Lepelletier L, Gay F, Nadire-Galliot M, Poman JP, Bellony S, Claustre J, Traore BM, Mouchet J, 1989. Le paludisme en Guyane. Situation général de l'endémie. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 82 : 385– 392.
Carme B, Venturin C, 1999. Malaria in the Americas. Med Trop 59 : 298– 302.
Carme B, Ardillon V, Girod R, Grenier C, Joubert M, Djossou F, Ravachol F, 2009. Update on the epidemiology of malaria in French Guiana. Med Trop 69 : 19– 25.
Djossou F, Mathé L, Bichat S, 2002. Stratégies Thérapeutiques Antipalustres. Troisième Conférence de Consensus sur le Paludisme en Guyane. Cayenne 4 et 5 Octobre.
Chaud P, Paquet C, Huguet P, Cottrelle B, 2006. Surveillance épidémiologique du Paludisme en Guyane. Institut de Veille Sanitaire/Direction de la Santé et du Développement Social de la Guyane.
Floch H, Abonnenc E, 1951. Anophèles de Guyane française. Arch Inst Pasteur Guyane Terr Inini 236 : 1– 92.
Mouchet J, Nadire-Galliot M, Gay F, Poman JP, Lepelletier J, Claustre J, Bellony S, 1989. Malaria in Guiana. II. The characteristics of different foci and antimalarial control. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 82 : 393– 405.
Anonymous, 2009. Le point épidemiologique No. 3. Surveillance épidémiologique mensuelle du paludisme: Mars 2009. Available at: http://www.invs.sante.fr/surveillance/paludisme/points_paludisme_guyane/2009/pep_guyane. Accessed December 9, 2011.
Legrand E, Volney B, Meynard JB, Mercereau-Puijalon O, Esterre P, 2008. In vitro monitoring of Plasmodium falciparum drug resistance in French Guiana: a synopsis of continuous assessment from 1994 to 2005. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 52 : 288– 298.
Linthicum KJ, 1988. A revision of the Argyritarsis section of the subgenus Nyssorhynchus of Anopheles. Mosq Sys 20 : 98– 271.
Faran ME, Linthicum KJ, 1981. A handbook of the Amazonian species of Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus). Mosq Syst 13 : 1– 81.
Hanf M, Stéphani A, Basurko C, Nacher M, Carme B, 2009. Determination of the Plasmodium vivax relapse pattern in Camopi, French Guiana. Malar J 8 : 278– 282.
da Silva-Nunes M, Moreno M, Conn JE, Gamboa D, Abeles S, Vinetz JM, Ferreira MU, 2011. Amazonian malaria: asymptomatic human reservoirs, diagnostic challenges, environmentally driven changes in mosquito vector populations, and the mandate for sustainable control strategies. Acta Trop 2011 Oct 12 [Epub ahead of print].
Limongi JE, Chaves KM, Paula MB, Costa FC, Silva Ade A, Lopes Ide S, Pajuaba Neto Ade A, Sales JM, Rodrigues F, Montes Resende MA, Ferreira MS, 2005. Malaria outbreaks in a non-endemic area of Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 41 : 232– 237.
Nájera JA, Kouznetsov RL, Delacollette C, 1998. Malaria Epidemics: Detection and Control Forecasting and Prevention. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Pajot FX, Le Pont F, Molez JF, Degallier N, 1977. [Agressivité d'Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) darlingi Root, 1926 (Diptera, Culicidae) en Guyane Française]. Cahiers de l'ORSTOM series entomologie médicale et parasitologie XV, 15– 22.
Magris M, Rubio-Palis Y, Alexander N, Ruiz B, Galvan N, Frias D, Blanco M, Lines J, 2007. Community-randomizes trial of lambda-cyhalothrin-treated hammock nets for malaria control in Yanomani communities in the Amazon region of Venezuela. Trop Med Int Health 12 : 392– 403.
World Health Organization, 2007. Insecticide-Treated Mosquito Nets: A WHO Position Statement. Global Malaria Programme. Available at: http://www.who.int/malaria/publications/atoz/itnspospaperfinal.pdf. Accessed December 12, 2011.
Mansotte F, Ravachol F, Carlisi R, Caudal J, Pinchon S, Maison D, 2010. Operation to promote use of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLIN) in French Guiana in 2006: design, implementation and results. Med Trop 70 : 249– 254.
Moore SJ, Darling ST, Sihuincha M, Padilla N, Devine GJ, 2007. A low-cost repellent for malaria vectors in the Americas: results of two fields trials in Guatemala and Peru. Malar J 6 : 101– 106.
Sinka ME, Rubio-Palis Y, Manguin S, Patil AP, Temperley WH, Gething PW, Van Boeckel T, Kabaria CW, Harbach RE, Hay SI, 2010. The dominant Anopheles vectors of human malaria in the Americas: occurrence data, distribution maps and bionomic precis. Parasit Vectors 3 : 72.
Gutierrez LA, Naranjo N, Jaramillo LM, Muskus C, Luckhart S, Conn JA, Correa MM, 2008. Natural infectivity of Anopheles species from the Pacific and Atlantic Regions of Colombia. Acta Trop 107 : 99– 105.
WHO Technical Report Series, No. 936, 2006. Geneva: World Health Organization. Available at: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/trs/WHO_TRS_936_eng.pdf. Accessed December 10, 2011.
Horth R, Venturin C, Ronda-Sylva I, 2002. Stratégies de lutte antivectorielle pour le contrôle du paludisme en Guyane. Troisième Conférence de Consensus sur le Paludisme en Guyane. Cayenne 4 et 5 octobre. Available at: http://www.guyanetrek.net/doc/ccpal02G.pdf. Accessed December 10, 2011.
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Malaria is endemic in French Guiana. Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax are the predominant species responsible and Anopheles darlingi is described as the major vector. In mid-August 2008, an increase in malaria incidence was observed in Saül. A retrospective cohort survey was performed. In vitro susceptibility profiles to antimalarials were determined on P. falciparum isolates. Collections of mosquitoes were organized. The malaria attack rate reached 70.6/100. The risk of malaria increased for people between 40 and 49 years of age, living in a house not subjected to a recent indoor residual insecticide spraying or staying overnight in the surrounding forest. All isolates were susceptible. Anopheles darlingi females and larvae were collected in the village suggesting a local transmission. Our results strongly support a role of illegal mining activities in the emergence of new foci of malaria. Therefore, public health authorities should define policies to fight malaria at a transborder level.
Financial support: This study was supported by the Institut de Veille Sanitaire (agreement no. 08-S-IT-P30-02) and the Agence Régionale de Santé de Guyane (agreement 041/DSDS-DSE-2008).
Authors' addresses: Franck Berger, Unité d'Épidémiologie, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, Guyane, E-mail: fberger@pasteur-cayenne.fr. Claude Flamant and Vanessa Ardillon, Cellule Interrégionale d'Épidémiologie Antilles-Guyane, Cayenne, Guyane, E-mails: Claude.FLAMAND@ars.sante.fr and Vanessa.ARDILLON@ars.sante.fr. Lise Musset and Eric Legrand, Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Centre National de Référence de la Chimiorésistance du Paludisme, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, Guyane, E-mails: lmusset@pasteur-cayenne.fr and elegrand@pasteur-cayenne.fr. Félix Djossou, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, Guyane, E-mail: Felix.DJOSSOU@ch-cayenne.fr. Jacques Rosine, Cellule Interrégionale d?épidémiologie, Antilles-Guyane, AGORA - ZAC de l'Étang-Z'abricot Pointe des Grives -BP 658- 97261 Fort de France cedex, Martinique, E-mail: Jacques.ROSINE@ars.sante.fr. Marie-Anne Sanquer, Agence Régionale de Santé de Guyane, Cayenne, Guyane, E-mail: Marie-Anne.SANQUER@ars.sante.fr. Isabelle Dusfour and Romain Girod, Unité d?Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, 23 av. Pasteur, BP6010, 97306 Cayenne cedex, Guyane, E-mails: idusfour@pasteur-cayenne.fr and rgirod@pasteur-cayenne.fr. Patrick Rabarison, Direction de la Démoustication et des Actions Sanitaires, Conseil Général de la Guyane, Cayenne, Guyane, E-mail: patrick.rabarison@cg973.fr. Claire Grenier, Croix Rouge Française, Cayenne, Guyane, E-mail: Claire.Grenier@croix-rouge.fr.
Lepelletier L, Gay F, Nadire-Galliot M, Poman JP, Bellony S, Claustre J, Traore BM, Mouchet J, 1989. Le paludisme en Guyane. Situation général de l'endémie. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 82 : 385– 392.
Carme B, Venturin C, 1999. Malaria in the Americas. Med Trop 59 : 298– 302.
Carme B, Ardillon V, Girod R, Grenier C, Joubert M, Djossou F, Ravachol F, 2009. Update on the epidemiology of malaria in French Guiana. Med Trop 69 : 19– 25.
Djossou F, Mathé L, Bichat S, 2002. Stratégies Thérapeutiques Antipalustres. Troisième Conférence de Consensus sur le Paludisme en Guyane. Cayenne 4 et 5 Octobre.
Chaud P, Paquet C, Huguet P, Cottrelle B, 2006. Surveillance épidémiologique du Paludisme en Guyane. Institut de Veille Sanitaire/Direction de la Santé et du Développement Social de la Guyane.
Floch H, Abonnenc E, 1951. Anophèles de Guyane française. Arch Inst Pasteur Guyane Terr Inini 236 : 1– 92.
Mouchet J, Nadire-Galliot M, Gay F, Poman JP, Lepelletier J, Claustre J, Bellony S, 1989. Malaria in Guiana. II. The characteristics of different foci and antimalarial control. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 82 : 393– 405.
Anonymous, 2009. Le point épidemiologique No. 3. Surveillance épidémiologique mensuelle du paludisme: Mars 2009. Available at: http://www.invs.sante.fr/surveillance/paludisme/points_paludisme_guyane/2009/pep_guyane. Accessed December 9, 2011.
Legrand E, Volney B, Meynard JB, Mercereau-Puijalon O, Esterre P, 2008. In vitro monitoring of Plasmodium falciparum drug resistance in French Guiana: a synopsis of continuous assessment from 1994 to 2005. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 52 : 288– 298.
Linthicum KJ, 1988. A revision of the Argyritarsis section of the subgenus Nyssorhynchus of Anopheles. Mosq Sys 20 : 98– 271.
Faran ME, Linthicum KJ, 1981. A handbook of the Amazonian species of Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus). Mosq Syst 13 : 1– 81.
Hanf M, Stéphani A, Basurko C, Nacher M, Carme B, 2009. Determination of the Plasmodium vivax relapse pattern in Camopi, French Guiana. Malar J 8 : 278– 282.
da Silva-Nunes M, Moreno M, Conn JE, Gamboa D, Abeles S, Vinetz JM, Ferreira MU, 2011. Amazonian malaria: asymptomatic human reservoirs, diagnostic challenges, environmentally driven changes in mosquito vector populations, and the mandate for sustainable control strategies. Acta Trop 2011 Oct 12 [Epub ahead of print].
Limongi JE, Chaves KM, Paula MB, Costa FC, Silva Ade A, Lopes Ide S, Pajuaba Neto Ade A, Sales JM, Rodrigues F, Montes Resende MA, Ferreira MS, 2005. Malaria outbreaks in a non-endemic area of Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 41 : 232– 237.
Nájera JA, Kouznetsov RL, Delacollette C, 1998. Malaria Epidemics: Detection and Control Forecasting and Prevention. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Pajot FX, Le Pont F, Molez JF, Degallier N, 1977. [Agressivité d'Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) darlingi Root, 1926 (Diptera, Culicidae) en Guyane Française]. Cahiers de l'ORSTOM series entomologie médicale et parasitologie XV, 15– 22.
Magris M, Rubio-Palis Y, Alexander N, Ruiz B, Galvan N, Frias D, Blanco M, Lines J, 2007. Community-randomizes trial of lambda-cyhalothrin-treated hammock nets for malaria control in Yanomani communities in the Amazon region of Venezuela. Trop Med Int Health 12 : 392– 403.
World Health Organization, 2007. Insecticide-Treated Mosquito Nets: A WHO Position Statement. Global Malaria Programme. Available at: http://www.who.int/malaria/publications/atoz/itnspospaperfinal.pdf. Accessed December 12, 2011.
Mansotte F, Ravachol F, Carlisi R, Caudal J, Pinchon S, Maison D, 2010. Operation to promote use of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLIN) in French Guiana in 2006: design, implementation and results. Med Trop 70 : 249– 254.
Moore SJ, Darling ST, Sihuincha M, Padilla N, Devine GJ, 2007. A low-cost repellent for malaria vectors in the Americas: results of two fields trials in Guatemala and Peru. Malar J 6 : 101– 106.
Sinka ME, Rubio-Palis Y, Manguin S, Patil AP, Temperley WH, Gething PW, Van Boeckel T, Kabaria CW, Harbach RE, Hay SI, 2010. The dominant Anopheles vectors of human malaria in the Americas: occurrence data, distribution maps and bionomic precis. Parasit Vectors 3 : 72.
Gutierrez LA, Naranjo N, Jaramillo LM, Muskus C, Luckhart S, Conn JA, Correa MM, 2008. Natural infectivity of Anopheles species from the Pacific and Atlantic Regions of Colombia. Acta Trop 107 : 99– 105.
WHO Technical Report Series, No. 936, 2006. Geneva: World Health Organization. Available at: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/trs/WHO_TRS_936_eng.pdf. Accessed December 10, 2011.
Horth R, Venturin C, Ronda-Sylva I, 2002. Stratégies de lutte antivectorielle pour le contrôle du paludisme en Guyane. Troisième Conférence de Consensus sur le Paludisme en Guyane. Cayenne 4 et 5 octobre. Available at: http://www.guyanetrek.net/doc/ccpal02G.pdf. Accessed December 10, 2011.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 1276 | 1149 | 382 |
Full Text Views | 1245 | 4 | 0 |
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