Stark DJ, Beebe N, Marriott D, Ellis JT, Harkness J, 2006. Dientamoebiasis: clinical importance and recent advances. Trends Parasitol 22: 92–96.
Vandenberg O, Souayah H, Mouchet F, Dediste A, van Gool T, 2007. Treatment of Dientamoeba fragilis infection with paromomycin. Pediatr Infect Dis J 26: 88–90.
Rayan HZ, Ismail OA, El Gayar EK, 2007. Prevalence and clinical features of Dientamoeba fragilis infections in patients suspected to have intestinal parasitic infection. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 37: 599–608.
Vandenberg O, Peek R, Souayah H, Dediste A, Buset M, Scheen R, Retore P, Zissis G, van Gool T, 2006. Clinical and microbiological features of dientamoebiasis in patients suspected of suffering from a parasitic gastrointestinal illness: a comparison of Dientamoeba fragilis and Giardia lamblia infections. Int J Infect Dis 10: 255–261.
Barratt JL, Harkness J, Marriott D, Ellis JT, Stark D, 2011. The ambiguous life of Dientamoeba fragilis: the need to investigate current hypotheses on transmission. Parasitology 138: 557–572.
Stark D, Beebe N, Marriott D, Ellis J, Harkness J, 2005. Prospective study of the prevalence, genotyping, and clinical relevance of Dientamoeba fragilis infections in an Australian population. J Clin Microbiol 43: 2718–2723.
Suresh K, Smith HV, Tan TC, 2005. Viable Blastocystis cysts in Scottish and Malaysian sewage samples. Appl Environ Microbiol 71: 5619–5620.
Armon R, Gold D, Brodsky M, Oron G, 2002. Surface and subsurface irrigation with effluents of different qualities and presence of Cryptosporidium oocysts in soil and on crops. Water Sci Technol 46: 115–122.
Parkar U, Traub RJ, Kumar S, Mungthin M, Vitali S, Leelayoova S, Morris K, Thompson RC, 2007. Direct characterization of Blastocystis from feces by PCR and evidence of zoonotic potential. Parasitology 134: 359–367.
Overgaauw PA, van Zutphen L, Hoek D, Yaya FO, Roelfsema J, Pinelli E, van Knapen F, Kortbeek LM, 2009. Zoonotic parasites in fecal samples and fur from dogs and cats in The Netherlands. Vet Parasitol 163: 115–122.
Stark D, Barratt J, Roberts T, Marriott D, Harkness J, Ellis J, 2010. Comparison of microscopy, two xenic culture techniques, conventional and real-time PCR for the detection of Dientamoeba fragilis in clinical stool samples. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 29: 411–416.
Barratt JL, Banik GR, Harkness J, Marriott D, Ellis JT, Stark D, 2010. Newly defined conditions for the in vitro cultivation and cryopreservation of Dientamoeba fragilis: new techniques set to fast track molecular studies on this organism. Parasitology 137: 1867–1878.
Gijsbers C, Benninga M, Buller H, 2011. Clinical and laboratory findings in 220 children with recurrent abdominal pain. Acta Paediatr 100: 1028–1032.
Girginkardesler N, Kurt O, Kilimcioglu AA, Ok UZ, 2008. Transmission of Dientamoeba fragilis: evaluation of the role of Enterobius vermicularis. Parasitol Int 57: 72–75.
Windsor JJ, Rafay AM, Shenoy AK, Johnson EH, 1998. Incidence of Dientamoeba fragilis in fecal samples submitted for routine microbiological analysis. Br J Biomed Sci 55: 172–175.
Johnson EH, Windsor JJ, Clark CG, 2004. Emerging from obscurity: biological, clinical, and diagnostic aspects of Dientamoeba fragilis. Clin Microbiol Rev 17: 553–570.
Ockert G, 1975. Epidemiology of Dientamoeba fragilis Jepps and Dobell, 1918. 3. Further studies on Enterobius transmission through eggs [in German]. J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol 19: 17–21.
Dobell C, Laidlaw PP, 1926. On the cultivation of Entamoeba histolytica and some other entozoic amoeba. Parasitology 18: 283–318.
Peek R, Reedeker FR, van Gool T, 2004. Direct amplification and genotyping of Dientamoeba fragilis from human stool specimens. J Clin Microbiol 42: 631–635.
Stark D, Barratt J, Roberts T, Marriott D, Harkness J, Ellis J, 2010. A review of the clinical presentation of dientamoebiasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 82: 614–619.
Ben Ayed L, Schijven J, Alouini Z, Jemli M, Sabbahi S, 2009. Presence of parasitic protozoa and helminth in sewage and efficiency of sewage treatment in Tunisia. Parasitol Res 105: 393–406.
Castro-Hermida JA, Garcia-Presedo I, Gonzalez-Warleta M, Mezo M, 2010. Cryptosporidium and Giardia detection in water bodies of Galicia, Spain. Water Res 44: 5887–5896.
Almeida A, Moreira MJ, Soares S, Delgado Mde L, Figueiredo J, Silva E, Castro A, Cosa JM, 2010. Presence of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis in drinking water samples in the north of Portugal. Korean J Parasitol 48: 43–48.
Duda A, Stenzel DJ, Boreham PF, 1998. Detection of Blastocystis sp. in domestic dogs and cats. Vet Parasitol 76: 9–17.
Dobell C, 1940. Researches on the intestinal protozoa of monkeys and man. X. The life history of Dientamoeba fragilis: observations, experiments, and speculations. Parasitology 32: 417–461.
Stark D, Phillips O, Peckett D, Munro U, Marriott D, Harkness J, Ellis J, 2008. Gorillas are a host for Dientamoeba fragilis: an update on the life cycle and host distribution. Vet Parasitol 151: 21–26.
Crotti D, Sensi M, Crotti S, Grelloni V, Manuali E, 2007. Dientamoeba fragilis in swine population: a preliminary investigation. Vet Parasitol 145: 349–351.
Ng J, Yang R, Whiffin V, Cox P, Ryan U, 2011. Identification of zoonotic Cryptosporidium and Giardia genotypes infecting animals in Sydney's water catchments. Exp Parasitol 128: 138–144.
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Dientamoeba fragilis is a commonly occurring pathogenic protozoan often detected at higher rates in stool samples than Giardia intestinalis. However, little is known about its life cycle and mode of transmission. A total of 210 environmental and household samples were examined for the presence of D. fragilis by culture and polymerase chain reaction. Of 100 environmental samples, D. fragilis was detected only in untreated sewage. In the household samples D. fragilis was detected in 30% of household contacts tested and was not detected in any domestic pets. This study provides evidence that environmental transmission of D. fragilis is unlikely and that pets played no role in transmission of the disease in this study. Direct transmission from infected persons is the most likely mode of transmission for D. fragilis. The study also highlights the need for household contacts to be screened, given the propensity of close contacts to become infected with the organism.
Financial support: This study was supported by a grant from the Institute of Laboratory Science at St. Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
Authors' addresses: Damien Stark, Deborah Marriott, and John Harkness, Division of Microbiology, SydPath, St. Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; School of Medical and Molecular Biosciences, University of Technology, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, E-mails: dstark@stvincents.com.au, dmarriott@stvincents.com.au, and jharkness@stvincents.com.au. Tamalee Roberts, Division of Microbiology, SydPath, St. Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, E-mail: troberts@stvincents.com.au. John T. Ellis, School of Medical and Molecular Biosciences, University of Technology, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, E-mail: john.ellis@uts.edu.au.
Stark DJ, Beebe N, Marriott D, Ellis JT, Harkness J, 2006. Dientamoebiasis: clinical importance and recent advances. Trends Parasitol 22: 92–96.
Vandenberg O, Souayah H, Mouchet F, Dediste A, van Gool T, 2007. Treatment of Dientamoeba fragilis infection with paromomycin. Pediatr Infect Dis J 26: 88–90.
Rayan HZ, Ismail OA, El Gayar EK, 2007. Prevalence and clinical features of Dientamoeba fragilis infections in patients suspected to have intestinal parasitic infection. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 37: 599–608.
Vandenberg O, Peek R, Souayah H, Dediste A, Buset M, Scheen R, Retore P, Zissis G, van Gool T, 2006. Clinical and microbiological features of dientamoebiasis in patients suspected of suffering from a parasitic gastrointestinal illness: a comparison of Dientamoeba fragilis and Giardia lamblia infections. Int J Infect Dis 10: 255–261.
Barratt JL, Harkness J, Marriott D, Ellis JT, Stark D, 2011. The ambiguous life of Dientamoeba fragilis: the need to investigate current hypotheses on transmission. Parasitology 138: 557–572.
Stark D, Beebe N, Marriott D, Ellis J, Harkness J, 2005. Prospective study of the prevalence, genotyping, and clinical relevance of Dientamoeba fragilis infections in an Australian population. J Clin Microbiol 43: 2718–2723.
Suresh K, Smith HV, Tan TC, 2005. Viable Blastocystis cysts in Scottish and Malaysian sewage samples. Appl Environ Microbiol 71: 5619–5620.
Armon R, Gold D, Brodsky M, Oron G, 2002. Surface and subsurface irrigation with effluents of different qualities and presence of Cryptosporidium oocysts in soil and on crops. Water Sci Technol 46: 115–122.
Parkar U, Traub RJ, Kumar S, Mungthin M, Vitali S, Leelayoova S, Morris K, Thompson RC, 2007. Direct characterization of Blastocystis from feces by PCR and evidence of zoonotic potential. Parasitology 134: 359–367.
Overgaauw PA, van Zutphen L, Hoek D, Yaya FO, Roelfsema J, Pinelli E, van Knapen F, Kortbeek LM, 2009. Zoonotic parasites in fecal samples and fur from dogs and cats in The Netherlands. Vet Parasitol 163: 115–122.
Stark D, Barratt J, Roberts T, Marriott D, Harkness J, Ellis J, 2010. Comparison of microscopy, two xenic culture techniques, conventional and real-time PCR for the detection of Dientamoeba fragilis in clinical stool samples. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 29: 411–416.
Barratt JL, Banik GR, Harkness J, Marriott D, Ellis JT, Stark D, 2010. Newly defined conditions for the in vitro cultivation and cryopreservation of Dientamoeba fragilis: new techniques set to fast track molecular studies on this organism. Parasitology 137: 1867–1878.
Gijsbers C, Benninga M, Buller H, 2011. Clinical and laboratory findings in 220 children with recurrent abdominal pain. Acta Paediatr 100: 1028–1032.
Girginkardesler N, Kurt O, Kilimcioglu AA, Ok UZ, 2008. Transmission of Dientamoeba fragilis: evaluation of the role of Enterobius vermicularis. Parasitol Int 57: 72–75.
Windsor JJ, Rafay AM, Shenoy AK, Johnson EH, 1998. Incidence of Dientamoeba fragilis in fecal samples submitted for routine microbiological analysis. Br J Biomed Sci 55: 172–175.
Johnson EH, Windsor JJ, Clark CG, 2004. Emerging from obscurity: biological, clinical, and diagnostic aspects of Dientamoeba fragilis. Clin Microbiol Rev 17: 553–570.
Ockert G, 1975. Epidemiology of Dientamoeba fragilis Jepps and Dobell, 1918. 3. Further studies on Enterobius transmission through eggs [in German]. J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol 19: 17–21.
Dobell C, Laidlaw PP, 1926. On the cultivation of Entamoeba histolytica and some other entozoic amoeba. Parasitology 18: 283–318.
Peek R, Reedeker FR, van Gool T, 2004. Direct amplification and genotyping of Dientamoeba fragilis from human stool specimens. J Clin Microbiol 42: 631–635.
Stark D, Barratt J, Roberts T, Marriott D, Harkness J, Ellis J, 2010. A review of the clinical presentation of dientamoebiasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 82: 614–619.
Ben Ayed L, Schijven J, Alouini Z, Jemli M, Sabbahi S, 2009. Presence of parasitic protozoa and helminth in sewage and efficiency of sewage treatment in Tunisia. Parasitol Res 105: 393–406.
Castro-Hermida JA, Garcia-Presedo I, Gonzalez-Warleta M, Mezo M, 2010. Cryptosporidium and Giardia detection in water bodies of Galicia, Spain. Water Res 44: 5887–5896.
Almeida A, Moreira MJ, Soares S, Delgado Mde L, Figueiredo J, Silva E, Castro A, Cosa JM, 2010. Presence of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis in drinking water samples in the north of Portugal. Korean J Parasitol 48: 43–48.
Duda A, Stenzel DJ, Boreham PF, 1998. Detection of Blastocystis sp. in domestic dogs and cats. Vet Parasitol 76: 9–17.
Dobell C, 1940. Researches on the intestinal protozoa of monkeys and man. X. The life history of Dientamoeba fragilis: observations, experiments, and speculations. Parasitology 32: 417–461.
Stark D, Phillips O, Peckett D, Munro U, Marriott D, Harkness J, Ellis J, 2008. Gorillas are a host for Dientamoeba fragilis: an update on the life cycle and host distribution. Vet Parasitol 151: 21–26.
Crotti D, Sensi M, Crotti S, Grelloni V, Manuali E, 2007. Dientamoeba fragilis in swine population: a preliminary investigation. Vet Parasitol 145: 349–351.
Ng J, Yang R, Whiffin V, Cox P, Ryan U, 2011. Identification of zoonotic Cryptosporidium and Giardia genotypes infecting animals in Sydney's water catchments. Exp Parasitol 128: 138–144.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 334 | 278 | 23 |
Full Text Views | 498 | 3 | 0 |
PDF Downloads | 119 | 4 | 0 |