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1.
WHO, 2001. Iron Deficiency Anaemia: Assessment, Prevention and Control. A1. Guide for Programme Managers. Available at: http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/micronutrients/anaemia_iron_deficiency/WHO_NHD_01.3/en/index.htm. Accessed July 15, 2011.
-
2.
Latham M, 1997. Human Nutrition in the Developing World. Food and Agricultural. Available at: http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/W0073e/w0073e00.htm. Accessed July 15, 2011.
-
3.
Kotecha PV, 2011. Nutritional anemia in young children with focus on Asia and India. Indian J Community Med 36: 8–16.
-
4.
López MA, Martos FC, 2004. Iron availability: an updated review. Int J Food Sci Nutr 55: 597–606.
-
5.
World Health Organization and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2005. Assessing the Iron Status of Populations: Report of a Joint World 2. Available at: http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/micronutrients/anaemia_iron_deficiency/9789241596107/en/index.htm. Accessed July 20, 2011.
-
6.
Choi JW, Kim SK, 2005. Relationships of lead, copper, zinc, and cadmium levels versus hematopoiesis and iron parameters in healthy adolescents. Ann Clin Lab Sci 35: 428–434.
-
7.
Chelala C, 1998. Burma: a country's health in crisis. Lancet 352: 556.
-
8.
Kemmer TM, Bovill ME, Kongsomboon W, Hansch ST, Geisler KL, Cheney C, Shell-Duncan BK, Drewnowski A, 2003. Iron deficiency is unacceptably high in refugee children from Burma. J Nutr 133: 4143–4149.
-
9.
Department of Health Planning and Department of Health, 2007. Annual Public Health Statistics Report (2007). The Government of the Union of Burma Ministry of Health. Available at: http://www.ibiblio.org/obl/show.php?cat=1967&lo=d&sl=1. Accessed July 20, 2011.
-
10.
Hansch SH, 1995. Health: How Many People Die of Starvation in Humanitarian Emergencies. Center for Policy Analysis and Research on Refugee Issues Refugee Policy Group, 30.
-
11.
Mikki N, Abdul-Rahim HF, Stigum H, Holmboe-Ottesen G, 2011. Anaemia prevalence and associated sociodemographic and dietary factors among Palestinian adolescents in the West Bank. East Mediterr Health J 17: 208–217.
-
12.
United Nations Children's Fund, 1998. Preventing iron deficiency in women and children: background and consensus on key technical issues and resources for advocacy, planning and implementing national programmes. Proceedings of the UNICEF/UNU/WHO/MI Technical Workshop, International Nutrition Foundation (INF), Micronutrient Initiative (MI), UNICEF, New York, NY, October 7–9, 1998.
-
13.
WHO, 2006. WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study Group (2006) WHO Child Growth Standards: Length/Height-for-Age, Weight-for-Age, Weight-for-Length, Weight-for-Height and Body Mass Index-for-Age: Methods and Development. Available at: http://www.who.int/childgrowth/standards/technical_report/en/. Accessed June 15, 2011.
-
14.
Medecins Sans Frontieres, 1995. Nutrition Guidelines, 1st Ed. Paris, France: Medecins Sans Frontieres.
-
15.
Frisancho AR, 1981. New norms of upper limb fat and muscle areas for assessment of nutritional status. Am J Clin Nutr 34: 2540–2545.
-
16.
DeMaeyer E, Adiels-Tegman M, 1995. The prevalence of anemia in the world. World Health Stat Q 38: 302–316.
-
17.
Stoltzfus RJ, Mullany L, Black RE, 2005. Iron Deficiency Anaemia. Comparative Quantification of Health Risks: Global and Regional Burden of Disease Attributable to Selected Major Risk Factors. Available at: http://www.who.int/publications/cra/chapters/volume1/0163-0210.pdf. Accessed July 15, 2011.
-
18.
Hercberg S, Rouaud C, 1981. Nutritional anaemia. Child Trop 133: 1–36.
-
19.
Provan D, 1999. Mechanisms and management of iron deficiency anemia. Br J Haematol 105: 19–26.
-
20.
Cifuentes E, 1998. The epidemiology of enteric infections in agricultural communities exposed to wastewater irrigation: perspectives for risk control. Int J Environ Health Res 3: 203–213.
-
21.
Halileh S, Gordon NH, 2006. Determinants of anemia in pre-school children in the occupied Palestinian territory. J Trop Pediatr 52: 12–18.
-
22.
Yip R, 1994. Iron deficiency and anemia. Nutrition and Health in Developing Countries. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 327–342.
-
23.
Boel M, Carrara IV, Rijken M, Proux S, Nacher M, Pimanpanarak M, Paw MK, Moo O, Gay H, Bailey W, Singhasivanon P, White NJ, Nosten F, McGready R, 2010. Complex interactions between soil-Transmitted helminths and malaria in pregnant women on the Thai-Burmese border. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 4: e887.
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| Abstract Views | 94 | 94 | 33 |
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Prevalence of Anemia and Its Risk Factors Among Children 6–36 Months Old in Burma
Ai Zhao
Ai Zhao
Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; Health Unlimited Organization, Kunming, Yunnan, China; Department of Social Medicine and Health Education, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
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Yumei Zhang
Yumei Zhang
Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; Health Unlimited Organization, Kunming, Yunnan, China; Department of Social Medicine and Health Education, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
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Ying Peng
Ying Peng
Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; Health Unlimited Organization, Kunming, Yunnan, China; Department of Social Medicine and Health Education, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
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Jiayin Li
Jiayin Li
Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; Health Unlimited Organization, Kunming, Yunnan, China; Department of Social Medicine and Health Education, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
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Titi Yang
Titi Yang
Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; Health Unlimited Organization, Kunming, Yunnan, China; Department of Social Medicine and Health Education, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
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Zhaoyan Liu
Zhaoyan Liu
Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; Health Unlimited Organization, Kunming, Yunnan, China; Department of Social Medicine and Health Education, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
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Yanli Lv
Yanli Lv
Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; Health Unlimited Organization, Kunming, Yunnan, China; Department of Social Medicine and Health Education, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
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Peiyu Wang
Peiyu Wang
Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; Health Unlimited Organization, Kunming, Yunnan, China; Department of Social Medicine and Health Education, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
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Anemia is a common nutritional problem, and it has a remarkably high prevalence rate in Southeast Asia. In this study, children from 6 to 36 months were investigated to determine (1) the prevalence of anemia and (2) risk factors associated with anemia. Convenience sampling was used to select three villages in three different regions in Burma. Hemoglobin and anthropometric indicators were measured for 872 children. Logistic regression analyses were used to determine factors associated with anemia. The overall prevalence of anemia was 72.6%, with 40.0% having severe anemia. Predictors of anemia are a young age (P < 0.001), mother with anemia (P < 0.001), height-for-age Z score < −2 (P = 0.017), low family income (P < 0.001), mothers without primary education (P = 0.007), drinking unboiled water (P = 0.029), and fever in the last 3 months (P = 0.001). There is a high prevalence of anemia in children, and their nutritional status is quite poor. To control anemia, humanitarians and governments should launch comprehensive interventions.
Author Notes
Authors' addresses: Ai Zhao, Yumei Zhang, Titi Yang, Zhaoyan Liu, and Yanli Lv, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China, E-mails: xiaochaai@163.com, zhangyumei111@gmail.com, lesliedidi@hotmail.com, hsaza@126.com, and 267240084@qq.com. Ying Peng and Jiayin Li, Health Unlimited Organization, Kunming, Yunnan, China, E-mails: hpapengy@gmail.com and jiayinli83@gmail.com. Peiyu Wang, Department of Social Medicine and Health Education, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China, E-mail: wpeiyupku@gmail.com.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
WHO, 2001. Iron Deficiency Anaemia: Assessment, Prevention and Control. A1. Guide for Programme Managers. Available at: http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/micronutrients/anaemia_iron_deficiency/WHO_NHD_01.3/en/index.htm. Accessed July 15, 2011.
-
2.
Latham M, 1997. Human Nutrition in the Developing World. Food and Agricultural. Available at: http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/W0073e/w0073e00.htm. Accessed July 15, 2011.
-
3.
Kotecha PV, 2011. Nutritional anemia in young children with focus on Asia and India. Indian J Community Med 36: 8–16.
-
4.
López MA, Martos FC, 2004. Iron availability: an updated review. Int J Food Sci Nutr 55: 597–606.
-
5.
World Health Organization and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2005. Assessing the Iron Status of Populations: Report of a Joint World 2. Available at: http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/micronutrients/anaemia_iron_deficiency/9789241596107/en/index.htm. Accessed July 20, 2011.
-
6.
Choi JW, Kim SK, 2005. Relationships of lead, copper, zinc, and cadmium levels versus hematopoiesis and iron parameters in healthy adolescents. Ann Clin Lab Sci 35: 428–434.
-
7.
Chelala C, 1998. Burma: a country's health in crisis. Lancet 352: 556.
-
8.
Kemmer TM, Bovill ME, Kongsomboon W, Hansch ST, Geisler KL, Cheney C, Shell-Duncan BK, Drewnowski A, 2003. Iron deficiency is unacceptably high in refugee children from Burma. J Nutr 133: 4143–4149.
-
9.
Department of Health Planning and Department of Health, 2007. Annual Public Health Statistics Report (2007). The Government of the Union of Burma Ministry of Health. Available at: http://www.ibiblio.org/obl/show.php?cat=1967&lo=d&sl=1. Accessed July 20, 2011.
-
10.
Hansch SH, 1995. Health: How Many People Die of Starvation in Humanitarian Emergencies. Center for Policy Analysis and Research on Refugee Issues Refugee Policy Group, 30.
-
11.
Mikki N, Abdul-Rahim HF, Stigum H, Holmboe-Ottesen G, 2011. Anaemia prevalence and associated sociodemographic and dietary factors among Palestinian adolescents in the West Bank. East Mediterr Health J 17: 208–217.
-
12.
United Nations Children's Fund, 1998. Preventing iron deficiency in women and children: background and consensus on key technical issues and resources for advocacy, planning and implementing national programmes. Proceedings of the UNICEF/UNU/WHO/MI Technical Workshop, International Nutrition Foundation (INF), Micronutrient Initiative (MI), UNICEF, New York, NY, October 7–9, 1998.
-
13.
WHO, 2006. WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study Group (2006) WHO Child Growth Standards: Length/Height-for-Age, Weight-for-Age, Weight-for-Length, Weight-for-Height and Body Mass Index-for-Age: Methods and Development. Available at: http://www.who.int/childgrowth/standards/technical_report/en/. Accessed June 15, 2011.
-
14.
Medecins Sans Frontieres, 1995. Nutrition Guidelines, 1st Ed. Paris, France: Medecins Sans Frontieres.
-
15.
Frisancho AR, 1981. New norms of upper limb fat and muscle areas for assessment of nutritional status. Am J Clin Nutr 34: 2540–2545.
-
16.
DeMaeyer E, Adiels-Tegman M, 1995. The prevalence of anemia in the world. World Health Stat Q 38: 302–316.
-
17.
Stoltzfus RJ, Mullany L, Black RE, 2005. Iron Deficiency Anaemia. Comparative Quantification of Health Risks: Global and Regional Burden of Disease Attributable to Selected Major Risk Factors. Available at: http://www.who.int/publications/cra/chapters/volume1/0163-0210.pdf. Accessed July 15, 2011.
-
18.
Hercberg S, Rouaud C, 1981. Nutritional anaemia. Child Trop 133: 1–36.
-
19.
Provan D, 1999. Mechanisms and management of iron deficiency anemia. Br J Haematol 105: 19–26.
-
20.
Cifuentes E, 1998. The epidemiology of enteric infections in agricultural communities exposed to wastewater irrigation: perspectives for risk control. Int J Environ Health Res 3: 203–213.
-
21.
Halileh S, Gordon NH, 2006. Determinants of anemia in pre-school children in the occupied Palestinian territory. J Trop Pediatr 52: 12–18.
-
22.
Yip R, 1994. Iron deficiency and anemia. Nutrition and Health in Developing Countries. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 327–342.
-
23.
Boel M, Carrara IV, Rijken M, Proux S, Nacher M, Pimanpanarak M, Paw MK, Moo O, Gay H, Bailey W, Singhasivanon P, White NJ, Nosten F, McGready R, 2010. Complex interactions between soil-Transmitted helminths and malaria in pregnant women on the Thai-Burmese border. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 4: e887.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 94 | 94 | 33 |
| Full Text Views | 811 | 272 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 311 | 61 | 1 |