Author:
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-
1.
Nash D, Mostashari F, Fine A, Miller J, O'Leary D, Murray K, Huang A, Rosenberg A, Greenberg A, Sherman M, Wong S, Layton M, 1999. West Nile Outbreak Response Working Group, 2001. The outbreak of West Nile virus infection in the New York City area in 1999. N Engl J Med 344: 1807– 1814.
-
2.
Reimann CA, Hayes EB, DiGuiseppi C, Hoffman R, Lehman JA, Lindsey NP, Campbell GL, Fischer M, 2008. Epidemiology of neuroinvasive arboviral disease–United States, 1999–2007. Am J Trop Med Hyg 79: 974– 979.
-
3.
Lindsey NP, Staples JE, Lehman JA, Fischer M, 2010. Surveillance for West Nile Virus disease–United States, 1999–2008. MMWR Surveill Summ 59: 1– 17.
-
4.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2010. West Nile virus activity—United States, 2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 59: 769– 772.
-
5.
Patnaik JL, Harmon H, Vogt RL, 2006. Follow-up of 2003 human West Nile virus infections, Denver, Colorado. Emerg Infect Dis 12: 1129– 1131.
-
6.
Jean CM, Honarmand S, Louie JK, Glaser CA, 2007. Risk factors for West Nile virus neuroinvasive disease, California, 2005. Emerg Infect Dis 13: 1918– 1920.
-
7.
Murray K, Baraniuk S, Resnick M, Arafat R, Kilborn C, Cain K, Shallenberger R, York TL, Martinez D, Hellums JS, Hellums D, Malkoff M, Elgawley N, McNeely W, Khuwaja SA, Tesh RB, 2006. Risk factors for encephalitis and death from West Nile virus infection. Epidemiol Infect 134: 1325– 1332.
-
8.
Lindsey NP, Hayes EB, Staples JE, Fischer M, 2009. West Nile Virus in children, United States, 1999–2007. Pediatrics 123: e1084– e1089.
-
9.
Nett RJ, Kuehnert MJ, Ison MG, Orlowski JP, Fischer M, Staples JE, 2012. Current practices and evaluation of screening solid organ donors for West Nile virus. Transpl Infect Dis, in press.
-
10.
Kumar D, Prasad GV, Zaltzman J, Levy GA, Humar A, 2004. Community-acquired West Nile virus infection in solid-organ transplant recipients. Transplantation 77: 399– 402.
-
11.
Freifeld AG, Meza J, Schweitzer B, Shafer L, Kalil AC, Sambol AR, 2010. Seroprevalence of West Nile virus infection in solid organ transplant recipients. Transpl Infect Dis 12: 120– 126.
-
12.
Guarner J, Shieh WJ, Hunter S, Paddock CD, Morken T, Campbell GL, Marfin AA, Zaki SR, 2004. Clinicopathologic study and laboratory diagnosis of 23 cases with West Nile virus encephalomyelitis. Hum Pathol 35: 983– 990.
-
13.
Han LL, Popovici F, Alexander JP Jr, Laurentia V, Tengelsen LA, Cernescu C, Gary HE Jr, Ion-Nedelcu N, Campbell GL, Tsai TF, 1999. Risk factors for West Nile virus infection and meningoencephalitis, Romania, 1996. J Infect Dis 179: 230– 233.
-
14.
Bode AV, Sejvar JJ, Pape WJ, Campbell GL, Marfin AA, 2006. West Nile virus disease: a descriptive study of 228 patients hospitalized in a 4-county region of Colorado in 2003. Clin Infect Dis 42: 1234– 1240.
-
15.
Chowers MY, Lang R, Nassar F, Ben-David D, Giladi M, Rubinshtein E, Itzhaki A, Mishal J, Siegman-Igra Y, Kitzes R, Pick N, Landau Z, Wolf D, Bin H, Mendelson E, Pitlik SD, Weinberger M, 2001. Clinical characteristics of the West Nile fever outbreak, Israel, 2000. Emerg Infect Dis 7: 675– 678.
-
16.
Mazurek JM, Winpisinger K, Mattson BJ, Duffy R, Moolenaar RL, 2005. The epidemiology and early clinical features of West Nile virus infection. Am J Emerg Med 23: 536– 543.
-
17.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011. Case Definitions for Infectious Conditions Under Public Health Surveillance: Neuroinvasive and Non-Neuroinvasive Domestic Arboviral Diseases, 2004. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/osels/ph_surveillance/nndss/casedef/arboviral_2004.htm. Accessed November 1, 2011.
-
18.
Rockhill B, Newman B, Weinberg C, 1998. The use and misuse of population attributable fractions. Am J Public Health 88: 15– 19.
-
19.
Campbell GL, Marfin AA, Lanciotti RS, Gubler DJ, 2002. West Nile virus. Lancet 2: 519– 529.
-
20.
Sejvar JJ, Haddad MB, Tierney BC, Campbell GL, Marfin AA, Van Gerpen JA, Fleischauer A, Leis AA, Stokic DS, Petersen LR, 2003. Neurologic manifestations and outcome of West Nile virus infection. JAMA 290: 511– 515.
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Medical Risk Factors for Severe West Nile Virus Disease, United States, 2008–2010
Nicole P. Lindsey
Nicole P. Lindsey
Arboviral Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado
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J. Erin Staples
J. Erin Staples
Arboviral Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado
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Jennifer A. Lehman
Jennifer A. Lehman
Arboviral Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado
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Marc Fischer
Marc Fischer
Arboviral Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado
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We conducted enhanced surveillance to identify medical risk factors for severe illness (i.e., hospitalization or death) and neuroinvasive disease (i.e., encephalitis or meningitis) among all West Nile virus disease cases reported from selected states from 2008 to 2010. Of the 1,090 case-patients included in the analysis, 708 (65%) case-patients were hospitalized, 641 (59%) case-patients had neuroinvasive disease, and 55 (5%) case-patients died. Chronic renal disease (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 4.1; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.4–12.1), history of cancer (aOR = 3.7; 95% CI = 1.8–7.5), history of alcohol abuse (aOR = 3.0; 95% CI = 1.3–6.7), diabetes (aOR = 2.2; 95% CI = 1.4–3.4), and hypertension (aOR = 1.5; 95% CI = 1.1–2.1) were independently associated with severe illness on multivariable analysis. Although the same medical conditions were independently associated with encephalitis, only hypertension was associated with meningitis. The only condition independently associated with death was immune suppression. Prevention messages should be targeted to persons with these conditions.
Author Notes
Financial support: This work was funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Authors' addresses: Nicole P. Lindsey, J. Erin Staples, Jennifer A. Lehman, and Marc Fischer, Arboviral Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, E-mails: frd3@cdc.gov, auv1@cdc.gov, zjg3@cdc.gov, and mxf2@cdc.gov.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Nash D, Mostashari F, Fine A, Miller J, O'Leary D, Murray K, Huang A, Rosenberg A, Greenberg A, Sherman M, Wong S, Layton M, 1999. West Nile Outbreak Response Working Group, 2001. The outbreak of West Nile virus infection in the New York City area in 1999. N Engl J Med 344: 1807– 1814.
-
2.
Reimann CA, Hayes EB, DiGuiseppi C, Hoffman R, Lehman JA, Lindsey NP, Campbell GL, Fischer M, 2008. Epidemiology of neuroinvasive arboviral disease–United States, 1999–2007. Am J Trop Med Hyg 79: 974– 979.
-
3.
Lindsey NP, Staples JE, Lehman JA, Fischer M, 2010. Surveillance for West Nile Virus disease–United States, 1999–2008. MMWR Surveill Summ 59: 1– 17.
-
4.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2010. West Nile virus activity—United States, 2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 59: 769– 772.
-
5.
Patnaik JL, Harmon H, Vogt RL, 2006. Follow-up of 2003 human West Nile virus infections, Denver, Colorado. Emerg Infect Dis 12: 1129– 1131.
-
6.
Jean CM, Honarmand S, Louie JK, Glaser CA, 2007. Risk factors for West Nile virus neuroinvasive disease, California, 2005. Emerg Infect Dis 13: 1918– 1920.
-
7.
Murray K, Baraniuk S, Resnick M, Arafat R, Kilborn C, Cain K, Shallenberger R, York TL, Martinez D, Hellums JS, Hellums D, Malkoff M, Elgawley N, McNeely W, Khuwaja SA, Tesh RB, 2006. Risk factors for encephalitis and death from West Nile virus infection. Epidemiol Infect 134: 1325– 1332.
-
8.
Lindsey NP, Hayes EB, Staples JE, Fischer M, 2009. West Nile Virus in children, United States, 1999–2007. Pediatrics 123: e1084– e1089.
-
9.
Nett RJ, Kuehnert MJ, Ison MG, Orlowski JP, Fischer M, Staples JE, 2012. Current practices and evaluation of screening solid organ donors for West Nile virus. Transpl Infect Dis, in press.
-
10.
Kumar D, Prasad GV, Zaltzman J, Levy GA, Humar A, 2004. Community-acquired West Nile virus infection in solid-organ transplant recipients. Transplantation 77: 399– 402.
-
11.
Freifeld AG, Meza J, Schweitzer B, Shafer L, Kalil AC, Sambol AR, 2010. Seroprevalence of West Nile virus infection in solid organ transplant recipients. Transpl Infect Dis 12: 120– 126.
-
12.
Guarner J, Shieh WJ, Hunter S, Paddock CD, Morken T, Campbell GL, Marfin AA, Zaki SR, 2004. Clinicopathologic study and laboratory diagnosis of 23 cases with West Nile virus encephalomyelitis. Hum Pathol 35: 983– 990.
-
13.
Han LL, Popovici F, Alexander JP Jr, Laurentia V, Tengelsen LA, Cernescu C, Gary HE Jr, Ion-Nedelcu N, Campbell GL, Tsai TF, 1999. Risk factors for West Nile virus infection and meningoencephalitis, Romania, 1996. J Infect Dis 179: 230– 233.
-
14.
Bode AV, Sejvar JJ, Pape WJ, Campbell GL, Marfin AA, 2006. West Nile virus disease: a descriptive study of 228 patients hospitalized in a 4-county region of Colorado in 2003. Clin Infect Dis 42: 1234– 1240.
-
15.
Chowers MY, Lang R, Nassar F, Ben-David D, Giladi M, Rubinshtein E, Itzhaki A, Mishal J, Siegman-Igra Y, Kitzes R, Pick N, Landau Z, Wolf D, Bin H, Mendelson E, Pitlik SD, Weinberger M, 2001. Clinical characteristics of the West Nile fever outbreak, Israel, 2000. Emerg Infect Dis 7: 675– 678.
-
16.
Mazurek JM, Winpisinger K, Mattson BJ, Duffy R, Moolenaar RL, 2005. The epidemiology and early clinical features of West Nile virus infection. Am J Emerg Med 23: 536– 543.
-
17.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011. Case Definitions for Infectious Conditions Under Public Health Surveillance: Neuroinvasive and Non-Neuroinvasive Domestic Arboviral Diseases, 2004. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/osels/ph_surveillance/nndss/casedef/arboviral_2004.htm. Accessed November 1, 2011.
-
18.
Rockhill B, Newman B, Weinberg C, 1998. The use and misuse of population attributable fractions. Am J Public Health 88: 15– 19.
-
19.
Campbell GL, Marfin AA, Lanciotti RS, Gubler DJ, 2002. West Nile virus. Lancet 2: 519– 529.
-
20.
Sejvar JJ, Haddad MB, Tierney BC, Campbell GL, Marfin AA, Van Gerpen JA, Fleischauer A, Leis AA, Stokic DS, Petersen LR, 2003. Neurologic manifestations and outcome of West Nile virus infection. JAMA 290: 511– 515.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 58 | 58 | 18 |
| Full Text Views | 513 | 223 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 130 | 32 | 0 |