Snow RW, Guerra CA, Mutheu JJ, Hay SI, 2008. International funding for malaria control in relation to populations at risk of stable Plasmodium falciparum transmission. PLoS Med 5: e142.
Foster S, 1995. Treatment of malaria outside the formal health services. J Trop Med Hyg 98: 29–34.
Kager PA, 2002. Malaria control: constraints and opportunities. Trop Med Int Health 7: 1042–1046.
Moerman F, Lengeler C, Chimumbwa J, Talisuna A, Erhart A, Coosemans M, D'Alessandro U, 2003. The contribution of health-care services to a sound and sustainable malaria-control policy. Lancet Infect Dis 3: 99–102.
Wiseman V, Scott A, Conteh L, McElroy B, Stevens W, 2008. Determinants of provider choice for malaria treatment: experiences from The Gambia. Soc Sci Med 67: 487–496.
World Health Organization, 2004. Scaling Up Home-Based Management of Malaria: from Research to Implementation. Geneva: World Health Organization.
World Health Organization, 2005. The Roll Back Malaria Strategy for Improving Access to Treatment through Home Management of Malaria. Geneva: World Health Organization WHO/HTM/MAL/2005.1101.
Greenwood B, Marsh K, Snow R, 1991. Why do some African children develop severe malaria? Parasitol Today 7: 277–281.
D'Alessandro U, Talisuna A, Boelaert M, 2005. Editorial: Should artemisinin-based combination treatment be used in the home-based management of malaria? Trop Med Int Health 10: 1–2.
Ratsimbasoa A, Randrianarivelojosia M, Millet P, Soares JL, Rabarijaona L, Rakotoson B, Malvy D, Menard D, 2006. Use of pre-packaged chloroquine for the home management of presumed malaria in Malagasy children. Malar J 5: 79.
Andriantsoanirina V, Menard D, Tuseo L, Durand R, 2010. History and current status of Plasmodium falciparum antimalarial drug resistance in Madagascar. Scand J Infect Dis 42: 22–32.
Menard D, Ratsimbasoa A, Randrianarivelojosia M, Rabarijaona LP, Raharimalala L, Domarle O, Randrianasolo L, Randriamanantena A, Jahevitra M, Andriantsoanirina V, Rason MA, Raherinjafy R, Rakotomalala E, Tuseo L, Raveloson A, 2008. Assessment of the efficacy of antimalarial drugs recommended by the National Malaria Control Programme in Madagascar: up-dated baseline data from randomized and multi-site clinical trials. Malar J 7: 55.
Pagnoni F, 2009. Malaria treatment: no place like home. Trends Parasitol 25: 115–119.
Menard D, Barnadas C, Bouchier C, Henry-Halldin C, Gray LR, Ratsimbasoa A, Thonier V, Carod JF, Domarle O, Colin Y, Bertrand O, Picot J, King CL, Grimberg BT, Mercereau-Puijalon O, Zimmerman PA, 2010. Plasmodium vivax clinical malaria is commonly observed in Duffy-negative Malagasy people. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107: 5967–5971.
Barnes KI, Durrheim DN, Little F, Jackson A, Mehta U, Allen E, Dlamini SS, Tsoka J, Bredenkamp B, Mthembu DJ, White NJ, Sharp BL, 2005. Effect of artemether-lumefantrine policy and improved vector control on malaria burden in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. PLoS Med 2: e330.
Depoortere E, Guthmann JP, Sipilanyambe N, Nkandu E, Fermon F, Balkan S, Legros D, 2004. Adherence to the combination of sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine and artesunate in the Maheba refugee settlement, Zambia. Trop Med Int Health 9: 62–67.
Depoortere E, Salvador ET, Stivanello E, Bisoffi Z, Guthmann JP, 2004. Adherence to a combination of artemether and lumefantrine (Coartem) in Kajo Keji, southern Sudan. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 98: 635–637.
World Health Organization, 2003. Assessment and Monitoring of Antimalarial Drug Efficacy for the Treatment of Uncomplicated falciparum Malaria. Geneva: World Health Organization.
World Health Organization, 1996. Management of Uncomplicated Malaria and the Use of Antimalarial Drugs for the Protection of Travellers: Report of an Informal Consultation (WHO/MAL/96). Geneva: World Health Organization.
Mangold KA, Manson RU, Koay ES, Stephens L, Regner M, Thomson RB Jr, Peterson LR, Kaul KL, 2005. Real-time PCR for detection and identification of Plasmodium spp. J Clin Microbiol 43: 2435–2440.
Rakotonirina H, Barnadas C, Raherijafy R, Andrianantenaina H, Ratsimbasoa A, Randrianasolo L, Jahevitra M, Andriantsoanirina V, Menard D, 2008. Accuracy and reliability of malaria diagnostic techniques for guiding febrile outpatient treatment in malaria-endemic countries. Am J Trop Med Hyg 78: 217–221.
Cattamanchi A, Kyabayinze D, Hubbard A, Rosenthal PJ, Dorsey G, 2003. Distinguishing recrudescence from reinfection in a longitudinal antimalarial drug efficacy study: comparison of results based on genotyping of msp-1, msp-2, and glurp. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68: 133–139.
Hopkins H, Talisuna A, Whitty CJ, Staedke SG, 2007. Impact of home-based management of malaria on health outcomes in Africa: a systematic review of the evidence. Malar J 6: 134.
Ajayi IO, Browne EN, Bateganya F, Yar D, Happi C, Falade CO, Gbotosho GO, Yusuf B, Boateng S, Mugittu K, Cousens S, Nanyunja M, Pagnoni F, 2008. Effectiveness of artemisinin-based combination therapy used in the context of home management of malaria: a report from three study sites in sub-Saharan Africa. Malar J 7: 190.
Faucher JF, Aubouy A, Adeothy A, Cottrell G, Doritchamou J, Gourmel B, Houze P, Kossou H, Amedome H, Massougbodji A, Cot M, Deloron P, 2009. Comparison of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, unsupervised artemether-lumefantrine, and unsupervised artesunate-amodiaquine fixed-dose formulation for uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Benin: a randomized effectiveness noninferiority trial. J Infect Dis 200: 57–65.
Ajayi IO, Browne EN, Garshong B, Bateganya F, Yusuf B, Agyei-Baffour P, Doamekpor L, Balyeku A, Munguti K, Cousens S, Pagnoni F, 2008. Feasibility and acceptability of artemisinin-based combination therapy for the home management of malaria in four African sites. Malar J 7: 6.
White NJ, 2004. Antimalarial drug resistance. J Clin Invest 113: 1084–1092.
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Home management of malaria is recommended for prompt, effective antimalarial treatment in children less than five years of age. Compliance, safety, and effectiveness of the new fixed-dose artesunate-amodiaquine regimen used to treat suspected malaria were assessed in febrile children enrolled in a 24-month cohort study in two settings in Madagascar. Children with fever were asked to visit community health workers. Presumptive antimalarial treatment was given and further visits were scheduled for follow-up. The primary endpoint was the risk of clinical/parasitologic treatment failure. Secondary outcomes included fever/parasite clearance, change in hemoglobin levels, and frequency of adverse events. The global clinical cure rate was 98.4% by day 28 and 97.9% by day 42. Reported compliance was 83.4%. No severe adverse effects were observed. This study provides comprehensive data concerning the clinical cure rate obtained with artesunate-amodiaquine and evidence supporting the scaling up of home management of malaria.
Financial support: This study was supported by Population Service International, Inter-aide, the Ampasimanjeva Medical Foundation, the Ministry of Health of Madagascar (DULM, PNLP, DRS Moramanga, Manakara), ADRA, Sanofi Aventis Paris (for providing Coarsucam™), the local authorities (Ampasimpotsy, Mahatsara, Ambodivoahangy, Andramora), and SanteNet. Arsène Ratsimbasoa was supported by the Fondation Mérieux. Didier Ménard was supported by the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Authors' addresses: Arsène Ratsimbasoa, Harintsoa Ravony, Jeanne-Aimée Vonimpaisomihanta, and Rogelin Raherinjafy, Ministère de la Santé, du Planning Familial et de la Protection Sociale, Antananarivo, Madagascar, E-mails: arsene.ratsimbasoa@laposte.net, niriharintsoa@yahoo.fr, vonimpaiso@yahoo.fr, and raherinjafy@yahoo.fr. Martial Jahevitra, Rabenja Rapelanoro, and Jean De Dieu Marie Rakotomanga, Université d'Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar, E-mails: mjahevitra@yahoo.fr, frapelanoro@yahoo.fr, and rktjdm@yahoo.fr. Denis Malvy, Centre René Labusquière, Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France, E-mail: denis.malvy@chu-bordeaux.fr. Pascal Millet, EA Pharmaceuticals and Analytical Methods for Neglected Diseases and Counterfeit Drugs, Bordeaux 2 University, Bordeaux, France, E-mail: pascal.millet@u-bordeaux2.fr. Didier Ménard, Malaria Molecular Epidemilogy Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia, E-mail: dmenard@pasteur-kh.org.
Snow RW, Guerra CA, Mutheu JJ, Hay SI, 2008. International funding for malaria control in relation to populations at risk of stable Plasmodium falciparum transmission. PLoS Med 5: e142.
Foster S, 1995. Treatment of malaria outside the formal health services. J Trop Med Hyg 98: 29–34.
Kager PA, 2002. Malaria control: constraints and opportunities. Trop Med Int Health 7: 1042–1046.
Moerman F, Lengeler C, Chimumbwa J, Talisuna A, Erhart A, Coosemans M, D'Alessandro U, 2003. The contribution of health-care services to a sound and sustainable malaria-control policy. Lancet Infect Dis 3: 99–102.
Wiseman V, Scott A, Conteh L, McElroy B, Stevens W, 2008. Determinants of provider choice for malaria treatment: experiences from The Gambia. Soc Sci Med 67: 487–496.
World Health Organization, 2004. Scaling Up Home-Based Management of Malaria: from Research to Implementation. Geneva: World Health Organization.
World Health Organization, 2005. The Roll Back Malaria Strategy for Improving Access to Treatment through Home Management of Malaria. Geneva: World Health Organization WHO/HTM/MAL/2005.1101.
Greenwood B, Marsh K, Snow R, 1991. Why do some African children develop severe malaria? Parasitol Today 7: 277–281.
D'Alessandro U, Talisuna A, Boelaert M, 2005. Editorial: Should artemisinin-based combination treatment be used in the home-based management of malaria? Trop Med Int Health 10: 1–2.
Ratsimbasoa A, Randrianarivelojosia M, Millet P, Soares JL, Rabarijaona L, Rakotoson B, Malvy D, Menard D, 2006. Use of pre-packaged chloroquine for the home management of presumed malaria in Malagasy children. Malar J 5: 79.
Andriantsoanirina V, Menard D, Tuseo L, Durand R, 2010. History and current status of Plasmodium falciparum antimalarial drug resistance in Madagascar. Scand J Infect Dis 42: 22–32.
Menard D, Ratsimbasoa A, Randrianarivelojosia M, Rabarijaona LP, Raharimalala L, Domarle O, Randrianasolo L, Randriamanantena A, Jahevitra M, Andriantsoanirina V, Rason MA, Raherinjafy R, Rakotomalala E, Tuseo L, Raveloson A, 2008. Assessment of the efficacy of antimalarial drugs recommended by the National Malaria Control Programme in Madagascar: up-dated baseline data from randomized and multi-site clinical trials. Malar J 7: 55.
Pagnoni F, 2009. Malaria treatment: no place like home. Trends Parasitol 25: 115–119.
Menard D, Barnadas C, Bouchier C, Henry-Halldin C, Gray LR, Ratsimbasoa A, Thonier V, Carod JF, Domarle O, Colin Y, Bertrand O, Picot J, King CL, Grimberg BT, Mercereau-Puijalon O, Zimmerman PA, 2010. Plasmodium vivax clinical malaria is commonly observed in Duffy-negative Malagasy people. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107: 5967–5971.
Barnes KI, Durrheim DN, Little F, Jackson A, Mehta U, Allen E, Dlamini SS, Tsoka J, Bredenkamp B, Mthembu DJ, White NJ, Sharp BL, 2005. Effect of artemether-lumefantrine policy and improved vector control on malaria burden in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. PLoS Med 2: e330.
Depoortere E, Guthmann JP, Sipilanyambe N, Nkandu E, Fermon F, Balkan S, Legros D, 2004. Adherence to the combination of sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine and artesunate in the Maheba refugee settlement, Zambia. Trop Med Int Health 9: 62–67.
Depoortere E, Salvador ET, Stivanello E, Bisoffi Z, Guthmann JP, 2004. Adherence to a combination of artemether and lumefantrine (Coartem) in Kajo Keji, southern Sudan. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 98: 635–637.
World Health Organization, 2003. Assessment and Monitoring of Antimalarial Drug Efficacy for the Treatment of Uncomplicated falciparum Malaria. Geneva: World Health Organization.
World Health Organization, 1996. Management of Uncomplicated Malaria and the Use of Antimalarial Drugs for the Protection of Travellers: Report of an Informal Consultation (WHO/MAL/96). Geneva: World Health Organization.
Mangold KA, Manson RU, Koay ES, Stephens L, Regner M, Thomson RB Jr, Peterson LR, Kaul KL, 2005. Real-time PCR for detection and identification of Plasmodium spp. J Clin Microbiol 43: 2435–2440.
Rakotonirina H, Barnadas C, Raherijafy R, Andrianantenaina H, Ratsimbasoa A, Randrianasolo L, Jahevitra M, Andriantsoanirina V, Menard D, 2008. Accuracy and reliability of malaria diagnostic techniques for guiding febrile outpatient treatment in malaria-endemic countries. Am J Trop Med Hyg 78: 217–221.
Cattamanchi A, Kyabayinze D, Hubbard A, Rosenthal PJ, Dorsey G, 2003. Distinguishing recrudescence from reinfection in a longitudinal antimalarial drug efficacy study: comparison of results based on genotyping of msp-1, msp-2, and glurp. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68: 133–139.
Hopkins H, Talisuna A, Whitty CJ, Staedke SG, 2007. Impact of home-based management of malaria on health outcomes in Africa: a systematic review of the evidence. Malar J 6: 134.
Ajayi IO, Browne EN, Bateganya F, Yar D, Happi C, Falade CO, Gbotosho GO, Yusuf B, Boateng S, Mugittu K, Cousens S, Nanyunja M, Pagnoni F, 2008. Effectiveness of artemisinin-based combination therapy used in the context of home management of malaria: a report from three study sites in sub-Saharan Africa. Malar J 7: 190.
Faucher JF, Aubouy A, Adeothy A, Cottrell G, Doritchamou J, Gourmel B, Houze P, Kossou H, Amedome H, Massougbodji A, Cot M, Deloron P, 2009. Comparison of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, unsupervised artemether-lumefantrine, and unsupervised artesunate-amodiaquine fixed-dose formulation for uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Benin: a randomized effectiveness noninferiority trial. J Infect Dis 200: 57–65.
Ajayi IO, Browne EN, Garshong B, Bateganya F, Yusuf B, Agyei-Baffour P, Doamekpor L, Balyeku A, Munguti K, Cousens S, Pagnoni F, 2008. Feasibility and acceptability of artemisinin-based combination therapy for the home management of malaria in four African sites. Malar J 7: 6.
White NJ, 2004. Antimalarial drug resistance. J Clin Invest 113: 1084–1092.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 34 | 34 | 13 |
Full Text Views | 247 | 85 | 0 |
PDF Downloads | 72 | 37 | 0 |