Eberhard ML, Orihel TC, 1984. The genus Mansonella (Syn. Tetrapetalonema). A new classification. Ann Parasitol Hum Comp 59: 483ā496.
Kazura JW, 1999. Filariasis. Guerrant RL, Walker DH, Weller PF, eds. Tropical Infectious Diseases: Principles, Pathogens, & Practice, 1st ed. Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone, 852ā869.
Godoy G, Orihel T, Volcan G, 1980. Microfilaria bolivarensis: a new species of filaria from man in Venezuela. Am J Trop Med Hyg 29: 545ā547.
Adami YL, Moraes AP, Lanfredi RM, Maia-Herzog M, 2008. An atypical microfilaria in blood samples from inhabitants of Brazilian Amazon. Parasitol Res 104: 95ā99.
Arrospide N, Adami YL, Durand S, Rimarachin D, Gutierrez S, Cabezas C, 2009. Atypical microfilaria in coinfection with Mansonella ozzardi and Plasmodium vivax in Peruvian amazon. Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica 26: 408ā416.
Shelley AJ, 2002. Human onchocerciasis in Brazil: an overview. Cad Saude Publica 18: 1167ā1177.
Orihel TC, Eberhard ML, 1982. Mansonella ozzardi: a redescription with comments on its taxonomic relationships. Am J Trop Med Hyg 31: 1142ā1147.
Xie H, Bain O, Williams SA, 1994. Molecular phylogenetic studies on filarial parasites based on 5S ribosomal spacer sequences. Parasite 1: 141ā151.
Casiraghi M, Bain O, Guerrero R, Martin C, Pocacqua V, Gardner SL, Franceschi A, Bandi C, 2004. Mapping the presence of Wolbachia pipientis on the phylogeny of filarial nematodes: evidence for symbiont loss during evolution. Int J Parasitol 34: 191ā203.
Tamura K, Dudley J, Nei M, Kumar S, 2007. MEGA4: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA) software version 4.0. Mol Biol Evol 24: 1596ā1599.
Saitou N, Nei M, 1987. The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Mol Biol Evol 4: 406ā425.
Felsenstein J, 1985. Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using the bootstrap. Evol 39: 783ā791.
Tamura K, Nei M, Kumar S, 2004. Prospects for inferring very large phylogenies by using the neighbor-joining method. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101: 11030ā11035.
Post RJ, Admans Z, Shelley AJ, Maia-Herzog M, Luna Dias APA, Coscaron S, 2003. The morphological discrimination of microfilariae of Onchocerca volvulus from Mansonella ozzardi. Parasitology 127: 21ā27.
Casiraghi M, Anderson TJ, Bandi C, Bazzocchi C, Genchi C, 2001. A phylogenetic analysis of filarial nematodes: comparison with the phylogeny of Wolbachia endosymbionts. Parasitology 122: 93ā103.
Fischer P, Büttner DW, Bamuhiiga J, Williams SA, 1998. Detection of the filarial parasite Mansonella streptocerca in skin biopsies by a nested polymerase chain reaction-based assay. Am J Trop Med Hyg 58: 816ā820.
Gasser RB, 2006. Molecular technologies in parasitology, with an emphasis on genomic approaches for investigating parasitic nematodes. Parassitologia 48: 9ā11.
Manson P, 1987. On certain new species of nematode haematozoa occurring in America. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 2: 1837ā1838.
Shelley AJ, Luna Dias APA, Moraes MA, 1980. Simulium species of the Amazonicum group as vectors of Mansonella ozzardi in the Brazilian Amazon. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 74: 784ā788.
Meditz SW, Hanratty DM, 1987. Caribbean Islands: A Country Study. Available at: http://countrystudies.us/caribbean-islands/. Accessed April 18, 2011.
Gonzales-Mugaburu M, 1958. Hallazgo de Mansonella ozzardi en la selva peruana. Nota preliminar. Rev Med Exp 12: 87ā89.
Loja D, Necochea Y, Vilca M, AvilĆ©s R, 1999. Filariasis en el PerĆŗ: perfil clĆnico epidemiológico. Folia Dermatol Peru 10: 27ā30.
Kozek WJ, D'Alessandro A, Silva J, Navarette S, 1982. Filariasis in Colombia: prevalence of mansonellosis in the teenage and adult population of the Colombian Bank of the Amazon, Comisaria del Amazonas. Am J Trop Med Hyg 31: 1131ā1136.
Chuquicana A, Durand S, Bentley G, Sanchez JF, Flores AY, Zerpa R, Edgel KA, Huicho L, Graf PC, Andres G, 2010. Prevalence and Distribution of Filariasis by Mansonella ozzardi in the Peruvian Amazon Basin. Atlanta, GA: ASTMH.
Baird JK, Neafie RC, 1988. South American brugian filariasis: report of a human infection acquired in Peru. Am J Trop Med Hyg 39: 185ā188.
Beltran M, Cancrini G, Reategui G, Melgar R, Ayllon C, Garaycochea MC, Reyes R, Lammie PJ, 2008. Filariosis humana en la selva peruana: reporte de tres casos. Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica 25: 257ā260.
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DNA sequence comparisons are useful for characterizing proposed new parasite species or strains. Microfilariae with an atypical arrangement of nuclei behind the cephalic space have been recently described in human blood samples from the Amazon region of Peru. Three blood specimens containing atypical microfilariae were genetically characterized using three DNA markers (5S ribosomal DNA, 12S ribosomal DNA, and cytochrome oxidase I). All atypical microfilariae were clustered into the Mansonella group and indistinguishable from M. ozzardi based on these DNA markers.
Financial support: This study was supported by a grant from the Barnes Jewish Hospital Foundation.
Authors' addresses: Luis A. Marcos, Gary J. Weil, and Peter U. Fischer, Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, E-mails: marcoslrz@yahoo.com, GWeil@DOM.wustl.edu, and Pufische@DOM.wustl.edu. Nancy Arrospide and Cesar Cabezas, Centro Nacional de Salud PĆŗblica, Instituto Nacional de Salud del Ministerio de Salud de PerĆŗ, Lima, Peru, E-mails: narrospide@hotmail.com and ccabezas@ins.gob.pe. Sergio Recuenco, Rabies Program, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Diseases and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, E-mail: fni9@cdc.gov.
Eberhard ML, Orihel TC, 1984. The genus Mansonella (Syn. Tetrapetalonema). A new classification. Ann Parasitol Hum Comp 59: 483ā496.
Kazura JW, 1999. Filariasis. Guerrant RL, Walker DH, Weller PF, eds. Tropical Infectious Diseases: Principles, Pathogens, & Practice, 1st ed. Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone, 852ā869.
Godoy G, Orihel T, Volcan G, 1980. Microfilaria bolivarensis: a new species of filaria from man in Venezuela. Am J Trop Med Hyg 29: 545ā547.
Adami YL, Moraes AP, Lanfredi RM, Maia-Herzog M, 2008. An atypical microfilaria in blood samples from inhabitants of Brazilian Amazon. Parasitol Res 104: 95ā99.
Arrospide N, Adami YL, Durand S, Rimarachin D, Gutierrez S, Cabezas C, 2009. Atypical microfilaria in coinfection with Mansonella ozzardi and Plasmodium vivax in Peruvian amazon. Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica 26: 408ā416.
Shelley AJ, 2002. Human onchocerciasis in Brazil: an overview. Cad Saude Publica 18: 1167ā1177.
Orihel TC, Eberhard ML, 1982. Mansonella ozzardi: a redescription with comments on its taxonomic relationships. Am J Trop Med Hyg 31: 1142ā1147.
Xie H, Bain O, Williams SA, 1994. Molecular phylogenetic studies on filarial parasites based on 5S ribosomal spacer sequences. Parasite 1: 141ā151.
Casiraghi M, Bain O, Guerrero R, Martin C, Pocacqua V, Gardner SL, Franceschi A, Bandi C, 2004. Mapping the presence of Wolbachia pipientis on the phylogeny of filarial nematodes: evidence for symbiont loss during evolution. Int J Parasitol 34: 191ā203.
Tamura K, Dudley J, Nei M, Kumar S, 2007. MEGA4: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA) software version 4.0. Mol Biol Evol 24: 1596ā1599.
Saitou N, Nei M, 1987. The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Mol Biol Evol 4: 406ā425.
Felsenstein J, 1985. Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using the bootstrap. Evol 39: 783ā791.
Tamura K, Nei M, Kumar S, 2004. Prospects for inferring very large phylogenies by using the neighbor-joining method. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101: 11030ā11035.
Post RJ, Admans Z, Shelley AJ, Maia-Herzog M, Luna Dias APA, Coscaron S, 2003. The morphological discrimination of microfilariae of Onchocerca volvulus from Mansonella ozzardi. Parasitology 127: 21ā27.
Casiraghi M, Anderson TJ, Bandi C, Bazzocchi C, Genchi C, 2001. A phylogenetic analysis of filarial nematodes: comparison with the phylogeny of Wolbachia endosymbionts. Parasitology 122: 93ā103.
Fischer P, Büttner DW, Bamuhiiga J, Williams SA, 1998. Detection of the filarial parasite Mansonella streptocerca in skin biopsies by a nested polymerase chain reaction-based assay. Am J Trop Med Hyg 58: 816ā820.
Gasser RB, 2006. Molecular technologies in parasitology, with an emphasis on genomic approaches for investigating parasitic nematodes. Parassitologia 48: 9ā11.
Manson P, 1987. On certain new species of nematode haematozoa occurring in America. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 2: 1837ā1838.
Shelley AJ, Luna Dias APA, Moraes MA, 1980. Simulium species of the Amazonicum group as vectors of Mansonella ozzardi in the Brazilian Amazon. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 74: 784ā788.
Meditz SW, Hanratty DM, 1987. Caribbean Islands: A Country Study. Available at: http://countrystudies.us/caribbean-islands/. Accessed April 18, 2011.
Gonzales-Mugaburu M, 1958. Hallazgo de Mansonella ozzardi en la selva peruana. Nota preliminar. Rev Med Exp 12: 87ā89.
Loja D, Necochea Y, Vilca M, AvilĆ©s R, 1999. Filariasis en el PerĆŗ: perfil clĆnico epidemiológico. Folia Dermatol Peru 10: 27ā30.
Kozek WJ, D'Alessandro A, Silva J, Navarette S, 1982. Filariasis in Colombia: prevalence of mansonellosis in the teenage and adult population of the Colombian Bank of the Amazon, Comisaria del Amazonas. Am J Trop Med Hyg 31: 1131ā1136.
Chuquicana A, Durand S, Bentley G, Sanchez JF, Flores AY, Zerpa R, Edgel KA, Huicho L, Graf PC, Andres G, 2010. Prevalence and Distribution of Filariasis by Mansonella ozzardi in the Peruvian Amazon Basin. Atlanta, GA: ASTMH.
Baird JK, Neafie RC, 1988. South American brugian filariasis: report of a human infection acquired in Peru. Am J Trop Med Hyg 39: 185ā188.
Beltran M, Cancrini G, Reategui G, Melgar R, Ayllon C, Garaycochea MC, Reyes R, Lammie PJ, 2008. Filariosis humana en la selva peruana: reporte de tres casos. Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica 25: 257ā260.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 45 | 45 | 12 |
Full Text Views | 326 | 111 | 0 |
PDF Downloads | 116 | 33 | 0 |