Author:
- Introduction
- Materials and Methods
- Mosquito colonies.
- West Nile virus.
- Per os infection of Cx. salinarius and Cx. tarsalis.
- Laboratory animals.
- Comparison of horizontal transmission of West Nile virus genotype NY99 by Cx. salinarius and Cx. tarsalis at 26°C.
- Vertical transmission relative to days pi.
- Comparison of transmission of West Nile virus genotypes NY99 and WN02 by Cx. tarsalis at 26°C.
- Comparison of transmission of West Nile virus genotypes NY99 and WN02 by Cx. tarsalis at 26°C after thoracic microinjection of virus.
- Statistics.
- Results
- Discussion
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Andreadis TG, Anderson JF, Vossbrinck CR, 2001. Mosquito surveillance for West Nile virus in Connecticut, 2000: isolation from Culex pipiens, Cx. restuans, Cx. salinarius, and Culiseta melanura. Emerg Infect Dis 7: 670–674.
-
2.
Nasci RS, Savage HM, White DJ, Miller JR, Cropp BC, Godsey MS, Kerst AJ, Bennett P, Gottfried K, Lanciotti RS, 2001. West Nile virus in overwintering Culex mosquitoes, New York City, 2000. Emerg Infect Dis 7: 742–744.
-
3.
Anderson JF, Main AJ, 2006. Importance of vertical and horizontal transmission of West Nile virus by Culex pipiens in the northeastern United States. J Infect Dis 194: 1577–1579.
-
4.
Andreadis TG, Anderson JF, Vossbrinck CR, Main AJ, 2004. Epidemiology of West Nile virus in Connecticut: a five-year analysis of mosquito data 1999–2003. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 4: 360–378.
-
5.
Apperson CS, Harrison BA, Unnasch TR, Hassan HK, Irby WS, Savage HM, Aspen SE, Watson DW, Rueda LM, Engber BR, Nasci RS, 2002. Host-feeding habits of Culex and other mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Borough of Queens in New York City, with characters and techniques for identification of Culex mosquitoes. J Med Entomol 39: 777–785.
-
6.
DiMenna MA, Bueno R Jr, Parmenter RR, Norris DE, Sheyka JM, Molina JL, LaBeau EM, Hatton ES, Glass GE, 2006. Emergence of West Nile virus in mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) communities of the New Mexico Rio Gande Valley. J Med Entomol 43: 594–599.
-
7.
DiMenna MA, Bueno R Jr, Parmenter RR, Norris DE, Sheyka JM, Molina JL, LaBeau EM, Hatton ES, Roberts CM, Glass GE, 2007. Urban habitat evaluation for West Nile virus surveillance in mosquitoes in Albuquerque, New Mexico. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 23: 153–160.
-
8.
Darsie RF Jr, Ward RA, 2005. Identification and Geographical Distribution of the Mosquitoes of North America, North of Mexico. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida.
-
9.
Apperson CS, Hassan HK, Harrison BA, Savage HM, Aspen SE, Farajollahi A, Crans W, Daniels TJ, Falco RC, Benedict M, Anderson M, McMillen L, Unnasch TR, 2004. Host feeding patterns of established and potential mosquito vectors of West Nile virus in the eastern United States. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 4: 71–82.
-
10.
Molaei G, Andreadis TG, Armstrong PM, Anderson JF, Vossbrinck CR, 2006. Host feeding patterns of Culex mosquitoes and West Nile virus transmission, northeastern United States. Emerg Infect Dis 12: 468–474.
-
11.
Sardelis MR, Turell MJ, Dohm DJ, O'Guinn ML, 2001. Vector competence of selected North American Culex and Coquillettidia mosquitoes for West Nile virus. Emerg Infect Dis 7: 1018–1022.
-
12.
Goddard LB, Roth AE, Reisen WK, Scott TW, 2002. Vector competence of California mosquitoes for West Nile virus. Emerg Infect Dis 8: 1385–1391.
-
13.
Goddard LB, Roth AE, Reisen WK, Scott TW, 2003. Vertical transmission of West Nile virus by three California Culex (Diptera: Culicidae) species. J Med Entomol 40: 743–746.
-
14.
Reisen WK, Fang Y, Lothrop HD, Martinez VM, Wilson J, O'Connor P, Carney R, Cahoon-Young B, Shafii M, Brault AC, 2006. Overwintering of West Nile virus in southern California. J Med Entomol 43: 344–355.
-
15.
Ebel GD, Carricaburu J, Young D, Bernard KA, Kramer LD, 2004. Genetic and phenotypic variation of West Nile virus in New York, 2000–2003. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71: 493–500.
-
16.
Moudy RM, Meola MA, Morin LL, Ebel GD, Kramer LD, 2007. A newly emergent genotype of West Nile virus is transmitted earlier and more efficiently by Culex mosquitoes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77: 365–370.
-
17.
Wallis RC, Whitman L, 1968. Colonization of Culex salinarius in the laboratory. Mosq News 28: 366–368.
-
18.
Anderson JF, Andreadis TG, Vossbrinck CR, Tirrell S, Wakem EM, French RA, Garmendia AE, Van Kruiningen HJ, 1999. Isolation of West Nile virus from mosquitoes, crows, and a Cooper's hawk in Connecticut. Science 286: 2331–2333.
-
19.
Beasley DW, Davis CT, Guzman H, Vanlandingham DL, Travassos da Rosa AP, Parsons RE, Higgs S, Tesh RB, Barrett AD, 2003. Limited evolution of West Nile virus has occurred during its southwesterly spread in the United States. Virology 309: 190–195.
-
20.
Anderson JF, Main AJ, Delroux K, Fikrig E, 2008. Extrinsic incubation periods for horizontal and vertical transmission of West Nile virus by Culex pipiens pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol 45: 445–451.
-
21.
Armstrong PM, Vossbrinck CR, Andreadis TG, Anderson JF, Pesko KN, Newman RM, Lennon NJ, Birren BW, Ebel GD, Henn MR, 2011. Molecular evolution of West Nile virus in a temperate region: Connecticut, USA 1999–2008. Virology 417: 203–210.
-
22.
Lanciotti RS, Kerst AJ, Nasci RS, Godsey MS, Mitchell CJ, Savage HM, Komar N, Panella NA, Allen BC, Volpe KE, Davis BS, Roehrig JT, 2000. Rapid detection of West Nile virus from human clinical specimens, field-collected mosquitoes, and avian samples by a TaqMan reverse transcriptase-PCR assay. J Clin Microbiol 38: 4066–4071.
-
23.
Beaty BJ, Calisher CH, Shope RE, 1989. Arboviruses. Schmidt NJ, Emmons RW, eds. Diagnostic Procedures for Viral, Rickettsial and Chlamydial Infections. Sixth edition. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, 797–855.
-
24.
Komar N, Langevin S, Hinten S, Nemeth N, Edwards E, Hettler D, Davis B, Bowen R, Bunning M, 2003. Experimental infection of North American birds with the New York 1999 strain of West Nile virus. Emerg Infect Dis 9: 311–322.
-
25.
Styer LM, Kent KA, Albright RG, Bennett CJ, Kramer LD, Bernard KA, 2007. Mosquitoes inoculate high doses of West Nile virus as they probe and feed on live hosts. PLoS Pathog 3: 1262–1270.
-
26.
Cheng G, Cox J, Wang P, Krishnan MN, Dai J, Qian F, Anderson JF, Fikrig E, 2010. A C-type lectin collaborates with a CD45 phosphatase homolog to facilitate West Nile virus infection of mosquitoes. Cell 142: 714–725.
-
27.
Pizzi M, 1950. Sampling variation of the fifty percent end-point, determined by the Reed-Muench (Behrens) method. Hum Biol 22: 151–190.
-
28.
Turell MJ, 1988. Horizontal and vertical transmission of viruses by insect and tick vectors. Monath TP, ed. The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 127–152.
-
29.
Biggerstaff BJ, 2006. PooledInfRate, Version 3.0: a Microsoft Excel add-in to compute prevalence estimates from pooled samples. Fort Collins, CO: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
-
30.
Anderson JF, Andreadis TG, Main AJ, Kline DL, 2004. Prevalence of West Nile virus in tree canopy-inhabiting Culex pipiens and associated mosquitoes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71: 112–119.
-
31.
Dohm DJ, O'Guinn ML, Turell MJ, 2002. Effect of environmental temperature on the ability of Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) to transmit West Nile virus. J Med Entomol 39: 221–225.
-
32.
Reisen WK, Fang Y, Martinez VM, 2006. Effects of temperature on the transmission of West Nile virus by Culex tarsalis (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol 43: 309–317.
-
33.
Turell MJ, Dohm DJ, Sardelis MR, Oguinn ML, Andreadis TG, Blow JA, 2005. An update on the potential of North American mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) to transmit West Nile virus. J Med Entomol 42: 57–62.
-
34.
Dohm DJ, Sardelis MR, Turell MJ, 2002. Experimental vertical transmission of West Nile virus by Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol 39: 640–644.
-
35.
Baqar S, Hayes CG, Murphy JR, Watts DM, 1993. Vertical transmission of West Nile virus by Culex and Aedes species of mosquitoes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 48: 757–762.
-
36.
Miller BR, Nasci RS, Godsey MS, Savage HM, Lutwama JJ, Lanciotti RS, Peters CJ, 2000. First field evidence for natural vertical transmission of West Nile virus in Culex univittatus complex mosquitoes from Rift Valley Province, Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 62: 240–246.
-
37.
Phillips RA, Christensen K, 2006. Field-caught Culex erythrothorax larvae found naturally infected with West Nile virus in Grand County, Utah. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 22: 561–562.
-
38.
Tesh RB, 1980. Experimental studies on the transovarial transmission of Kunjin and San Angelo viruses in mosquitoes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 29: 657–666.
-
39.
Davis CT, Beasley DW, Guzman H, Raj P, D'Anton M, Novak RJ, Unnasch TR, Tesh RB, Barrett ADT, 2003. Genetic variation among temporally and geographically distinct West Nile virus isolates, United States, 2001, 2002. Emerg Infect Dis 9: 1423–1429.
-
40.
Davis CT, Ebel GD, Lanciotti RS, Brault AC, Guzman H, Siirin M, Lambert A, Parsons RE, Beasley DW, Novak RJ, Elizondo-Quiroga D, Green EN, Young DS, Stark LM, Drebot MA, Artsob H, Tesh RB, Kramer LD, Barrett AD, 2005. Phylogenetic analysis of North American West Nile virus isolates, 2001–2004: evidence for the emergence of a dominant genotype. Virology 342: 252–265.
-
41.
Kilpatrick AM, Meola MA, Moudy RM, Kramer LD, 2008. Temperature, viral genetics, and the transmission of West Nile virus by Culex pipiens mosquitoes. PLoS Pathog 4: e1000092.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 55 | 55 | 7 |
| Full Text Views | 398 | 140 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 135 | 33 | 1 |
Horizontal and Vertical Transmission of West Nile Virus Genotype NY99 by Culex salinarius and Genotypes NY99 and WN02 by Culex tarsalis
John F. Anderson
John F. Anderson
Department of Entomology and Center for Vector Biology and Zoonotic Diseases, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut; Biology Department, American University in Cairo, Egypt; Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Plant Pathology and Ecology, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut
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Andy J. Main
Andy J. Main
Department of Entomology and Center for Vector Biology and Zoonotic Diseases, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut; Biology Department, American University in Cairo, Egypt; Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Plant Pathology and Ecology, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut
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Gong Cheng
Gong Cheng
Department of Entomology and Center for Vector Biology and Zoonotic Diseases, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut; Biology Department, American University in Cairo, Egypt; Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Plant Pathology and Ecology, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut
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Francis J. Ferrandino
Francis J. Ferrandino
Department of Entomology and Center for Vector Biology and Zoonotic Diseases, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut; Biology Department, American University in Cairo, Egypt; Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Plant Pathology and Ecology, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut
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Erol Fikrig
Erol Fikrig
Department of Entomology and Center for Vector Biology and Zoonotic Diseases, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut; Biology Department, American University in Cairo, Egypt; Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Plant Pathology and Ecology, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut
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Culex tarsalis is a superior horizontal and vertical vector of West Nile virus (WNV) compared with Culex salinarius. Culex salinarius transmitted WNV genotype NY99 (CT 2741-99 strain) horizontally to suckling mice at significantly lower rates than Cx. tarsalis on Days 8, 9, 10, and 12 post-infection, and Cx. salinarius transmitted WNV genotype NY99 to offspring at a lower vertical transmission infection rate than Cx. tarsalis. Culex tarsalis transmitted WNV genotypes NY99 and WN02 (CT S0084-08 strain) with equal efficiency. Daily percent horizontal transmission of genotype NY99 by Cx. tarsalis-infected per os and by intra-thoracic infection was not significantly different from daily transmission of genotype WN02 from Days 5–23 and Days 2–9 post-infection, respectively. Our findings do not support the previously published hypothesis that genotype NY99 was replaced in the New World by WN02 because of a shorter extrinsic incubation of WN02.
Author Notes
Financial support: The research was supported in part by USDA Specific cooperative agreement 58-6615-1-218 and by Laboratory Capacity for Infectious Diseases cooperative agreement U50/CCU116806-01-1 from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Authors' addresses: John F. Anderson, Department of Entomology and Center for Vector Biology and Zoonotic Diseases, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT, E-mail: John.F.Anderson@ct.gov. Andy J. Main, Department of Biology, American University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt, E-mail: andymain@aucegypt.edu. Gong Cheng, Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, E-mail: chenggong2006@gmail.com. Francis J. Ferrandino, Department of Plant Pathology, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT, E-mail: Francis.Ferrandino@ct.gov. Erol Fikrig, Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, E-mail: erol.fikrig@yale.edu; Erol Fikrig is an Investigator with the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT.
- Introduction
- Materials and Methods
- Mosquito colonies.
- West Nile virus.
- Per os infection of Cx. salinarius and Cx. tarsalis.
- Laboratory animals.
- Comparison of horizontal transmission of West Nile virus genotype NY99 by Cx. salinarius and Cx. tarsalis at 26°C.
- Vertical transmission relative to days pi.
- Comparison of transmission of West Nile virus genotypes NY99 and WN02 by Cx. tarsalis at 26°C.
- Comparison of transmission of West Nile virus genotypes NY99 and WN02 by Cx. tarsalis at 26°C after thoracic microinjection of virus.
- Statistics.
- Results
- Discussion
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Andreadis TG, Anderson JF, Vossbrinck CR, 2001. Mosquito surveillance for West Nile virus in Connecticut, 2000: isolation from Culex pipiens, Cx. restuans, Cx. salinarius, and Culiseta melanura. Emerg Infect Dis 7: 670–674.
-
2.
Nasci RS, Savage HM, White DJ, Miller JR, Cropp BC, Godsey MS, Kerst AJ, Bennett P, Gottfried K, Lanciotti RS, 2001. West Nile virus in overwintering Culex mosquitoes, New York City, 2000. Emerg Infect Dis 7: 742–744.
-
3.
Anderson JF, Main AJ, 2006. Importance of vertical and horizontal transmission of West Nile virus by Culex pipiens in the northeastern United States. J Infect Dis 194: 1577–1579.
-
4.
Andreadis TG, Anderson JF, Vossbrinck CR, Main AJ, 2004. Epidemiology of West Nile virus in Connecticut: a five-year analysis of mosquito data 1999–2003. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 4: 360–378.
-
5.
Apperson CS, Harrison BA, Unnasch TR, Hassan HK, Irby WS, Savage HM, Aspen SE, Watson DW, Rueda LM, Engber BR, Nasci RS, 2002. Host-feeding habits of Culex and other mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Borough of Queens in New York City, with characters and techniques for identification of Culex mosquitoes. J Med Entomol 39: 777–785.
-
6.
DiMenna MA, Bueno R Jr, Parmenter RR, Norris DE, Sheyka JM, Molina JL, LaBeau EM, Hatton ES, Glass GE, 2006. Emergence of West Nile virus in mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) communities of the New Mexico Rio Gande Valley. J Med Entomol 43: 594–599.
-
7.
DiMenna MA, Bueno R Jr, Parmenter RR, Norris DE, Sheyka JM, Molina JL, LaBeau EM, Hatton ES, Roberts CM, Glass GE, 2007. Urban habitat evaluation for West Nile virus surveillance in mosquitoes in Albuquerque, New Mexico. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 23: 153–160.
-
8.
Darsie RF Jr, Ward RA, 2005. Identification and Geographical Distribution of the Mosquitoes of North America, North of Mexico. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida.
-
9.
Apperson CS, Hassan HK, Harrison BA, Savage HM, Aspen SE, Farajollahi A, Crans W, Daniels TJ, Falco RC, Benedict M, Anderson M, McMillen L, Unnasch TR, 2004. Host feeding patterns of established and potential mosquito vectors of West Nile virus in the eastern United States. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 4: 71–82.
-
10.
Molaei G, Andreadis TG, Armstrong PM, Anderson JF, Vossbrinck CR, 2006. Host feeding patterns of Culex mosquitoes and West Nile virus transmission, northeastern United States. Emerg Infect Dis 12: 468–474.
-
11.
Sardelis MR, Turell MJ, Dohm DJ, O'Guinn ML, 2001. Vector competence of selected North American Culex and Coquillettidia mosquitoes for West Nile virus. Emerg Infect Dis 7: 1018–1022.
-
12.
Goddard LB, Roth AE, Reisen WK, Scott TW, 2002. Vector competence of California mosquitoes for West Nile virus. Emerg Infect Dis 8: 1385–1391.
-
13.
Goddard LB, Roth AE, Reisen WK, Scott TW, 2003. Vertical transmission of West Nile virus by three California Culex (Diptera: Culicidae) species. J Med Entomol 40: 743–746.
-
14.
Reisen WK, Fang Y, Lothrop HD, Martinez VM, Wilson J, O'Connor P, Carney R, Cahoon-Young B, Shafii M, Brault AC, 2006. Overwintering of West Nile virus in southern California. J Med Entomol 43: 344–355.
-
15.
Ebel GD, Carricaburu J, Young D, Bernard KA, Kramer LD, 2004. Genetic and phenotypic variation of West Nile virus in New York, 2000–2003. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71: 493–500.
-
16.
Moudy RM, Meola MA, Morin LL, Ebel GD, Kramer LD, 2007. A newly emergent genotype of West Nile virus is transmitted earlier and more efficiently by Culex mosquitoes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77: 365–370.
-
17.
Wallis RC, Whitman L, 1968. Colonization of Culex salinarius in the laboratory. Mosq News 28: 366–368.
-
18.
Anderson JF, Andreadis TG, Vossbrinck CR, Tirrell S, Wakem EM, French RA, Garmendia AE, Van Kruiningen HJ, 1999. Isolation of West Nile virus from mosquitoes, crows, and a Cooper's hawk in Connecticut. Science 286: 2331–2333.
-
19.
Beasley DW, Davis CT, Guzman H, Vanlandingham DL, Travassos da Rosa AP, Parsons RE, Higgs S, Tesh RB, Barrett AD, 2003. Limited evolution of West Nile virus has occurred during its southwesterly spread in the United States. Virology 309: 190–195.
-
20.
Anderson JF, Main AJ, Delroux K, Fikrig E, 2008. Extrinsic incubation periods for horizontal and vertical transmission of West Nile virus by Culex pipiens pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol 45: 445–451.
-
21.
Armstrong PM, Vossbrinck CR, Andreadis TG, Anderson JF, Pesko KN, Newman RM, Lennon NJ, Birren BW, Ebel GD, Henn MR, 2011. Molecular evolution of West Nile virus in a temperate region: Connecticut, USA 1999–2008. Virology 417: 203–210.
-
22.
Lanciotti RS, Kerst AJ, Nasci RS, Godsey MS, Mitchell CJ, Savage HM, Komar N, Panella NA, Allen BC, Volpe KE, Davis BS, Roehrig JT, 2000. Rapid detection of West Nile virus from human clinical specimens, field-collected mosquitoes, and avian samples by a TaqMan reverse transcriptase-PCR assay. J Clin Microbiol 38: 4066–4071.
-
23.
Beaty BJ, Calisher CH, Shope RE, 1989. Arboviruses. Schmidt NJ, Emmons RW, eds. Diagnostic Procedures for Viral, Rickettsial and Chlamydial Infections. Sixth edition. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, 797–855.
-
24.
Komar N, Langevin S, Hinten S, Nemeth N, Edwards E, Hettler D, Davis B, Bowen R, Bunning M, 2003. Experimental infection of North American birds with the New York 1999 strain of West Nile virus. Emerg Infect Dis 9: 311–322.
-
25.
Styer LM, Kent KA, Albright RG, Bennett CJ, Kramer LD, Bernard KA, 2007. Mosquitoes inoculate high doses of West Nile virus as they probe and feed on live hosts. PLoS Pathog 3: 1262–1270.
-
26.
Cheng G, Cox J, Wang P, Krishnan MN, Dai J, Qian F, Anderson JF, Fikrig E, 2010. A C-type lectin collaborates with a CD45 phosphatase homolog to facilitate West Nile virus infection of mosquitoes. Cell 142: 714–725.
-
27.
Pizzi M, 1950. Sampling variation of the fifty percent end-point, determined by the Reed-Muench (Behrens) method. Hum Biol 22: 151–190.
-
28.
Turell MJ, 1988. Horizontal and vertical transmission of viruses by insect and tick vectors. Monath TP, ed. The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 127–152.
-
29.
Biggerstaff BJ, 2006. PooledInfRate, Version 3.0: a Microsoft Excel add-in to compute prevalence estimates from pooled samples. Fort Collins, CO: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
-
30.
Anderson JF, Andreadis TG, Main AJ, Kline DL, 2004. Prevalence of West Nile virus in tree canopy-inhabiting Culex pipiens and associated mosquitoes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71: 112–119.
-
31.
Dohm DJ, O'Guinn ML, Turell MJ, 2002. Effect of environmental temperature on the ability of Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) to transmit West Nile virus. J Med Entomol 39: 221–225.
-
32.
Reisen WK, Fang Y, Martinez VM, 2006. Effects of temperature on the transmission of West Nile virus by Culex tarsalis (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol 43: 309–317.
-
33.
Turell MJ, Dohm DJ, Sardelis MR, Oguinn ML, Andreadis TG, Blow JA, 2005. An update on the potential of North American mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) to transmit West Nile virus. J Med Entomol 42: 57–62.
-
34.
Dohm DJ, Sardelis MR, Turell MJ, 2002. Experimental vertical transmission of West Nile virus by Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol 39: 640–644.
-
35.
Baqar S, Hayes CG, Murphy JR, Watts DM, 1993. Vertical transmission of West Nile virus by Culex and Aedes species of mosquitoes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 48: 757–762.
-
36.
Miller BR, Nasci RS, Godsey MS, Savage HM, Lutwama JJ, Lanciotti RS, Peters CJ, 2000. First field evidence for natural vertical transmission of West Nile virus in Culex univittatus complex mosquitoes from Rift Valley Province, Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 62: 240–246.
-
37.
Phillips RA, Christensen K, 2006. Field-caught Culex erythrothorax larvae found naturally infected with West Nile virus in Grand County, Utah. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 22: 561–562.
-
38.
Tesh RB, 1980. Experimental studies on the transovarial transmission of Kunjin and San Angelo viruses in mosquitoes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 29: 657–666.
-
39.
Davis CT, Beasley DW, Guzman H, Raj P, D'Anton M, Novak RJ, Unnasch TR, Tesh RB, Barrett ADT, 2003. Genetic variation among temporally and geographically distinct West Nile virus isolates, United States, 2001, 2002. Emerg Infect Dis 9: 1423–1429.
-
40.
Davis CT, Ebel GD, Lanciotti RS, Brault AC, Guzman H, Siirin M, Lambert A, Parsons RE, Beasley DW, Novak RJ, Elizondo-Quiroga D, Green EN, Young DS, Stark LM, Drebot MA, Artsob H, Tesh RB, Kramer LD, Barrett AD, 2005. Phylogenetic analysis of North American West Nile virus isolates, 2001–2004: evidence for the emergence of a dominant genotype. Virology 342: 252–265.
-
41.
Kilpatrick AM, Meola MA, Moudy RM, Kramer LD, 2008. Temperature, viral genetics, and the transmission of West Nile virus by Culex pipiens mosquitoes. PLoS Pathog 4: e1000092.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 55 | 55 | 7 |
| Full Text Views | 398 | 140 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 135 | 33 | 1 |