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1.
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Distribution of Drug Resistance Genotypes in Plasmodium falciparum in an Area of Limited Parasite Diversity in Saudi Arabia
Saad M. Bin Dajem
Saad M. Bin Dajem
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman; National Center for Training and Research, Ministry of Health, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Department of Biological and Medical Research, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Hissa M. Al-Farsi
Hissa M. Al-Farsi
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman; National Center for Training and Research, Ministry of Health, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Department of Biological and Medical Research, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Zainab S. Al-Hashami
Zainab S. Al-Hashami
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman; National Center for Training and Research, Ministry of Health, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Department of Biological and Medical Research, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Adel Ali H. Al-Sheikh
Adel Ali H. Al-Sheikh
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman; National Center for Training and Research, Ministry of Health, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Department of Biological and Medical Research, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Ahmed Al-Qahtani
Ahmed Al-Qahtani
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman; National Center for Training and Research, Ministry of Health, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Department of Biological and Medical Research, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Hamza A. Babiker
Hamza A. Babiker
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman; National Center for Training and Research, Ministry of Health, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Department of Biological and Medical Research, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Two hundred and three Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Jazan area, southwest Saudi Arabia, were typed for Pfcrt, Pfmdr1, dhps, and dhfr mutations associated with resistance to chloroquine, mefloquine, halofantrine, artemisinin, sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, and the neutral polymorphic gene Pfg377. A large proportion (33%) of isolates harbored double mutant dhfr genotype (51I,59C,108N). However, only one isolate contained mutation dhps-437G. For Pfcrt, almost all examined isolates (163; 99%) harbored the mutant genotype (72C,73V,74I,75E,76T), whereas only 49 (31%) contained the mutant Pfmdr1 genotype (86Y,184F,1034S,1042N), 109 (66%) harbored the single mutant genotype (86N,184F,1034S,1042N), and no mutations were seen in codons 1034, 1042, and 1246. Nonetheless, three new single-nucleotide polymorphisms were detected at codons 182, 192, and 102. No differences were seen in distribution of drug resistance genes among Saudis and expatriates. There was a limited multiplicity (5%), mean number of clones (1.05), and two dominant multilocus genotypes among infected individuals in Jazan. A pattern consistent with limited cross-mating and recombination among local parasite was apparent.
Author Notes
Authors' addresses: Saad M. Bin Dajem, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, E-mail: saad1426@gmail.com. Hissa M. Al-Farsi, Zainab S. Al-Hashami, and Hamza A. Babiker, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman, E-mails: noornoor440@gmail.com, zainab44salam@gmail.com, and H.babiker@ed.ac.uk. Adel Ali H. Al-Sheikh, National Center for Training and Research, MOH, Jazan, Saudi Arabia, E-mail: adelalsheikh@gmail.com. Ahmed Al-Qahtani, Department of Biological and Medical Research, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, E-mail: aqahtani@kfshrc.edu.sa.
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BibTeX
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EndNote
-
1.
Abdel-Hameed AA, 2003. Antimalarial drug resistance in the eastern mediterranean region. East Mediterr Health J 9: 492– 508.
-
2.
Abdo-Rabbo A, Bassili A, Atta H, 2005. The quality of antimalarials available in yemen. Malar J 4: 28.
-
3.
Al-Mekhlafi AM, Mahdy MAK, Al-Mekhlafi HM, Azazy AA, Fong MY, 2011. High frequency of Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance marker (pfcrt t76 mutation) in Yemen: an urgent need to re-examine malaria drug policy. Parasit Vectors 4: 94.
-
4.
Dawoud HA, Ageely HM, El-Sheikh AH, Heiba AA, 2009. Molecular surveillance of Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter variant t76 in jazan area, kingdom of Saudi Arabia. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 39: 503– 510.
-
5.
WHO/Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, 2007. Strategic plan for malaria control and elimination in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region 2006–2010. Cairo: World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranea, 41.
-
6.
Zaher T, Ahmadi M, Ibrahim A, El-Bahnasawy M, Gouda H, Shahat SAR, 2007. Malaria in Egypt, Saudi Arabia and Yemen: a clinical pilot study. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 37: 969– 976.
-
7.
Al-Tawfiq JA, 2006. Epidemiology of travel-related malaria in a non-malarious areas in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J 27: 1781– 1782.
-
8.
Bashwari LA, Mandil AM, Bahnassy AA, Al-Shamsi MA, Bukhari HA, 2001. Epidemiological profile of malaria in a university hospital in the eastern region of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J 22: 133– 138.
-
9.
Bin Dajem SM, Al-Qahtani A, 2010. Analysis of gene mutations involved in chloroquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum parasites isolated from patients in the southwest of Saudi Arabia. Ann Saudi Med 30: 187– 192.
-
10.
Malik GM, Seidi O, El-Taher A, Mohammed AS, 1998. Clinical aspects of malaria in the Asir region, Saudi Arabia. Ann Saudi Med 18: 15– 17.
-
11.
Omar MS, Malik GM, Al-Amari OM, Abdalla SE, Moosa RA, 1999. The rapid manual parasight-f test for diagnosing Plasmodium falciparum malaria in saudi arabia. Ann Saudi Med 19: 159– 162.
-
12.
Al-Harthi SA, 2007. Detection of drug resistance markers for chloroquine and pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine in Jazan area, Saudi Arabia using PCR and restriction digestion. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 37: 17– 30.
-
13.
al Arishi HM, el Awad Ahmed F, al Bishi LA, 2001. Chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria among children seen in a regional hospital, tabuk, Saudi Arabia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 95: 439– 440.
-
14.
Alrajhi AA, Rahim I, Akood M, Hazmi M, 1999. Chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum cerebral malaria in a chloroquine-susceptible area. J Infect Dis 180: 1738– 1741.
-
15.
Ghalib HW, Al-Ghamdi S, Akood M, Haridi AEA, Ageel AAM, Abdalla RE, 2001. Therapeutic efficacy of chloroquine against uncomplicated, Plasmodium falciparum malaria in southwestern Saudi Arabia. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 95: 773– 779.
-
16.
Humphreys GS, Merinopoulos I, Ahmed J, Whitty CJM, Mutabingwa TK, Sutherland CJ, Hallett RL, 2007. Amodiaquine and artemether-lumefantrine select distinct alleles of the Plasmodium falciparum mdr1 gene in Tanzanian children treated for uncomplicated malaria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 51: 991– 997.
-
17.
Sisowath C, Petersen I, Veiga MI, Mårtensson A, Premji Z, Björkman A, Fidock DA, Gil JP, 2009. In vivo selection of Plasmodium falciparum parasites carrying the chloroquine-susceptible pfcrt k76 allele after treatment with artemether-lumefantrine in africa. J Infect Dis 199: 750– 757.
-
18.
Bosman A, Mendis KN, 2007. A major transition in malaria treatment: the adoption and deployment of artemisinin-based combination therapies. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77: 193– 197.
-
19.
Plowe CV, Djimde A, Bouare M, Doumbo O, Wellems TE, 1995. Pyrimethamine and proguanil resistance-conferring mutations in Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase: polymerase chain reaction methods for surveillance in Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 52: 565– 568.
-
20.
Abdel-Muhsin AA, Mackinnon MJ, Awadalla P, Ali E, Suleiman S, Ahmed S, Walliker D, Babiker HA, 2003. Local differentiation in Plasmodium falciparum drug resistance genes in sudan. Parasitology 126: 391– 400.
-
21.
Djimde A, Doumbo OK, Cortese JF, Kayentao K, Doumbo S, Diourte Y, Dicko A, Su XZ, Nomura T, Fidock DA, Wellems TE, Plowe CV, Coulibaly D, 2001. A molecular marker for chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria. N Engl J Med 344: 257– 263.
-
22.
Plowe CV, Cortese JF, Djimde A, Nwanyanwu OC, Watkins WM, Winstanley PA, Estrada-Franco JG, Mollinedo RE, Avila JC, Cespedes JL, Carter D, Doumbo OK, 1997. Mutations in Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase and dihydropteroate synthase and epidemiologic patterns of pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine use and resistance. J Infect Dis 176: 1590– 1596.
-
23.
Alano P, Read D, Bruce M, Aikawa M, Kaido T, Tegoshi T, Bhatti S, Smith DK, Luo C, Hansra S, Carter R, Elliott JF, 1995. Cos cell expression cloning of pfg377, a Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte antigen associated with osmiophilic bodies. Mol Biochem Parasitol 74: 143– 156.
-
24.
Nassir E, Abdel-Muhsin A-MA, Suliaman S, Kenyon F, Kheir A, Geha H, Ferguson HM, Walliker D, Babiker HA, 2005. Impact of genetic complexity on longevity and gametocytogenesis of Plasmodium falciparum during the dry and transmission-free season of eastern Sudan. Int J Parasitol 35: 49– 55.
-
25.
Kheir A, Nwakanma D, Al-Gazali A, Akbarova Y, Al-Saai S, Swedberg G, Babiker HA, 2010. Transmission and cross-mating of high-level resistance Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase haplotypes in the Gambia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 82: 535– 541.
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