Levett PN, 2001. Leptospirosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 14: 296–326.
World Health Organization, 2003. Human Leptospirosis: Guidance for Diagnosis, Surveillance and Control. Available at: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2003/WHO_CDS_CSR_EPH_2002.23.pdf. Accessed March 1, 2012.
Bunnell JE, Hice CL, Watts DM, Montrueil V, Tesh RB, Vinetz JM, 2000. Detection of pathogenic Leptospira spp. infections among mammals captured in the Peruvian Amazon basin region. Am J Trop Med Hyg 63: 255–258.
Matthias MA, Ricaldi JN, Cespedes M, Diaz MM, Galloway RL, Saito M, Steigerwalt AG, Patra KP, Ore CV, Gotuzzo E, Gilman RH, Levett PN, Vinetz JM, 2008. Human leptospirosis caused by a new, antigenically unique Leptospira associated with a Rattus species reservoir in the Peruvian Amazon. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2: e213.
Wilmshurst JM, Hunt TL, Lipo CP, Anderson AJ, 2011. High-precision radiocarbon dating shows recent and rapid initial human colonization of East Polynesia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108: 1815–1820.
Daws G, 1968. Shoal of Time: A History of the Hawaiian Islands. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press.
Anderson BS, Minette HP, 1986. Leptospirosis in Hawaii: shifting trends in exposure, 1907–1984. Int J Zoonoses 13: 76–88.
Katz AR, Ansdell VE, Effler PV, Middleton CR, Sasaki DM, 2002. Leptospirosis in Hawaii, 1974–1998: epidemiologic analysis of 353 laboratory-confirmed cases. Am J Trop Med Hyg 66: 61–70.
Katz AR, Buchholz AE, Hinson K, Park SY, Effler PV, 2011. Leptospirosis in Hawaii, USA, 1999–2008. Emerg Infect Dis 17: 221–226.
Alicata JE, Breaks V, 1943. A survey of leptospirosis in Honolulu. Hawaii Med J 2: 137–142.
Higa HH, Fujinaka IT, 1976. Prevalence of rodent and mongoose leptospirosis on the island of Oahu. Public Health Rep 91: 171–177.
Minette HP, 1964. Leptospirosis in rodents and mongooses on the island of Hawaii. Am J Trop Med Hyg 13: 826–832.
Shimizu MM, 1984. Environmental and biological determinants for the prevalence of leptospirosis among wild small mammal hosts, island of Hawaii. Int J Zoonoses 11: 173–188.
Tomich PQ, 1979. Studies of leptospirosis in natural host populations, 1. Small mammals of Waipio Valley, island of Hawaii. Pac Sci 33: 257–279.
Sulzer CR, Jones WL, 1978. Leptospirosis: Methods in Laboratory Diagnosis. Revised edition. Publication No. CDC 79-8275. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service.
Diggle PJ, Heagerty P, Liang K-Y, Zeger SL, 2002. Analysis of Longitudinal Data. Second edition. New York: Oxford University Press.
Alston JM, Broom JC, 1958. Leptospirosis in Man and Animals. Edinburgh: E & S Livingston Ltd.
Bolin CA, 2003. Leptospirosis. Fowler ME, Miller RE, eds. Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine. Fifth edition. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Science.
Vinetz JM, Wilcox BA, Aguirre A, Gollin LX, Katz AR, Fujioka RS, Maly K, Horwitz P, Chang H, 2005. Beyond disciplinary boundaries: leptospirosis as a model of incorporating transdisciplinary approaches to understand infectious disease emergence. EcoHealth 2: 1–16.
Faine S, Adler B, Bolin C, Perolat P, 1999. Leptospira and Leptospirosis. Second edition. Melbourne: MediSci.
Bharti AR, Nally JE, Ricaldi JN, Matthias MA, Diaz MM, Lovett MA, Levett PN, Gilman RH, Willig MR, Gotuzzo E, Vinetz JM, 2003. Leptospirosis: a zoonotic disease of global importance. Lancet Infect Dis 3: 757–771.
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We describe the geographic distribution and variation in host-pathogen specificity for Leptospira-infected small mammals collected concurrently from three Hawaiian Islands over a period of 14 years: 1990–2003. Four serogroups (Icterohaemorrhagiae, Ballum, Sejroe, and Australis) were identified from the 15,171 animals tested. Serogroup prevalence differed across host species and islands (P < 0.0001 for each), but not across years. The host associations and biogeographic patterns of Leptospira in Hawaii indicate a pathogen community shaped by ecological factors.
Financial support: This research was partially supported by the National Science Foundation IGERT grant (0549514, P.I. B. Wilcox) and the Hawaii State Department of Health Vector Control Branch.
Authors' addresses: Mayee Wong, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, E-mail: mayee@hawaii.edu. Alan R. Katz and Dongmei Li, Department of Public Health Sciences, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, E-mails: katz@hawaii.edu and dongmeil@hawaii.edu. Bruce A. Wilcox, Global Health Asia Program, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, E-mail: scbaw@mahidol.th.ac.
Levett PN, 2001. Leptospirosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 14: 296–326.
World Health Organization, 2003. Human Leptospirosis: Guidance for Diagnosis, Surveillance and Control. Available at: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2003/WHO_CDS_CSR_EPH_2002.23.pdf. Accessed March 1, 2012.
Bunnell JE, Hice CL, Watts DM, Montrueil V, Tesh RB, Vinetz JM, 2000. Detection of pathogenic Leptospira spp. infections among mammals captured in the Peruvian Amazon basin region. Am J Trop Med Hyg 63: 255–258.
Matthias MA, Ricaldi JN, Cespedes M, Diaz MM, Galloway RL, Saito M, Steigerwalt AG, Patra KP, Ore CV, Gotuzzo E, Gilman RH, Levett PN, Vinetz JM, 2008. Human leptospirosis caused by a new, antigenically unique Leptospira associated with a Rattus species reservoir in the Peruvian Amazon. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2: e213.
Wilmshurst JM, Hunt TL, Lipo CP, Anderson AJ, 2011. High-precision radiocarbon dating shows recent and rapid initial human colonization of East Polynesia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108: 1815–1820.
Daws G, 1968. Shoal of Time: A History of the Hawaiian Islands. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press.
Anderson BS, Minette HP, 1986. Leptospirosis in Hawaii: shifting trends in exposure, 1907–1984. Int J Zoonoses 13: 76–88.
Katz AR, Ansdell VE, Effler PV, Middleton CR, Sasaki DM, 2002. Leptospirosis in Hawaii, 1974–1998: epidemiologic analysis of 353 laboratory-confirmed cases. Am J Trop Med Hyg 66: 61–70.
Katz AR, Buchholz AE, Hinson K, Park SY, Effler PV, 2011. Leptospirosis in Hawaii, USA, 1999–2008. Emerg Infect Dis 17: 221–226.
Alicata JE, Breaks V, 1943. A survey of leptospirosis in Honolulu. Hawaii Med J 2: 137–142.
Higa HH, Fujinaka IT, 1976. Prevalence of rodent and mongoose leptospirosis on the island of Oahu. Public Health Rep 91: 171–177.
Minette HP, 1964. Leptospirosis in rodents and mongooses on the island of Hawaii. Am J Trop Med Hyg 13: 826–832.
Shimizu MM, 1984. Environmental and biological determinants for the prevalence of leptospirosis among wild small mammal hosts, island of Hawaii. Int J Zoonoses 11: 173–188.
Tomich PQ, 1979. Studies of leptospirosis in natural host populations, 1. Small mammals of Waipio Valley, island of Hawaii. Pac Sci 33: 257–279.
Sulzer CR, Jones WL, 1978. Leptospirosis: Methods in Laboratory Diagnosis. Revised edition. Publication No. CDC 79-8275. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service.
Diggle PJ, Heagerty P, Liang K-Y, Zeger SL, 2002. Analysis of Longitudinal Data. Second edition. New York: Oxford University Press.
Alston JM, Broom JC, 1958. Leptospirosis in Man and Animals. Edinburgh: E & S Livingston Ltd.
Bolin CA, 2003. Leptospirosis. Fowler ME, Miller RE, eds. Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine. Fifth edition. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Science.
Vinetz JM, Wilcox BA, Aguirre A, Gollin LX, Katz AR, Fujioka RS, Maly K, Horwitz P, Chang H, 2005. Beyond disciplinary boundaries: leptospirosis as a model of incorporating transdisciplinary approaches to understand infectious disease emergence. EcoHealth 2: 1–16.
Faine S, Adler B, Bolin C, Perolat P, 1999. Leptospira and Leptospirosis. Second edition. Melbourne: MediSci.
Bharti AR, Nally JE, Ricaldi JN, Matthias MA, Diaz MM, Lovett MA, Levett PN, Gilman RH, Willig MR, Gotuzzo E, Vinetz JM, 2003. Leptospirosis: a zoonotic disease of global importance. Lancet Infect Dis 3: 757–771.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 29 | 29 | 9 |
Full Text Views | 275 | 57 | 0 |
PDF Downloads | 47 | 2 | 0 |