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-
1.
Sundar S, Pai K, Sahu M, Kumar V, Murray HW, 2002. Immunochromatographic strip-test detection of anti-K39 antibody in Indian visceral leishmaniasis. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 96 : 19– 23.
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2.
Sundar S, Rai M, 2002. Advances in the treatment of leishmaniasis. Curr Opin Infect Dis 15 : 593– 598.
-
3.
Davies CR, Kaye P, Croft SL, Sundar S, 2003. Leishmaniasis: new approaches to disease control. BMJ 326 : 377– 382.
-
4.
Sundar S, Maurya R, Singh RK, Bharti K, Chakravarty J, Parekh A, Rai M, Kumar K, Murray HW, 2006. Rapid, noninvasive diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in India: comparison of two immunochromatographic strip tests for detection of anti-K39 antibody. J Clin Microbiol 44 : 251– 253.
-
5.
Sundar S, Reed SG, Singh VP, Kumar PC, Murray HW, 1998. Rapid accurate field diagnosis of Indian visceral leishmaniasis. Lancet 351 : 563– 565.
-
6.
Sundar S, Singh RK, Maurya R, Kumar B, Chhabra A, Singh V, Rai M, 2006. Serological diagnosis of Indian visceral leishmaniasis: direct agglutination test versus rK39 strip test. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 100 : 533– 537.
-
7.
Singh D, Pandey K, Das VN, Das S, Kumar S, Topno RK, Das P, 2009. Novel noninvasive method for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis by rK39 testing of sputum samples. J Clin Microbiol 47 : 2684– 2685.
-
8.
Welch RJ, Anderson BL, Litwin CM, 2008. Rapid immunochromatographic strip test for detection of anti-K39 immunoglobulin G antibodies for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. Clin Vaccine Immunol 15 : 1483– 1484.
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9.
Badaro R, Benson D, Eulalio MC, Freire M, Cunha S, Netto EM, Pedral-Sampaio D, Madureira C, Burns JM, Houghton RL, David JR, Reed SG, 1996. rK39: a cloned antigen of Leishmania chagasi that predicts active visceral leishmaniasis. J Infect Dis 173 : 758– 761.
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Romero HD, Silva Lde A, Silva-Vergara ML, Rodrigues V, Costa RT, Guimaraes SF, Alecrim W, Moraes-Souza H, Prata A, 2009. Comparative study of serologic tests for the diagnosis of asymptomatic visceral leishmaniasis in an endemic area. Am J Trop Med Hyg 81 : 27– 33.
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11.
Chappuis F, Sundar S, Hailu A, Ghalib H, Rijal S, Peeling RW, Alvar J, Boelaert M, 2007. Visceral leishmaniasis: what are the needs for diagnosis, treatment and control? Nat Rev Microbiol 5 : 873– 882.
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Masum MA, Evans DA, 1994. Agglutinating anti-leishmanial antibodies in the saliva of kala-azar patients. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 88 : 660.
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rK39 Antigen for the Diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis by Using Human Saliva
Manisha Vaish
Manisha Vaish
Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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Om Prakash Singh
Om Prakash Singh
Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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Jaya Chakravarty
Jaya Chakravarty
Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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Shyam Sundar
Shyam Sundar
Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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The rK39 rapid immunochromatographic test (ICT) is now being widely used in the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) using serum. We evaluated the presence of anti-rK-39 antibody in human saliva being noninvasive to replace the invasive procedures of diagnosis. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and ICT assays were performed in 300 subjects: 114-confirmed VL patients, 95 and 47 healthy controls from endemic and nonendemic regions, respectively, and 44 subjects with different diseases. Sensitivity in saliva was 83.3% by ELISA and 82.5% by ICT, compared with 100% for both ICT and ELISA in serum. Specificity in saliva was 100%, 90.5%, and 88.6% with ELISA, and 91.48%, 91.57%, and 84.06% using ICT, in nonendemic, endemic, and different diseases, respectively. In serum, specificity was 97%, 88.5%, and 89% by ELISA and 100%, 94.7%, and 95.5% by ICT in nonendemic, endemic, and different diseases, respectively. Saliva is not suitable for diagnosis of VL because of low sensitivity.
Author Notes
Financial support: This study was partially funded by the Tropical Medicine Research Center grant number: P50AI074321 from National Institute of Allergy and Infectious disease (NIAID), DMID funding mechanism.
Authors' addresses: Manisha Vaish, Om Prakash Singh, Jaya Chakravarty, and Shyam Sundar, Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India, E-mails: vaish.manisha@gmail.com, opsingh@imsbhu.com, tapadar@gmail.com, and drshyamsundar@hotmail.com.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Sundar S, Pai K, Sahu M, Kumar V, Murray HW, 2002. Immunochromatographic strip-test detection of anti-K39 antibody in Indian visceral leishmaniasis. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 96 : 19– 23.
-
2.
Sundar S, Rai M, 2002. Advances in the treatment of leishmaniasis. Curr Opin Infect Dis 15 : 593– 598.
-
3.
Davies CR, Kaye P, Croft SL, Sundar S, 2003. Leishmaniasis: new approaches to disease control. BMJ 326 : 377– 382.
-
4.
Sundar S, Maurya R, Singh RK, Bharti K, Chakravarty J, Parekh A, Rai M, Kumar K, Murray HW, 2006. Rapid, noninvasive diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in India: comparison of two immunochromatographic strip tests for detection of anti-K39 antibody. J Clin Microbiol 44 : 251– 253.
-
5.
Sundar S, Reed SG, Singh VP, Kumar PC, Murray HW, 1998. Rapid accurate field diagnosis of Indian visceral leishmaniasis. Lancet 351 : 563– 565.
-
6.
Sundar S, Singh RK, Maurya R, Kumar B, Chhabra A, Singh V, Rai M, 2006. Serological diagnosis of Indian visceral leishmaniasis: direct agglutination test versus rK39 strip test. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 100 : 533– 537.
-
7.
Singh D, Pandey K, Das VN, Das S, Kumar S, Topno RK, Das P, 2009. Novel noninvasive method for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis by rK39 testing of sputum samples. J Clin Microbiol 47 : 2684– 2685.
-
8.
Welch RJ, Anderson BL, Litwin CM, 2008. Rapid immunochromatographic strip test for detection of anti-K39 immunoglobulin G antibodies for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. Clin Vaccine Immunol 15 : 1483– 1484.
-
9.
Badaro R, Benson D, Eulalio MC, Freire M, Cunha S, Netto EM, Pedral-Sampaio D, Madureira C, Burns JM, Houghton RL, David JR, Reed SG, 1996. rK39: a cloned antigen of Leishmania chagasi that predicts active visceral leishmaniasis. J Infect Dis 173 : 758– 761.
-
10.
Romero HD, Silva Lde A, Silva-Vergara ML, Rodrigues V, Costa RT, Guimaraes SF, Alecrim W, Moraes-Souza H, Prata A, 2009. Comparative study of serologic tests for the diagnosis of asymptomatic visceral leishmaniasis in an endemic area. Am J Trop Med Hyg 81 : 27– 33.
-
11.
Chappuis F, Sundar S, Hailu A, Ghalib H, Rijal S, Peeling RW, Alvar J, Boelaert M, 2007. Visceral leishmaniasis: what are the needs for diagnosis, treatment and control? Nat Rev Microbiol 5 : 873– 882.
-
12.
Masum MA, Evans DA, 1994. Agglutinating anti-leishmanial antibodies in the saliva of kala-azar patients. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 88 : 660.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 626 | 511 | 56 |
| Full Text Views | 677 | 14 | 2 |
| PDF Downloads | 286 | 11 | 2 |