Author:
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Cherlin VA, 1984. New facts on the taxonomy of the snakes of the genus Echis. Smithsonian Herpetol 61: 1–7.
-
2.
David P, Ineich I, 1999. Les serpents venimeux du monde: systématique et repartition [Poisonous snakes in the world: systematic division]. Dumerilia 3: 3–499.
-
3.
Pook CE, Joger U, Stümpel N, Wüster W, 2009. When continents collide: phylogeny, historical biogeography and systematics of the medically important viper genus Echis (Squamata: Serpentes: Viperidae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 53: 792–807.
-
4.
Deraniyagala PEP, 1955. A Coloured Atlas of Some Vertebrates from Ceylon. Colombo, Ceylon: Government press.
-
5.
Turkington C, Mitchell D, 2010. The Encyclopedia of Poisons and Antidotes. New York: Infobase Publishing.
-
6.
Wall F, Cottle HR, 1921. Ophida taprobanica or the Snakes of Ceylon. Colombo, Ceylon: Government Printer.
-
7.
Warrell DA, 1983. Venoms and toxins of animals and plants. Weatherall DJ, Leadingham JG, Warrell DA, eds. Oxford Textbook of Medicine. Oxford: Oxford Medical Publications, 635–642.
-
8.
Whitehall JS, Yarlini M, Arunthathy M, Varan M, Kaanthan M, Isaivanan M, Vanprasath M, 2007. Snake bites in north east Sri Lanka. Rural Remote Health 7: 751.
-
9.
Warrell DA, Davidson NM, Greenwood BM, Ormerod LD, Pope HM, Watkins BJ, Prentice CR, 1977. Poisoning by bites of the saw-scaled or carpet viper (Echis carinatus) in Nigeria. Q J Med 181: 33–62.
-
10.
Lakhotia M, Kothari D, Choudhri DR, Sharma S, Jain P, 2002. A case of saw-scale viper snakebite presenting as pleura-pericardial hemorrhage. J Indian Acad Clin Med 3: 392–394.
-
11.
Kochar DK, Tanwar PD, Norris RL, Sabir M, Nayak KC, Agrawal TD, Purohit VP, Kochar A, Simpson ID, 2007. Rediscovery of severe saw-scaled viper (Echis sochureki) envenoming in the Thar desert region of Rajasthan, India. Wilderness Environ Med 18: 75–85.
-
12.
Visweswaran RK, George J, 1999. Snake bite induced acute renal failure. Int J Nephrol 9: 156–159.
-
13.
Ali G, Kak M, Kumar M, Bali SK, Tak SI, Hassan G, Wadhwa MB, 2004. Acute renal failure following Echis carinatus (saw-scaled viper) envenomation. Indian J Nephrol 14: 177–181.
-
14.
Cortelazzo A, Guerranti R, Bini L, Hope-Onyekwere N, Muzzi C, Leoncini R, Pagani R, 2010. Effects of snake venom proteases on human fibrinogen chains. Blood Transfus 8 (Suppl 3) 120–125.
-
15.
Chugh KS, Mohanthy D, Pal Y, Das KC, Ganguly NK, Chakravarty RN, 1981. Haemostatic abnormalities following Echis carinatus (saw-scaled viper) envenomation in the rhesus monkey. Am J Trop Med Hyg 30: 1116–1120.
-
16.
Mahadeswaraswamy YH, Nagaraju S, Girish KS, Kemparaju K, 2008. Local tissue destruction and procoagulation properties of Echis carinatus venom: inhibition by Vitis vinifera seed methanol extract. Phytother Res 22: 963–969.
-
17.
Warrell DA, Arnett C, 1976. The importance of bites by the saw-scaled or carpet viper (Echis carinatus): epidemiological studies in Nigeria and a review of the world literature. Acta Trop 33: 307–341.
-
18.
de Silva A, 2009. Snakes of Sri Lanka: A Coloured Atlas. Colombo: Vijitha Yapa Publications.
-
19.
Auffenberg W, Rehman H, 1991. Studies on Pakistan reptiles. Part 1. The genus Echis (Viperidae). Bull Florida Mus Nat Hist Biol Sci 35: 263–314.
-
20.
Golay P, Smith HM, Broadley DG, Dixon JR, McCarthy C, Rage JC, Schiti B, Toriba M, 1993. Endoglyphs and Other Major Venomous Snakes of the World: A Checklist. Aire-Geneve: Azemiops S.A. Herpetological Data Center.
-
21.
Kochar DK, Tanwar PD, Norris RL, Sabir M, Nayak KC, Agrawal TD, Purohit VP, Kochar A, Simpson ID, 2007. Rediscovery of severe saw-scaled viper (Echis sochureki) envenoming in the Thar desert region of Rajasthan, India. Wilderness Environ Med 18: 75–85.
-
22.
Warrell DA, Davidson NM, Ormerod LD, Pope HM, Watkins BJ, Greenwood BM, Reid HA, 1974. Bites by the saw-scaled or carpet viper (Echis carinatus): trial of two specific antivenoms. BMJ 4: 437–440.
-
23.
Bhat RN, 1974. Viperine snake bite poisoning in Jammu. J Indian Med Assoc 63: 383–392.
-
24.
Warrell DA, 2010. Guidelines for the Management of Snake-Bites. Geneva: World Health Organization.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 970 | 654 | 69 |
| Full Text Views | 2041 | 1 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 391 | 0 | 0 |
Saw-Scaled Viper Bites in Sri Lanka: Is It a Different Subspecies? Clinical Evidence from an Authenticated Case Series
Ariaranee Gnanathasan
Ariaranee Gnanathasan
Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Kynsey road, Colombo 08, Sri Lanka; Teaching Hospital, Jaffna, Sri Lanka; District Hospital, Mannar, Sri Lanka
Search for other papers by Ariaranee Gnanathasan in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Ariaranee Gnanathasan in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Chaturaka Rodrigo
Chaturaka Rodrigo
Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Kynsey road, Colombo 08, Sri Lanka; Teaching Hospital, Jaffna, Sri Lanka; District Hospital, Mannar, Sri Lanka
Search for other papers by Chaturaka Rodrigo in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Chaturaka Rodrigo in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Thambipillai Peranantharajah
Thambipillai Peranantharajah
Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Kynsey road, Colombo 08, Sri Lanka; Teaching Hospital, Jaffna, Sri Lanka; District Hospital, Mannar, Sri Lanka
Search for other papers by Thambipillai Peranantharajah in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Thambipillai Peranantharajah in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Anthonia Coonghe
Anthonia Coonghe
Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Kynsey road, Colombo 08, Sri Lanka; Teaching Hospital, Jaffna, Sri Lanka; District Hospital, Mannar, Sri Lanka
Search for other papers by Anthonia Coonghe in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Anthonia Coonghe in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
The saw-scaled viper (SSV) (Echis carinatus) is considered to be a highly venomous snake in Sri Lanka despite any published clinical justification. Being a rarity, the clinical profile of SSV bites is not well established in Sri Lanka. We report a series of 48 (n-48) SSV bites from the Northern Province of Sri Lanka. The majority (65%) of victims had evidence of local envenoming at the site of the bite; however, 29% showed spontaneous bleeding and 71% had coagulopathy. There were no deaths in the series. The envenoming was mild in contrast to the mortality and significant morbidity associated with SSV bites in West Africa and some parts of India. These observations need to be further explored with laboratory studies to identify the venom components, study of morphological characteristics, and genetic profiling of the Sri Lankan SSV to see if it is different from the subspecies found elsewhere.
Author Notes
Authors’ addresses: Ariaranee Gnanathasan and Chaturaka Rodrigo, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka, E-mail: chaturaka.rodrigo@gmail.com. Thambipillai Peranantharajah, Teaching Hospital, Jaffna, Sri Lanka, E-mail: peranantha@gmail.com. Anthonia Coonghe, District Hospital, Mannar, Sri Lanka, E-mail: padcoonghe@yahoo.com.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Cherlin VA, 1984. New facts on the taxonomy of the snakes of the genus Echis. Smithsonian Herpetol 61: 1–7.
-
2.
David P, Ineich I, 1999. Les serpents venimeux du monde: systématique et repartition [Poisonous snakes in the world: systematic division]. Dumerilia 3: 3–499.
-
3.
Pook CE, Joger U, Stümpel N, Wüster W, 2009. When continents collide: phylogeny, historical biogeography and systematics of the medically important viper genus Echis (Squamata: Serpentes: Viperidae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 53: 792–807.
-
4.
Deraniyagala PEP, 1955. A Coloured Atlas of Some Vertebrates from Ceylon. Colombo, Ceylon: Government press.
-
5.
Turkington C, Mitchell D, 2010. The Encyclopedia of Poisons and Antidotes. New York: Infobase Publishing.
-
6.
Wall F, Cottle HR, 1921. Ophida taprobanica or the Snakes of Ceylon. Colombo, Ceylon: Government Printer.
-
7.
Warrell DA, 1983. Venoms and toxins of animals and plants. Weatherall DJ, Leadingham JG, Warrell DA, eds. Oxford Textbook of Medicine. Oxford: Oxford Medical Publications, 635–642.
-
8.
Whitehall JS, Yarlini M, Arunthathy M, Varan M, Kaanthan M, Isaivanan M, Vanprasath M, 2007. Snake bites in north east Sri Lanka. Rural Remote Health 7: 751.
-
9.
Warrell DA, Davidson NM, Greenwood BM, Ormerod LD, Pope HM, Watkins BJ, Prentice CR, 1977. Poisoning by bites of the saw-scaled or carpet viper (Echis carinatus) in Nigeria. Q J Med 181: 33–62.
-
10.
Lakhotia M, Kothari D, Choudhri DR, Sharma S, Jain P, 2002. A case of saw-scale viper snakebite presenting as pleura-pericardial hemorrhage. J Indian Acad Clin Med 3: 392–394.
-
11.
Kochar DK, Tanwar PD, Norris RL, Sabir M, Nayak KC, Agrawal TD, Purohit VP, Kochar A, Simpson ID, 2007. Rediscovery of severe saw-scaled viper (Echis sochureki) envenoming in the Thar desert region of Rajasthan, India. Wilderness Environ Med 18: 75–85.
-
12.
Visweswaran RK, George J, 1999. Snake bite induced acute renal failure. Int J Nephrol 9: 156–159.
-
13.
Ali G, Kak M, Kumar M, Bali SK, Tak SI, Hassan G, Wadhwa MB, 2004. Acute renal failure following Echis carinatus (saw-scaled viper) envenomation. Indian J Nephrol 14: 177–181.
-
14.
Cortelazzo A, Guerranti R, Bini L, Hope-Onyekwere N, Muzzi C, Leoncini R, Pagani R, 2010. Effects of snake venom proteases on human fibrinogen chains. Blood Transfus 8 (Suppl 3) 120–125.
-
15.
Chugh KS, Mohanthy D, Pal Y, Das KC, Ganguly NK, Chakravarty RN, 1981. Haemostatic abnormalities following Echis carinatus (saw-scaled viper) envenomation in the rhesus monkey. Am J Trop Med Hyg 30: 1116–1120.
-
16.
Mahadeswaraswamy YH, Nagaraju S, Girish KS, Kemparaju K, 2008. Local tissue destruction and procoagulation properties of Echis carinatus venom: inhibition by Vitis vinifera seed methanol extract. Phytother Res 22: 963–969.
-
17.
Warrell DA, Arnett C, 1976. The importance of bites by the saw-scaled or carpet viper (Echis carinatus): epidemiological studies in Nigeria and a review of the world literature. Acta Trop 33: 307–341.
-
18.
de Silva A, 2009. Snakes of Sri Lanka: A Coloured Atlas. Colombo: Vijitha Yapa Publications.
-
19.
Auffenberg W, Rehman H, 1991. Studies on Pakistan reptiles. Part 1. The genus Echis (Viperidae). Bull Florida Mus Nat Hist Biol Sci 35: 263–314.
-
20.
Golay P, Smith HM, Broadley DG, Dixon JR, McCarthy C, Rage JC, Schiti B, Toriba M, 1993. Endoglyphs and Other Major Venomous Snakes of the World: A Checklist. Aire-Geneve: Azemiops S.A. Herpetological Data Center.
-
21.
Kochar DK, Tanwar PD, Norris RL, Sabir M, Nayak KC, Agrawal TD, Purohit VP, Kochar A, Simpson ID, 2007. Rediscovery of severe saw-scaled viper (Echis sochureki) envenoming in the Thar desert region of Rajasthan, India. Wilderness Environ Med 18: 75–85.
-
22.
Warrell DA, Davidson NM, Ormerod LD, Pope HM, Watkins BJ, Greenwood BM, Reid HA, 1974. Bites by the saw-scaled or carpet viper (Echis carinatus): trial of two specific antivenoms. BMJ 4: 437–440.
-
23.
Bhat RN, 1974. Viperine snake bite poisoning in Jammu. J Indian Med Assoc 63: 383–392.
-
24.
Warrell DA, 2010. Guidelines for the Management of Snake-Bites. Geneva: World Health Organization.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 970 | 654 | 69 |
| Full Text Views | 2041 | 1 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 391 | 0 | 0 |