Cupolillo E, Grimaldi G Jr, Momen H, 1994. A general classification of New World Leishmania using numerical zymotaxonomy. Am J Trop Med Hyg 50: 296ā 311.
World Health Organization, 1990. Control of the Leishmaniasis. Technical Report Series 793. Geneva: WHO, 21ā 25.
Murray HW, Berman JD, Davies CR, Saravia NG, 2005. Advances in leishmaniasis. Lancet 366: 1561ā 1577.
Alvar J, Aparicio P, Aseffa A, Den Boer M, CaƱavate C, Dedet JP, Gradoni L, Ter Horst R, López-VĆ©lez R, Moreno J, 2008. The relationship between leishmaniasis and AIDS: the second 10 years. Clin Microbiol Rev 21: 334ā 359.
Viriyavejakul P, Viravan C, Riganti M, Punpoowong B, 1997. Imported cutaneous leishmaniasis in Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 28: 558ā 562.
Thisyakorn U, Jongwutiwes S, Vanichsetakul P, Lertsapcharoen P, 1999. Visceral leishmaniasis: the first indigenous case report in Thailand. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 93: 23ā 24.
Sukmee T, Siripattanapipong S, Mungthin M, Worapong J, Rangsin R, Samung Y, Kongkaew W, Bumrungsana K, Chanachai K, Apiwathanasorn C, Rujirojindakul P, Wattanasri S, Ungchusak K, Leelayoova S, 2008. A suspected new species of Leishmania, the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis in a Thai patient. Int J Parasitol 38: 617ā 622.
Suankratay C, Suwanpimolkul G, Wilde H, Siriyasatien P, 2010. Case report: autochthonous visceral leishmaniasis in a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patient: the first in Thailand and review of the literature. Am J Trop Med Hyg 82: 4ā 8.
Maharom P, Siripattanapipong S, Mungthin M, Naaglor T, Sukkawee R, Pudkorn R, Wattana W, Wanachiwanawin D, Areechokchai D, Leelayoova S, 2008. Visceral leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania infantum in Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 39: 988ā 990.
Bureau of Epidemiology, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Thailand, 2010. Annual reports of opportunistic infection in thai HIV infected-patient (Thai). Available at: http://www.boe.moph.go.th/files/report/20110401_19956923.pdf. Accessed November 1, 2011.
Ridley DS, Ridley MJ, 1983. The evolution of the lesion in cutaneous leishmaniasis. J Pathol 141: 83ā 96.
Weigle KA, Davalos MD, Heredia P, 1987. Diagnosis of cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis in Colombia: a comparison of seven methods. Am J Trop Med Hyg 36: 489ā 496.
Albrecht H, Sobottka I, Emminger C, 1996. Visceral leishmaniasis emerging as an important opportunistic infection in HIV-infected persons living in areas nonendemic for Leishmania donovani. Arch Pathol Lab Med 120: 189ā 198.
Hofman V, Marty P, Perrin C, 2000. The histological spectrum of visceral leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania infantum MON-1 in acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Hum Pathol 31: 75ā 84.
Mimori T, Sasaki J, Nakata M, Gomez EA, Uezato H, Nonaka S, 1998. Rapid identification of Leishmania species from formalin-fixed biopsy samples by polymorphism-specific polymerase chain reaction. Gene 210: 179ā 186.
Pirmez C, da Silva Trajano V, Paes-Oliveira Neto MP, da-Cruz AM, GonƧalves-da-Costa SC, Catanho M, 1999. Use of PCR in diagnosis of human American tegumentary leishmaniasis in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. J Clin Microbiol 37: 1819ā 1823.
Forkner CE, Zia LS, 1934. Viable Leishmania donovani in nasal and oral secretions of patients with kala-azar and the bearing of this finding on the transmission of the disease. J Exp Med 59: 491ā 499.
Romero GA, Sampaio RN, Macedo V de O, Marsden PD, 1999. Sensitivity of a vacuum aspiratory culture technique for diagnosis of localized cutaneous leishmaniasis in an endemic area of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 94: 505ā 508.
GalaĆÆ Y, Chabchoub N, Ben-Abid M, Ben-Abda I, Ben-Alaya-Bouafif N, Amri F, Aoun K, Bouratbine A, 2011. Diagnosis of Mediterranean visceral leishmaniasis by detection of Leishmania antibodies and Leishmania DNA in oral fluid samples collected using an Oracol device. J Clin Microbiol 49: 3150ā 3153.
Spanakos G, Piperaki ET, Menounos PG, Tegos N, Flemetakis A, Vakalis NC, 2008. Detection and species identification of Old World Leishmania in clinical samples using a PCR-based method. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 102: 46ā 53.
Magill AJ, Grogl M, Johnson SC, Gasser RA Jr, 1994. Visceral infection due to Leishmania tropica in a veteran of operation Desert Storm who presented 2 years after leaving Saudi Arabia. Clin Infect Dis 19: 805ā 806.
Guerin PJ, Olliaro P, Sundar S, Boelaert M, Croft SL, Desjeux P, 2002. Visceral leishmaniasis: current status of control, diagnosis, and treatment, and a proposed research and development agenda. Lancet Infect Dis 2: 494ā 501.
Rodriguez-Bonfante C, Bonfante-Garrido R, Grimaldi G Jr, Momen H, Cupolillo E, 2003. Genotypically distinct Leishmania colombiensis isolates from Venezuela cause both cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis in humans. Infect Genet Evol 3: 119ā 124.
Dowlati Y, 1996. Cutaneous leishmaniasis: clinical aspects. Clin Dermatol 14: 425ā 431.
Weigle K, Saravia NG, 1996. Natural history, clinical evaluation, and the host-parasite interaction in New World cutaneous leishmaniasis. Clin Dermatol 14: 433ā 450.
Marovich M, Lira R, Shepard M, Fuchs G, Kruetzer R, Nutmann T, Neva F, 2001. Leishmaniasis recidivans recurrence after 43 years: a clinical and immunologic report after successful treatment. Clin Infect Dis 33: 1076ā 1079.
Mebrahtu YB, Hendricks LD, Oster CN, Lawyer PG, Perkins PV, Pamba H, 1993. Leishmania donovani parasites in the nasal secretions, tonsillopharyngeal mucosa, and urine centrifugates of visceral leishmaniasis patients in Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 48: 530ā 535.
Shorft HE, Smith ROA, D'Silva HAH, Swaminath CS, 1923. Leishmania donovani in human faeces in Indian kala-azar. Indian J Med Res 17: 644ā 646.
Shortt HE, Swaminath CS, 1937. The viability of Leishmania donovani excreted in the nasal mucus in Indian kala-azar. Indian J Med Res 25: 341ā 343.
Corvalan FH, Sampaio RNR, Brustoloni YM, Andreotti R, Lima MSC Jr, 2011. DNA identification of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis in human saliva from a patient with American cutaneous leishmaniasis. J Venom Anim Toxins Trop Dis 17: 98ā 102.
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Leishmaniasis is an emerging disease in Thailand. Herein, we report on two human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients with leishmaniasis who presented with overlapping manifestations between cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis. Sequencing analysis of the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) of the ribosomal RNA gene showed that the species was identical to a new species recently described in Thailand. The detection of DNA of this Leishmania species in saliva may have important implications for transmission and epidemiological studies.
Authors' addresses: Sarunyou Chusri, Thanaporn Hortiwakul, and Khachornsakdi Silpapojakul, Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, E-mails: sarunyouchusri@hotmail.com, hratri@medicine.psu.ac.th, and skhachor@medicine.psu.ac.th. Padet Siriyasatien, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand, E-mail: padetcu@gmail.com.
Cupolillo E, Grimaldi G Jr, Momen H, 1994. A general classification of New World Leishmania using numerical zymotaxonomy. Am J Trop Med Hyg 50: 296ā 311.
World Health Organization, 1990. Control of the Leishmaniasis. Technical Report Series 793. Geneva: WHO, 21ā 25.
Murray HW, Berman JD, Davies CR, Saravia NG, 2005. Advances in leishmaniasis. Lancet 366: 1561ā 1577.
Alvar J, Aparicio P, Aseffa A, Den Boer M, CaƱavate C, Dedet JP, Gradoni L, Ter Horst R, López-VĆ©lez R, Moreno J, 2008. The relationship between leishmaniasis and AIDS: the second 10 years. Clin Microbiol Rev 21: 334ā 359.
Viriyavejakul P, Viravan C, Riganti M, Punpoowong B, 1997. Imported cutaneous leishmaniasis in Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 28: 558ā 562.
Thisyakorn U, Jongwutiwes S, Vanichsetakul P, Lertsapcharoen P, 1999. Visceral leishmaniasis: the first indigenous case report in Thailand. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 93: 23ā 24.
Sukmee T, Siripattanapipong S, Mungthin M, Worapong J, Rangsin R, Samung Y, Kongkaew W, Bumrungsana K, Chanachai K, Apiwathanasorn C, Rujirojindakul P, Wattanasri S, Ungchusak K, Leelayoova S, 2008. A suspected new species of Leishmania, the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis in a Thai patient. Int J Parasitol 38: 617ā 622.
Suankratay C, Suwanpimolkul G, Wilde H, Siriyasatien P, 2010. Case report: autochthonous visceral leishmaniasis in a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patient: the first in Thailand and review of the literature. Am J Trop Med Hyg 82: 4ā 8.
Maharom P, Siripattanapipong S, Mungthin M, Naaglor T, Sukkawee R, Pudkorn R, Wattana W, Wanachiwanawin D, Areechokchai D, Leelayoova S, 2008. Visceral leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania infantum in Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 39: 988ā 990.
Bureau of Epidemiology, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Thailand, 2010. Annual reports of opportunistic infection in thai HIV infected-patient (Thai). Available at: http://www.boe.moph.go.th/files/report/20110401_19956923.pdf. Accessed November 1, 2011.
Ridley DS, Ridley MJ, 1983. The evolution of the lesion in cutaneous leishmaniasis. J Pathol 141: 83ā 96.
Weigle KA, Davalos MD, Heredia P, 1987. Diagnosis of cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis in Colombia: a comparison of seven methods. Am J Trop Med Hyg 36: 489ā 496.
Albrecht H, Sobottka I, Emminger C, 1996. Visceral leishmaniasis emerging as an important opportunistic infection in HIV-infected persons living in areas nonendemic for Leishmania donovani. Arch Pathol Lab Med 120: 189ā 198.
Hofman V, Marty P, Perrin C, 2000. The histological spectrum of visceral leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania infantum MON-1 in acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Hum Pathol 31: 75ā 84.
Mimori T, Sasaki J, Nakata M, Gomez EA, Uezato H, Nonaka S, 1998. Rapid identification of Leishmania species from formalin-fixed biopsy samples by polymorphism-specific polymerase chain reaction. Gene 210: 179ā 186.
Pirmez C, da Silva Trajano V, Paes-Oliveira Neto MP, da-Cruz AM, GonƧalves-da-Costa SC, Catanho M, 1999. Use of PCR in diagnosis of human American tegumentary leishmaniasis in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. J Clin Microbiol 37: 1819ā 1823.
Forkner CE, Zia LS, 1934. Viable Leishmania donovani in nasal and oral secretions of patients with kala-azar and the bearing of this finding on the transmission of the disease. J Exp Med 59: 491ā 499.
Romero GA, Sampaio RN, Macedo V de O, Marsden PD, 1999. Sensitivity of a vacuum aspiratory culture technique for diagnosis of localized cutaneous leishmaniasis in an endemic area of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 94: 505ā 508.
GalaĆÆ Y, Chabchoub N, Ben-Abid M, Ben-Abda I, Ben-Alaya-Bouafif N, Amri F, Aoun K, Bouratbine A, 2011. Diagnosis of Mediterranean visceral leishmaniasis by detection of Leishmania antibodies and Leishmania DNA in oral fluid samples collected using an Oracol device. J Clin Microbiol 49: 3150ā 3153.
Spanakos G, Piperaki ET, Menounos PG, Tegos N, Flemetakis A, Vakalis NC, 2008. Detection and species identification of Old World Leishmania in clinical samples using a PCR-based method. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 102: 46ā 53.
Magill AJ, Grogl M, Johnson SC, Gasser RA Jr, 1994. Visceral infection due to Leishmania tropica in a veteran of operation Desert Storm who presented 2 years after leaving Saudi Arabia. Clin Infect Dis 19: 805ā 806.
Guerin PJ, Olliaro P, Sundar S, Boelaert M, Croft SL, Desjeux P, 2002. Visceral leishmaniasis: current status of control, diagnosis, and treatment, and a proposed research and development agenda. Lancet Infect Dis 2: 494ā 501.
Rodriguez-Bonfante C, Bonfante-Garrido R, Grimaldi G Jr, Momen H, Cupolillo E, 2003. Genotypically distinct Leishmania colombiensis isolates from Venezuela cause both cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis in humans. Infect Genet Evol 3: 119ā 124.
Dowlati Y, 1996. Cutaneous leishmaniasis: clinical aspects. Clin Dermatol 14: 425ā 431.
Weigle K, Saravia NG, 1996. Natural history, clinical evaluation, and the host-parasite interaction in New World cutaneous leishmaniasis. Clin Dermatol 14: 433ā 450.
Marovich M, Lira R, Shepard M, Fuchs G, Kruetzer R, Nutmann T, Neva F, 2001. Leishmaniasis recidivans recurrence after 43 years: a clinical and immunologic report after successful treatment. Clin Infect Dis 33: 1076ā 1079.
Mebrahtu YB, Hendricks LD, Oster CN, Lawyer PG, Perkins PV, Pamba H, 1993. Leishmania donovani parasites in the nasal secretions, tonsillopharyngeal mucosa, and urine centrifugates of visceral leishmaniasis patients in Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 48: 530ā 535.
Shorft HE, Smith ROA, D'Silva HAH, Swaminath CS, 1923. Leishmania donovani in human faeces in Indian kala-azar. Indian J Med Res 17: 644ā 646.
Shortt HE, Swaminath CS, 1937. The viability of Leishmania donovani excreted in the nasal mucus in Indian kala-azar. Indian J Med Res 25: 341ā 343.
Corvalan FH, Sampaio RNR, Brustoloni YM, Andreotti R, Lima MSC Jr, 2011. DNA identification of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis in human saliva from a patient with American cutaneous leishmaniasis. J Venom Anim Toxins Trop Dis 17: 98ā 102.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 18 | 18 | 6 |
Full Text Views | 352 | 113 | 0 |
PDF Downloads | 84 | 22 | 0 |