ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Rosa G, Clasen T, 2010. Estimating the scope of household water treatment in low- and medium-income countries. Am J Trop Med Hyg 82: 289–300.
-
2.
Yang H, Wright JA, Gundry SW, 2012. Household water treatment in China. Am J Trop Med Hyg 86: 554–555.
-
3.
Rosa G, Clasen T, 2012. In response. Am J Trop Med Hyg 86: 556.
-
4.
Sobsey MD, 2002. Managing Water in the Home: Accelerated Health Gains from Improved Water Supply. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
5.
Sodha SV, Menon M, Trivedi K, Ati A, Figueroa ME, Ainslie R, Wannemuehler K, Quick R, 2011. Microbiologic effectiveness of boiling and safe water storage in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. J Water Health 9: 577–585.
-
6.
Clasen T, McLaughlin C, Nayaar N, Boisson S, Gupta R, Desai D, Shah N, 2008. Microbiological effectiveness and cost of disinfecting water by boiling in semi-urban India. Am J Trop Med Hyg 79: 407–413.
-
7.
Clasen TF, Thao do H, Boisson S, Shipin O, 2008. Microbiological effectiveness and cost of boiling to disinfect drinking water in rural Vietnam. Environ Sci Technol 42: 4255–4260.
-
8.
Luby SP, Syed AH, Atiullah N, Faizan MK, Fisher-Hoch S, 2000. Limited effectiveness of home drinking water purification efforts in Karachi, Pakistan. Int J Infect Dis 4: 3–7.
-
9.
Psutka R, Peletz R, Michelo S, Kelly P, Clasen T, 2011. Assessing the microbiological performance and potential cost of boiling drinking water in urban Zambia. Environ Sci Technol 45: 6095–6101.
-
10.
Gupta SK, Suantio A, Gray A, Widyastuti E, Jain N, Rolos R, Hoekstra RM, Quick R, 2007. Factors associated with E. coli contamination of household drinking water among tsunami and earthquake survivors, Indonesia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76: 1158–1162.
-
11.
Brown J, Clasen T, 2012. High adherence is necessary to realize health gains from water quality interventions. PLoS ONE 7: e36735. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0036735.
-
12.
Arnold B, Colford J, 2007. Treating water with chlorine at point-of-use to improve water quality and reduce child diarrhea in developing countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76: 354–364.
-
13.
Enger KS, Nelson KL, Clasen T, Rose JB, Eisenberg JN, 2012. Linking quantitative microbial risk assessment and epidemiological data: informing safe drinking water trials in developing countries. Environ Sci Technol 46: 5160–5167.
-
14.
Waddington H, Snilstveit, White H, Fewtrell L, 2009. Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Interventions to Combat Childhood Diarrhoea in Developing Countries. Delhi, India: International Initiative for Impact Evaluation.
-
15.
Hunter PR, Zmirou-Navier D, Hartemann P, 2009. Estimating the impact on health of poor reliability of drinking water interventions in developing countries. Sci Total Environ 407: 2621–2624.
-
16.
National Institute of Statistics (NIS), Directorate General for Health, ICF Macro, 2011. Cambodia Demographic and Health Survey 2010. Calverton, MD: National Institute of Statistics, Directorate General for Health, and ICF Macro.
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17.
Manafi M, Kneifel W, 1989. A combined-fluorogenic medium for the simultaneous detection of total coliforms and E. coli in water. Zbl Hyg Umweltmed 189: 225–234.
-
18.
Manafi M, Kneifel W, Bascomb S, 1991. Fluorogenic and chromogenic substrates used in bacterial diagnostics. Microbiol Rev 55: 335–348.
-
19.
Geissler K, Manafi M, Amorós I, Alonso JL, 2000. Quantitative determination of total coliforms and Escherichia coli in marine waters with chromogenic and fluorogenic media. J Appl Microbiol 88: 280–285.
-
20.
USEPA, 2002. Method 1604: Total Coliforms and Escherichia coli in Water by Membrane Filtration Using a Simultaneous Detection Technique (MI Medium). Publication EPA-821-R-02–024, Washington, DC: USEPA Office of Water.
-
21.
WHO/UNICEF, 2006. Core Questions on Drinking Water and Sanitation for Household Surveys. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
22.
Moser S, Heri S, Mosler HJ, 2005. Determinants of the Diffusion of SODIS. A Qualitative Field Study in Bolivia. Summary Report. Dubendorf, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag).
-
23.
Gilman RH, Marquis GS, Ventura G, Campos M, Spira W, Diaz F, 1993. Water cost and availability: key determinants of family hygiene in a Peruvian shantytown. Am J Public Health 83: 1554–1558.
-
24.
Quick RE, Kimura A, Thevos A, Tembo M, Shamputa I, Hutwagner L, 2002. Diarrhoea prevention through household-level water disinfection and safe storage in Zambia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 66: 584–589.
-
25.
Reller ME, Mendoza CE, Lopez MB, Alvarez M, Hoekstra RM, Olson CA, Baier KG, 2003. A randomized controlled trial of household-based flocculant-disinfectant drinking water treatment for diarrhea prevention in rural Guatemala. Am J Trop Med Hyg 69: 411–419.
-
26.
Sobsey MD, Stauber CE, Casanova LM, Brown J, Elliott MA, 2008. Point of use household drinking water filtration: a practical, effective solution for providing access to safe drinking water in the developing world. Environ Sci Technol 42: 4261–4267.
-
27.
Rosa G, Miller L, Clasen T, 2010. Microbiological effectiveness of disinfecting water by boiling in rural Guatemala. Am J Trop Med Hyg 82: 473–477.
-
28.
Desmarais TR, Solo-Gabriele HM, Palmer CJ, 2002. Influence of soil on fecal indicator organisms in a tidally influenced subtropical environment. Appl Environ Microbiol 68: 1165–1172.
-
29.
Wright J, Gundry S, Conroy R, 2004. Household drinking water in developing countries: a systematic review of microbiological contamination between source and point-of-use. Trop Med Int Health 9: 106–117.
-
30.
Jensen P, Ensink J, Jayasinghe G, van der Hoek W, Cairncross S, Dalsgaard A, 2002. Domestic transmission routes of pathogens: the problem of in-house contamination of drinking water during storage in developing countries. Trop Med Int Health 7: 604–609.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 885 | 659 | 34 |
| Full Text Views | 723 | 5 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 365 | 6 | 0 |
Boiling as Household Water Treatment in Cambodia: A Longitudinal Study of Boiling Practice and Microbiological Effectiveness
Joseph Brown
Joseph Brown
Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Mark D. Sobsey
Mark D. Sobsey
Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
Search for other papers by Mark D. Sobsey in
Current site
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Search for other papers by Mark D. Sobsey in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
This paper focuses on the consistency of use and microbiological effectiveness of boiling as it is practiced in one study site in peri-urban Cambodia. We followed 60 randomly selected households in Kandal Province over 6 months to collect longitudinal data on water boiling practices and effectiveness in reducing Escherichia coli in household drinking water. Despite > 90% of households reporting that they used boiling as a means of drinking water treatment, an average of only 31% of households had boiled water on hand at follow-up visits, suggesting that actual use may be lower than self-reported use. We collected 369 matched untreated and boiled water samples. Mean reduction of E. coli was 98.5%; 162 samples (44%) of boiled samples were free of E. coli (< 1 colony-forming unit [cfu]/100 mL), and 270 samples (73%) had < 10 cfu/100 mL. Storing boiled water in a covered container was associated with safer product water than storage in an uncovered container.
Author Notes
Authors' addresses: Joseph Brown, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, E-mail: joe.brown@lshtm.ac.uk. Mark D. Sobsey, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, E-mail: mark_sobsey@unc.edu.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Rosa G, Clasen T, 2010. Estimating the scope of household water treatment in low- and medium-income countries. Am J Trop Med Hyg 82: 289–300.
-
2.
Yang H, Wright JA, Gundry SW, 2012. Household water treatment in China. Am J Trop Med Hyg 86: 554–555.
-
3.
Rosa G, Clasen T, 2012. In response. Am J Trop Med Hyg 86: 556.
-
4.
Sobsey MD, 2002. Managing Water in the Home: Accelerated Health Gains from Improved Water Supply. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
5.
Sodha SV, Menon M, Trivedi K, Ati A, Figueroa ME, Ainslie R, Wannemuehler K, Quick R, 2011. Microbiologic effectiveness of boiling and safe water storage in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. J Water Health 9: 577–585.
-
6.
Clasen T, McLaughlin C, Nayaar N, Boisson S, Gupta R, Desai D, Shah N, 2008. Microbiological effectiveness and cost of disinfecting water by boiling in semi-urban India. Am J Trop Med Hyg 79: 407–413.
-
7.
Clasen TF, Thao do H, Boisson S, Shipin O, 2008. Microbiological effectiveness and cost of boiling to disinfect drinking water in rural Vietnam. Environ Sci Technol 42: 4255–4260.
-
8.
Luby SP, Syed AH, Atiullah N, Faizan MK, Fisher-Hoch S, 2000. Limited effectiveness of home drinking water purification efforts in Karachi, Pakistan. Int J Infect Dis 4: 3–7.
-
9.
Psutka R, Peletz R, Michelo S, Kelly P, Clasen T, 2011. Assessing the microbiological performance and potential cost of boiling drinking water in urban Zambia. Environ Sci Technol 45: 6095–6101.
-
10.
Gupta SK, Suantio A, Gray A, Widyastuti E, Jain N, Rolos R, Hoekstra RM, Quick R, 2007. Factors associated with E. coli contamination of household drinking water among tsunami and earthquake survivors, Indonesia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76: 1158–1162.
-
11.
Brown J, Clasen T, 2012. High adherence is necessary to realize health gains from water quality interventions. PLoS ONE 7: e36735. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0036735.
-
12.
Arnold B, Colford J, 2007. Treating water with chlorine at point-of-use to improve water quality and reduce child diarrhea in developing countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76: 354–364.
-
13.
Enger KS, Nelson KL, Clasen T, Rose JB, Eisenberg JN, 2012. Linking quantitative microbial risk assessment and epidemiological data: informing safe drinking water trials in developing countries. Environ Sci Technol 46: 5160–5167.
-
14.
Waddington H, Snilstveit, White H, Fewtrell L, 2009. Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Interventions to Combat Childhood Diarrhoea in Developing Countries. Delhi, India: International Initiative for Impact Evaluation.
-
15.
Hunter PR, Zmirou-Navier D, Hartemann P, 2009. Estimating the impact on health of poor reliability of drinking water interventions in developing countries. Sci Total Environ 407: 2621–2624.
-
16.
National Institute of Statistics (NIS), Directorate General for Health, ICF Macro, 2011. Cambodia Demographic and Health Survey 2010. Calverton, MD: National Institute of Statistics, Directorate General for Health, and ICF Macro.
-
17.
Manafi M, Kneifel W, 1989. A combined-fluorogenic medium for the simultaneous detection of total coliforms and E. coli in water. Zbl Hyg Umweltmed 189: 225–234.
-
18.
Manafi M, Kneifel W, Bascomb S, 1991. Fluorogenic and chromogenic substrates used in bacterial diagnostics. Microbiol Rev 55: 335–348.
-
19.
Geissler K, Manafi M, Amorós I, Alonso JL, 2000. Quantitative determination of total coliforms and Escherichia coli in marine waters with chromogenic and fluorogenic media. J Appl Microbiol 88: 280–285.
-
20.
USEPA, 2002. Method 1604: Total Coliforms and Escherichia coli in Water by Membrane Filtration Using a Simultaneous Detection Technique (MI Medium). Publication EPA-821-R-02–024, Washington, DC: USEPA Office of Water.
-
21.
WHO/UNICEF, 2006. Core Questions on Drinking Water and Sanitation for Household Surveys. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
22.
Moser S, Heri S, Mosler HJ, 2005. Determinants of the Diffusion of SODIS. A Qualitative Field Study in Bolivia. Summary Report. Dubendorf, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag).
-
23.
Gilman RH, Marquis GS, Ventura G, Campos M, Spira W, Diaz F, 1993. Water cost and availability: key determinants of family hygiene in a Peruvian shantytown. Am J Public Health 83: 1554–1558.
-
24.
Quick RE, Kimura A, Thevos A, Tembo M, Shamputa I, Hutwagner L, 2002. Diarrhoea prevention through household-level water disinfection and safe storage in Zambia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 66: 584–589.
-
25.
Reller ME, Mendoza CE, Lopez MB, Alvarez M, Hoekstra RM, Olson CA, Baier KG, 2003. A randomized controlled trial of household-based flocculant-disinfectant drinking water treatment for diarrhea prevention in rural Guatemala. Am J Trop Med Hyg 69: 411–419.
-
26.
Sobsey MD, Stauber CE, Casanova LM, Brown J, Elliott MA, 2008. Point of use household drinking water filtration: a practical, effective solution for providing access to safe drinking water in the developing world. Environ Sci Technol 42: 4261–4267.
-
27.
Rosa G, Miller L, Clasen T, 2010. Microbiological effectiveness of disinfecting water by boiling in rural Guatemala. Am J Trop Med Hyg 82: 473–477.
-
28.
Desmarais TR, Solo-Gabriele HM, Palmer CJ, 2002. Influence of soil on fecal indicator organisms in a tidally influenced subtropical environment. Appl Environ Microbiol 68: 1165–1172.
-
29.
Wright J, Gundry S, Conroy R, 2004. Household drinking water in developing countries: a systematic review of microbiological contamination between source and point-of-use. Trop Med Int Health 9: 106–117.
-
30.
Jensen P, Ensink J, Jayasinghe G, van der Hoek W, Cairncross S, Dalsgaard A, 2002. Domestic transmission routes of pathogens: the problem of in-house contamination of drinking water during storage in developing countries. Trop Med Int Health 7: 604–609.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 885 | 659 | 34 |
| Full Text Views | 723 | 5 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 365 | 6 | 0 |