Author:
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Reference Manager
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1.
World Health Organization, 2011. Cholera. Available at: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs107/en/index.html. Accessed October 3, 2011.
-
2.
Chin C, Sorenson J, Harris J, Robins W, Charles R, Jean-Charles R, Bullard J, Webster D, Kasarkis A, Peluso P, Paxinos EE, Yamaichi Y, Calderwood SB, Mekalanos JJ, Schadt EE, Waldor MK, 2011. The origin of the Haitian cholera outbreak strain. N Engl J Med 364: 33–42.
-
3.
Tuite A, Tien J, Eisenberg M, Earn D, Ma J, Fisman D, 2011. Cholera epidemic in Haiti, 2010: using a transmission model to explain spatial spread of disease and identify optimal control interventions. Ann Intern Med 154: 593–601.
-
4.
Cravioto A, Lanata C, Lantagne D, Nair G, 2011. Final Report of the Independent Panel of Experts on the Cholera Outbreak in Haiti. Available at: www.un.org/News/dh/infocus/haiti/UN-cholera-report-final.pdf. Accessed October 3, 2011.
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5.
Lund C, Breen A, Flisher A, Kakuma R, Corrigall J, Joska J, Swartz L, Patel V, 2010. Poverty and common mental disorders in low and middle income countries: a systematic review. Soc Sci Med 71: 517–528.
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Jacob K, Sharan P, Mirza I, Garrido-Cumbrera M, Seedat S, Sreenivas V, Saxena S, 2007. Mental health systems in countries: where are we now? Lancet 370: 1061–1077.
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WHO , PAHO, 2010. Culture and Mental Health in Haiti: A Literature Review. Geneva: WHO.
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Patel V, 2009. The future of psychiatry in low- and middle-income countries. Psychol Med 39: 1759–1762.
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9.
Prince M, Patel V, Saxena S, Maj M, Maselko J, Phillips M, Rahman A, 2007. No health without mental health. Lancet 370: 859–877.
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Bailey R, Bailey T, Akpudo H, 2010. On the ground in Haiti: a psychiatrist's evaluation of post earthquake Haiti. J Health Care Poor Underserved 21: 417–421.
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11.
Carson N, Le Cook B, Alegria M, 2010. Social determinants of mental health treatment among Haitian, African American, and white youth in community health centers. J Health Care Poor Underserved 21: 32–48.
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McShane K, 2011. Mental health in Haiti: a resident's perspective. Acad Psychiatry 32: 272–282.
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Gorry C, 2011. Once the earth stood still (Part II): mental health services post-quake Haiti. MEDICC Rev 12: 44–47.
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Partners In Health, 2011. Stand with Haiti: Six Month Report: Mental Health and Psychosocial Support. Available at: http://www.pih.org/six-months/subject/mental-health-and-psychosocial-support. Accessed October 3, 2011.
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Hendriksen R, Price L, Schupp J, Gillece J, Kaas R, Engelthaler D, Bortolaia V, Pearson T, Waters A, Upadhyay B, Shrestha SD, Adhikari S, Shakya G, Keim PS, Aarestrup FM, 2011. Population genetics of Vibrio cholerae from Nepal in 2010: evidence on the origin of the Haitian outbreak. MBio 2:e00157.
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CDC, 2010. Update on cholera–Haiti, Dominican Republic, and Florida, 2010. MMWR Morb Mort Wkly Rep 59: 1637–1641.
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Ryan E, 2011. E-mail about first Boston case of cholera after Haiti cholera outbreak. Available at: http://www.promedmail.org/pls/apex/f?p=2400:1001:3544455160304653:NO:F2400_P1001_BACK_PAGE,F2400_P1001_PUB_MAIL_ID:1000,86853. Accessed October 3, 2011.
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Hurrell A, Woods N, 1995. Globalization and inequality. Millenium J Int Stud 24: 447–470.
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USAID, 2010. Haiti earthquake-affected areas and population movement in Haiti and USG humanitarian assistance to Haiti for the earthquake (as of 17 Sep 2010). Available at: http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/FCEDB5A35F1B2CFCC12577A40028B62E-map.pdf. Accessed October 3, 2011.
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The “First” Case of Cholera in Haiti: Lessons for Global Health
Louise C. Ivers
Louise C. Ivers
Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Partners In Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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David A. Walton
David A. Walton
Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Partners In Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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Cholera is an acute watery diarrheal disease caused by infection with Vibrio cholerae. The disease has a high fatality rate when untreated and outbreaks of cholera have been increasing globally in the past decade, most recently in Haiti. We present the case of a 28-year-old Haitian male with a history of severe untreated mental health disorder that developed acute fatal watery diarrhea in mid-October 2010 in central Haiti after drinking from the local river. We believe he is the first or among the first cases of cholera in Haiti during the current epidemic. By reviewing his case, we extracted lessons for global health on the importance of mental health for overall health, the globalization of diseases in small communities, and the importance of a comprehensive approach to the health of communities when planning services in resource-poor settings.
Author Notes
Authors' addresses: Louise C. Ivers and David A. Walton, Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Partners In Health; Boston, MA, E-mails: livers@pih.org and dwalton@pih.org.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
World Health Organization, 2011. Cholera. Available at: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs107/en/index.html. Accessed October 3, 2011.
-
2.
Chin C, Sorenson J, Harris J, Robins W, Charles R, Jean-Charles R, Bullard J, Webster D, Kasarkis A, Peluso P, Paxinos EE, Yamaichi Y, Calderwood SB, Mekalanos JJ, Schadt EE, Waldor MK, 2011. The origin of the Haitian cholera outbreak strain. N Engl J Med 364: 33–42.
-
3.
Tuite A, Tien J, Eisenberg M, Earn D, Ma J, Fisman D, 2011. Cholera epidemic in Haiti, 2010: using a transmission model to explain spatial spread of disease and identify optimal control interventions. Ann Intern Med 154: 593–601.
-
4.
Cravioto A, Lanata C, Lantagne D, Nair G, 2011. Final Report of the Independent Panel of Experts on the Cholera Outbreak in Haiti. Available at: www.un.org/News/dh/infocus/haiti/UN-cholera-report-final.pdf. Accessed October 3, 2011.
-
5.
Lund C, Breen A, Flisher A, Kakuma R, Corrigall J, Joska J, Swartz L, Patel V, 2010. Poverty and common mental disorders in low and middle income countries: a systematic review. Soc Sci Med 71: 517–528.
-
6.
Jacob K, Sharan P, Mirza I, Garrido-Cumbrera M, Seedat S, Sreenivas V, Saxena S, 2007. Mental health systems in countries: where are we now? Lancet 370: 1061–1077.
-
7.
WHO , PAHO, 2010. Culture and Mental Health in Haiti: A Literature Review. Geneva: WHO.
-
8.
Patel V, 2009. The future of psychiatry in low- and middle-income countries. Psychol Med 39: 1759–1762.
-
9.
Prince M, Patel V, Saxena S, Maj M, Maselko J, Phillips M, Rahman A, 2007. No health without mental health. Lancet 370: 859–877.
-
10.
Bailey R, Bailey T, Akpudo H, 2010. On the ground in Haiti: a psychiatrist's evaluation of post earthquake Haiti. J Health Care Poor Underserved 21: 417–421.
-
11.
Carson N, Le Cook B, Alegria M, 2010. Social determinants of mental health treatment among Haitian, African American, and white youth in community health centers. J Health Care Poor Underserved 21: 32–48.
-
12.
McShane K, 2011. Mental health in Haiti: a resident's perspective. Acad Psychiatry 32: 272–282.
-
13.
Gorry C, 2011. Once the earth stood still (Part II): mental health services post-quake Haiti. MEDICC Rev 12: 44–47.
-
14.
Partners In Health, 2011. Stand with Haiti: Six Month Report: Mental Health and Psychosocial Support. Available at: http://www.pih.org/six-months/subject/mental-health-and-psychosocial-support. Accessed October 3, 2011.
-
15.
Hendriksen R, Price L, Schupp J, Gillece J, Kaas R, Engelthaler D, Bortolaia V, Pearson T, Waters A, Upadhyay B, Shrestha SD, Adhikari S, Shakya G, Keim PS, Aarestrup FM, 2011. Population genetics of Vibrio cholerae from Nepal in 2010: evidence on the origin of the Haitian outbreak. MBio 2:e00157.
-
16.
CDC, 2010. Update on cholera–Haiti, Dominican Republic, and Florida, 2010. MMWR Morb Mort Wkly Rep 59: 1637–1641.
-
17.
Smith S, 2011. Second cholera case in Mass. diagnosed; 4 others suspected. Available at: http://www.boston.com/news/health/blog/2011/01/second_cholera.html. Accessed October 3, 2011.
-
18.
Ryan E, 2011. E-mail about first Boston case of cholera after Haiti cholera outbreak. Available at: http://www.promedmail.org/pls/apex/f?p=2400:1001:3544455160304653:NO:F2400_P1001_BACK_PAGE,F2400_P1001_PUB_MAIL_ID:1000,86853. Accessed October 3, 2011.
-
19.
Smith S, Baylis J, 1997. Introduction. Smith S, Baylis J, eds. The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1–12.
-
20.
Fidler D, 2001. The globalization of public health: the first 100 years of international health diplomacy. Bull World Health Organ 79: 842–849.
-
21.
Hurrell A, Woods N, 1995. Globalization and inequality. Millenium J Int Stud 24: 447–470.
-
22.
USAID, 2010. Haiti earthquake-affected areas and population movement in Haiti and USG humanitarian assistance to Haiti for the earthquake (as of 17 Sep 2010). Available at: http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/FCEDB5A35F1B2CFCC12577A40028B62E-map.pdf. Accessed October 3, 2011.
-
23.
Booth W, 2010. Haitians who fled capital strain impoverished towns in countryside. Washington, DC: Washington Post.
-
24.
Dilanian K, 2010. Relief gaps spread as Haitians flee capital. Available at: http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2010-02-07-haiti-relief-exodus_N.htm. Accessed October 3, 2011.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 69 | 69 | 14 |
| Full Text Views | 555 | 161 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 313 | 61 | 0 |