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratories.
-
14.
The Engineering ToolBox, Fuels and Chemicals – Auto Ignition Temperatures, 2012. Available at: http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/fuels-ignition-temperatures-d_171.html. Accessed May 16, 2012.
-
15.
We have located three other solar-powered autoclaves: Sydney University (2003), MIT/Solarclave (2010), and University of Kansas (2011). To our knowledge, there are no published data about the efficacy of these devices to achieve wet sterilization per the CDC's guidelines.
-
16.
The Forum of Energy Ministers of Africa, 2006. Energy and the Millennium Development Goals in Africa. April. Available at: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTAFRREGTOPENERGY/Resources/Energy_and_MilleniumFEMA_Report.pdf. Accessed July 11, 2012.
-
17.
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008. Guideline for Disinfection and Sterilization in Healthcare Facilities. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/hicpac/pdf/guidelines/Disinfection_Nov_2008.pdf. Accessed July 11, 2012. 58.
-
18.
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008. Guideline for Disinfection and Sterilization in Healthcare Facilities. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/hicpac/pdf/guidelines/Disinfection_Nov_2008.pdf. Accessed July 11, 2012.
-
19.
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008. Guideline for Disinfection and Sterilization in Healthcare Facilities. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/hicpac/pdf/guidelines/Disinfection_Nov_2008.pdf. Accessed July 11, 2012. 68–69.
-
20.
We identified the Prahbat Nr2 as an appropriate burner for an autoclave as it is listed for such a purpose on the web-site of the International Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. For prices and specifications about fuel consumption, see http://procurement.ifrc.org/catalogue/detail.aspx?itemcode=XSTEAUTO39BK%20%20%20&from=kit.
-
21.
Fuel price of kerosene is estimated from the World Bank, Changes in End-User Petroleum Product Prices. Extractive Industries and Development Series #2. February 2009. Figure 3. Retail Prices of Kerosene, August 2008. Mozambique. p. 9. Available at: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTOGMC/Resources/ei_for_development_2.pdf.
-
22.
Ramachandra V, 2008. Power and Roads for Africa: What the United States Can Do. In: Birdsall N ed. The White House and the World. Washington, DC: Center for Global Development, 91–119.
-
23.
World Bank, 2009. Changes in End-User Petroleum Product Prices. Extractive Industries and Development Series #2. February, 1. Available at: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTOGMC/Resources/ei_for_development_2.pdf. Accessed July 11, 2012.
-
24.
Alaphilippe M, Bonnet S, Stouffs P, 2007. Low power thermodynamic solar energy conversion: coupling of a parabolic trough concentrator and an Ericsson engine. Int J Thermodynamics 10: 37–45.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 647 | 513 | 17 |
| Full Text Views | 406 | 8 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 211 | 7 | 0 |