ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Herman JS, Chiodini PL, 2009. Gnathostomiasis, another emerging imported disease. Clin Microbiol Rev 22 : 484– 492.
-
2.
Daengsvang S, 1981. Gnathostomiasis in southeast Asia. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 12 : 319– 332.
-
3.
McCarthy J, Moore TA, 2000. Emerging helminth zoonoses. Int J Parasitol 30 : 1351– 1360.
-
4.
Rusnak JM, Lucey DR, 1993. Clinical gnathostomiasis: case report and review of the English-language literature. Clin Infect Dis 16 : 33– 50.
-
5.
Boongird P, Phuapradit P, Siridej N, Chirachariyavej T, Chuahirun S, Vejjajiva A, 1977. Neurological manifestations of gnathostomiasis. J Neurol Sci 31 : 279– 291.
-
6.
Punyagupta S, Bunnag T, Juttijudata P, 1990. Eosinophilic meningitis in Thailand. Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of 162 patients with myeloencephalitis probably caused by Gnathostoma spinigerum. J Neurol Sci 96 : 241– 256.
-
7.
Nawa Y, Katchanov J, Yoshikawa M, Rojekittikhun W, Dekumyoy P, Kusolusuk T, Wattanakulpanich D, 2010. Ocular gnathostomiasis: a comprehensive review. J Trop Med Parasitol 33 : 77– 86.
-
8.
Basak SK, Sinha TK, Bhattacharya D, Hazra TK, Parikh S, 2004. Intravitreal live Gnathostoma spinigerum. Indian J Ophthalmol 52 : 57– 58.
-
9.
Rhitthibaed C, Daengsvang S, 1937. A case of blindness caused by Gnathstoma spinigerum. J Med Assoc Thai 19 : 840– 845.
-
10.
Sen K, Ghose N, 1945. Ocular gnathostomiasis. Br J Ophthalmol 29 : 618– 626.
-
11.
Guitierrez Y, 2000. Diagnostic Pathology of Parasitic Infections with Clinical Correlations, 2nd ed. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
-
12.
Seal GN, Gupta AK, Das MK, 1969. Intra-ocular gnathostomiasis. Indian J Ophthalmol 17 : 109– 113.
-
13.
Biswas J, Gopal L, Sharma T, Badrinath SS, 1994. Intraocular Gnathostoma spinigerum. Clinicopathologic study of two cases with review of literature. Retina 14 : 438– 444.
-
14.
Kannan KA, Vasantha K, Venugopal M, 1999. Intraocular gnathostomiasis. Indian J Ophthalmol 47 : 252– 253.
-
15.
Bhattacharjee H, Das D, Medhi J, 2007. Intravitreal gnathostomiasis and review of literature. Retina 27 : 67– 73.
-
16.
Barua P, Hazarika NK, Barua N, Barua CK, Choudhury B, 2007. Gnathostomiasis of the anterior chamber. Indian J Med Microbiol 25 : 276– 278.
-
17.
Tiwari S, Chayani N, Rautaraya B, 2009. Intraocular Gnathostoma spinigerum: a case report. Cases J 22 : 9370– 9372.
-
18.
Bhende M, Biswas J, Gopal L, 2005. Ultrasound biomicroscopy in the diagnosis and management of intraocular gnathostomiasis. Am J Ophthalmol 140 : 140– 142.
-
19.
Rao VA, Pravin T, Parija SC, 1999. Intracameral gnathostomiasins: a first case report from Pondicherry. J Commun Dis 31 : 197– 198.
-
20.
Sekhar HS, Srinivasa H, Batru RR, Mathai E, Shariff S, Macaden RS, 2000. Human ocular dirofilariasis in Kerala Southern India. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 43 : 77– 79.
-
21.
Natesh S, K H, Nair U, Nair K, 2010. Subretinal worm and repeat laser photocoagulation. Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol 17 : 183– 185.
-
22.
Ittyerah TP, 1990. Nematode in the retina. Indian J Ophthalmol 38 : 178– 179.
-
23.
Nontasut P, Claesson BA, Dekumyoy P, Pakdee W, Chullawichit S, 2005. Double-dose ivermetcin vs albendazole for treatment of gnathostomiasis. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 36 : 650– 652.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 438 | 388 | 27 |
| Full Text Views | 1050 | 9 | 3 |
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Intraocular Gnathostomiasis: Report of a Case and Review of Literature
Gopal S. Pillai
Gopal S. Pillai
Departments of Ophthalmology, Microbiology, and Pathology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Ponekara, Kochi, Kerala, India
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Anil Kumar
Anil Kumar
Departments of Ophthalmology, Microbiology, and Pathology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Ponekara, Kochi, Kerala, India
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Natasha Radhakrishnan
Natasha Radhakrishnan
Departments of Ophthalmology, Microbiology, and Pathology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Ponekara, Kochi, Kerala, India
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Jayasree Maniyelil
Jayasree Maniyelil
Departments of Ophthalmology, Microbiology, and Pathology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Ponekara, Kochi, Kerala, India
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Tufela Shafi
Tufela Shafi
Departments of Ophthalmology, Microbiology, and Pathology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Ponekara, Kochi, Kerala, India
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Kavitha R. Dinesh
Kavitha R. Dinesh
Departments of Ophthalmology, Microbiology, and Pathology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Ponekara, Kochi, Kerala, India
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Shamsul Karim
Shamsul Karim
Departments of Ophthalmology, Microbiology, and Pathology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Ponekara, Kochi, Kerala, India
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Intraocular gnathostomiasis is a rare parasitic infection caused by the third-stage larvae of spiruroid nematode Gnanthostoma spp. seen mostly in tropical and subtropical regions. It is a food-borne zoonosis caused by ingestion of raw or undercooked freshwater fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals, all of which are known to harbor advanced third-stage larvae of Gnanthostoma spp. To date, 74 cases of intraocular gnathostomiasis have been reported from 12 different countries. Only four countries have reported more than 10 cases each, and India shares the rare distinction of being one of them, with 14 cases. Surprisingly, not a single case of cutaneous gnanthostomiasis has ever been reported from India. We present one such case of intraocular gnathostomiasis in a 41-year-old male who presented with an actively motile worm attached to the iris, and we review the pertinent literature of all such cases reported from India.
Author Notes
Authors' addresses: Gopal S. Pillai, Natasha Radhakrishnan, and Tufela Shafi, Department of Ophthalmology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Ponekkara, Kochi, Kerala, India, E-mails: gopalspillai@gmail.com, natashar@aims.amrita.edu, and tufelashafi@aims.amrita.edu. Anil Kumar, Kavitha R. Dinesh, and Shamsul Karim, Department of Microbiology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Ponekkara, Kochi, Kerala, Inida, E-mails: vanilkumar@aims.amrita.edu, kavitharadhakrishnan@aims.amrita.edu, and shamsulkarim@aims.amrita.edu. Jayasree Maniyelil Department of Pathology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Ponekkara, Kochi, Kerala, India, E-mail: shaji.aims@gmail.com.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Herman JS, Chiodini PL, 2009. Gnathostomiasis, another emerging imported disease. Clin Microbiol Rev 22 : 484– 492.
-
2.
Daengsvang S, 1981. Gnathostomiasis in southeast Asia. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 12 : 319– 332.
-
3.
McCarthy J, Moore TA, 2000. Emerging helminth zoonoses. Int J Parasitol 30 : 1351– 1360.
-
4.
Rusnak JM, Lucey DR, 1993. Clinical gnathostomiasis: case report and review of the English-language literature. Clin Infect Dis 16 : 33– 50.
-
5.
Boongird P, Phuapradit P, Siridej N, Chirachariyavej T, Chuahirun S, Vejjajiva A, 1977. Neurological manifestations of gnathostomiasis. J Neurol Sci 31 : 279– 291.
-
6.
Punyagupta S, Bunnag T, Juttijudata P, 1990. Eosinophilic meningitis in Thailand. Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of 162 patients with myeloencephalitis probably caused by Gnathostoma spinigerum. J Neurol Sci 96 : 241– 256.
-
7.
Nawa Y, Katchanov J, Yoshikawa M, Rojekittikhun W, Dekumyoy P, Kusolusuk T, Wattanakulpanich D, 2010. Ocular gnathostomiasis: a comprehensive review. J Trop Med Parasitol 33 : 77– 86.
-
8.
Basak SK, Sinha TK, Bhattacharya D, Hazra TK, Parikh S, 2004. Intravitreal live Gnathostoma spinigerum. Indian J Ophthalmol 52 : 57– 58.
-
9.
Rhitthibaed C, Daengsvang S, 1937. A case of blindness caused by Gnathstoma spinigerum. J Med Assoc Thai 19 : 840– 845.
-
10.
Sen K, Ghose N, 1945. Ocular gnathostomiasis. Br J Ophthalmol 29 : 618– 626.
-
11.
Guitierrez Y, 2000. Diagnostic Pathology of Parasitic Infections with Clinical Correlations, 2nd ed. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
-
12.
Seal GN, Gupta AK, Das MK, 1969. Intra-ocular gnathostomiasis. Indian J Ophthalmol 17 : 109– 113.
-
13.
Biswas J, Gopal L, Sharma T, Badrinath SS, 1994. Intraocular Gnathostoma spinigerum. Clinicopathologic study of two cases with review of literature. Retina 14 : 438– 444.
-
14.
Kannan KA, Vasantha K, Venugopal M, 1999. Intraocular gnathostomiasis. Indian J Ophthalmol 47 : 252– 253.
-
15.
Bhattacharjee H, Das D, Medhi J, 2007. Intravitreal gnathostomiasis and review of literature. Retina 27 : 67– 73.
-
16.
Barua P, Hazarika NK, Barua N, Barua CK, Choudhury B, 2007. Gnathostomiasis of the anterior chamber. Indian J Med Microbiol 25 : 276– 278.
-
17.
Tiwari S, Chayani N, Rautaraya B, 2009. Intraocular Gnathostoma spinigerum: a case report. Cases J 22 : 9370– 9372.
-
18.
Bhende M, Biswas J, Gopal L, 2005. Ultrasound biomicroscopy in the diagnosis and management of intraocular gnathostomiasis. Am J Ophthalmol 140 : 140– 142.
-
19.
Rao VA, Pravin T, Parija SC, 1999. Intracameral gnathostomiasins: a first case report from Pondicherry. J Commun Dis 31 : 197– 198.
-
20.
Sekhar HS, Srinivasa H, Batru RR, Mathai E, Shariff S, Macaden RS, 2000. Human ocular dirofilariasis in Kerala Southern India. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 43 : 77– 79.
-
21.
Natesh S, K H, Nair U, Nair K, 2010. Subretinal worm and repeat laser photocoagulation. Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol 17 : 183– 185.
-
22.
Ittyerah TP, 1990. Nematode in the retina. Indian J Ophthalmol 38 : 178– 179.
-
23.
Nontasut P, Claesson BA, Dekumyoy P, Pakdee W, Chullawichit S, 2005. Double-dose ivermetcin vs albendazole for treatment of gnathostomiasis. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 36 : 650– 652.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 438 | 388 | 27 |
| Full Text Views | 1050 | 9 | 3 |
| PDF Downloads | 152 | 12 | 3 |