Jensen LA, Marlin JW, Dyck DD, Laubach HE, 2009. Prevalence of multi-gastrointestinal infections with helminth, protozoan and Campylobacter spp. in Guatemalan children. J Infect Dev Ctries. 3: 229–234.
Cook DM, Swanson RC, Eggett DL, Booth GM, 2009. A retrospective analysis of prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites among school children in the Palajunoj Valley of Guatemala. J Health Popul Nutr 27: 31–40.
Xiao L, Fayer R, 2008. Molecular characterization of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia and assessment of zoonotic transmission. Int J Parasitol 38: 1239–1255.
Xiao L, Fayer R, Ryan U, Upton SJ, 2004. Cryptosporidium taxonomy: recent advances and implications for public health. Clin Microbiol Rev 17: 72–97.
Smith HV, Caccio SM, Tait A, McLauchlin J, Thompson RC, 2006. Tools for investigating the environmental transmission of Cryptosporidium and Giardia infections in humans. Trends Parasitol 22: 160–167.
Feng Y, Xiao L, 2011. Zoonotic potential and molecular epidemiology of Giardia species and giardiasis. Clin Microbiol Rev 24: 110–140.
Xiao L, 2010. Molecular epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis: an update. Exp Parasitol 124: 80–89.
Hotez PJ, 2009. Mass drug administration and integrated control for the world's high-prevalence neglected tropical diseases. Clin Pharmacol Ther 85: 659–664.
Bethony J, Brooker S, Albonico M, Geiger SM, Loukas A, Diemert D, Hotez PJ, 2006. Soil-transmitted helminth infections: ascariasis, trichuriasis, and hookworm. Lancet 367: 1521–1532.
Geerts S, Gryseels B, 2001. Anthelmintic resistance in human helminths: a review. Trop Med Int Health 6: 915–921.
Albonico M, Wright V, Bickle Q, 2004. Molecular analysis of the beta-tubulin gene of human hookworms as a basis for possible benzimidazole resistance on Pemba Island. Mol Biochem Parasitol 134: 281–284.
Kwa MS, Veenstra JG, Roos MH, 1994. Benzimidazole resistance in Haemonchus contortus is correlated with a conserved mutation at amino acid 200 in beta-tubulin isotype 1. Mol Biochem Parasitol 63: 299–303.
Sulaiman IM, Fayer R, Bern C, Gilman RH, Trout JM, Schantz PM, Das P, Lal AA, Xiao L, 2003. Triosephosphate isomerase gene characterization and potential zoonotic transmission of Giardia duodenalis. Emerg Infect Dis 9: 1444–1452.
Alves M, Xiao L, Sulaiman I, Lal AA, Matos O, Antunes F, 2003. Subgenotype analysis of Cryptosporidium isolates from humans, cattle, and zoo ruminants in Portugal. J Clin Microbiol 41: 2744–2747.
Xiao L, Bern C, Limor J, Sulaiman I, Roberts J, Checkley W, Cabrera L, Gilman RH, Lal AA, 2001. Identification of 5 types of Cryptosporidium parasites in children in Lima, Peru. J Infect Dis 183: 492–497.
Diawara A, Drake LJ, Suswillo RR, Kihara J, Bundy DA, Scott ME, Halpenny C, Stothard JR, Prichard RK, 2009. Assays to detect beta-tubulin codon 200 polymorphism in Trichuris trichiura and Ascaris lumbricoides. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 3: e397.
Lebbad M, Ankarklev J, Tellez A, Leiva B, Andersson JO, Svard S, 2008. Dominance of Giardia assemblage B in Leon, Nicaragua. Acta Trop 106: 44–53.
Pelayo L, Nunez FA, Rojas L, Furuseth Hansen E, Gjerde B, Wilke H, Mulder B, Robertson L, 2008. Giardia infections in Cuban children: the genotypes circulating in a rural population. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 102: 585–595.
Caccio SM, Ryan U, 2008. Molecular epidemiology of giardiasis. Mol Biochem Parasitol 160: 75–80.
Peng MM, Matos O, Gatei W, Das P, Stantic-Pavlinic M, Bern C, Sulaiman IM, Glaberman S, Lal AA, Xiao L, 2001. A comparison of Cryptosporidium subgenotypes from several geographic regions. J Eukaryot Microbiol (Suppl): 28S–31S.
Cama VA, Bern C, Roberts J, Cabrera L, Sterling CR, Ortega Y, Gilman RH, Xiao L, 2008. Cryptosporidium species and subtypes and clinical manifestations in children, Peru. Emerg Infect Dis 14: 1567–1574.
Bennett AB, Anderson TJ, Barker GC, Michael E, Bundy DA, 2002. Sequence variation in the Trichuris trichiura beta-tubulin locus: implications for the development of benzimidazole resistance. Int J Parasitol 32: 1519–1528.
Schwenkenbecher JM, Albonico M, Bickle Q, Kaplan RM, 2007. Characterization of beta-tubulin genes in hookworms and investigation of resistance-associated mutations using real-time PCR. Mol Biochem Parasitol 156: 167–174.
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We molecularly characterized samples with Giardia, Cryptosporidium, and soil-transmitted helminths from a facility-based surveillance system for diarrhea in Santa Rosa, Guatemala. The DNA sequence analysis determined the presence of Giardia assemblages A (N = 7) and B (N = 12) and, Cryptosporidium hominis (N = 2) and Cryptosporidium parvum (N = 2), suggestive of different transmission cycles. All 41 samples with soil-transmitted helminths did not have the β-tubulin mutation described for benzimidazole resistance, suggesting potential usefulness in mass drug administration campaigns.
Financial support: This work was supported in part by funds from the Global Disease Detection Program U. S. Center for Disease Control and Detection (CDC) and by the Cooperative Agreement no. UO1 GH000028-02, from CDC.
Authors' addresses: Daniel E. Velasquez, Vitaliano A. Cama, Geoffrey D. Kahn, and Dawn M. Roellig, CDC Center for Global Health (CGH), DPDM, Atlanta, GA, E-mails: DVelasquez@cdc.gov, VCama@cdc.gov, geoff.kahn@gmail.com, and DMRoellig@cdc.gov. Wences Arvelo and Kimberly A. Lindblade, CDC International Emerging Infections Program, Regional Office for Central America and Panama, Guatemala City, Guatemala, E-mails: WArvelo@gt.cdc.gov and KLindblade@cdc.gov. Beatriz López, Centro de Estudios en Salud, Universidad del Valle, Guatemala City, Guatemala, E-mail: blopez@ces.uvg.edu.gt. Lisette Reyes, Ministerio de Salud Pública y Asistencia Social de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala, E-mail: drsamuelpablobr@yahoo.com.
Jensen LA, Marlin JW, Dyck DD, Laubach HE, 2009. Prevalence of multi-gastrointestinal infections with helminth, protozoan and Campylobacter spp. in Guatemalan children. J Infect Dev Ctries. 3: 229–234.
Cook DM, Swanson RC, Eggett DL, Booth GM, 2009. A retrospective analysis of prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites among school children in the Palajunoj Valley of Guatemala. J Health Popul Nutr 27: 31–40.
Xiao L, Fayer R, 2008. Molecular characterization of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia and assessment of zoonotic transmission. Int J Parasitol 38: 1239–1255.
Xiao L, Fayer R, Ryan U, Upton SJ, 2004. Cryptosporidium taxonomy: recent advances and implications for public health. Clin Microbiol Rev 17: 72–97.
Smith HV, Caccio SM, Tait A, McLauchlin J, Thompson RC, 2006. Tools for investigating the environmental transmission of Cryptosporidium and Giardia infections in humans. Trends Parasitol 22: 160–167.
Feng Y, Xiao L, 2011. Zoonotic potential and molecular epidemiology of Giardia species and giardiasis. Clin Microbiol Rev 24: 110–140.
Xiao L, 2010. Molecular epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis: an update. Exp Parasitol 124: 80–89.
Hotez PJ, 2009. Mass drug administration and integrated control for the world's high-prevalence neglected tropical diseases. Clin Pharmacol Ther 85: 659–664.
Bethony J, Brooker S, Albonico M, Geiger SM, Loukas A, Diemert D, Hotez PJ, 2006. Soil-transmitted helminth infections: ascariasis, trichuriasis, and hookworm. Lancet 367: 1521–1532.
Geerts S, Gryseels B, 2001. Anthelmintic resistance in human helminths: a review. Trop Med Int Health 6: 915–921.
Albonico M, Wright V, Bickle Q, 2004. Molecular analysis of the beta-tubulin gene of human hookworms as a basis for possible benzimidazole resistance on Pemba Island. Mol Biochem Parasitol 134: 281–284.
Kwa MS, Veenstra JG, Roos MH, 1994. Benzimidazole resistance in Haemonchus contortus is correlated with a conserved mutation at amino acid 200 in beta-tubulin isotype 1. Mol Biochem Parasitol 63: 299–303.
Sulaiman IM, Fayer R, Bern C, Gilman RH, Trout JM, Schantz PM, Das P, Lal AA, Xiao L, 2003. Triosephosphate isomerase gene characterization and potential zoonotic transmission of Giardia duodenalis. Emerg Infect Dis 9: 1444–1452.
Alves M, Xiao L, Sulaiman I, Lal AA, Matos O, Antunes F, 2003. Subgenotype analysis of Cryptosporidium isolates from humans, cattle, and zoo ruminants in Portugal. J Clin Microbiol 41: 2744–2747.
Xiao L, Bern C, Limor J, Sulaiman I, Roberts J, Checkley W, Cabrera L, Gilman RH, Lal AA, 2001. Identification of 5 types of Cryptosporidium parasites in children in Lima, Peru. J Infect Dis 183: 492–497.
Diawara A, Drake LJ, Suswillo RR, Kihara J, Bundy DA, Scott ME, Halpenny C, Stothard JR, Prichard RK, 2009. Assays to detect beta-tubulin codon 200 polymorphism in Trichuris trichiura and Ascaris lumbricoides. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 3: e397.
Lebbad M, Ankarklev J, Tellez A, Leiva B, Andersson JO, Svard S, 2008. Dominance of Giardia assemblage B in Leon, Nicaragua. Acta Trop 106: 44–53.
Pelayo L, Nunez FA, Rojas L, Furuseth Hansen E, Gjerde B, Wilke H, Mulder B, Robertson L, 2008. Giardia infections in Cuban children: the genotypes circulating in a rural population. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 102: 585–595.
Caccio SM, Ryan U, 2008. Molecular epidemiology of giardiasis. Mol Biochem Parasitol 160: 75–80.
Peng MM, Matos O, Gatei W, Das P, Stantic-Pavlinic M, Bern C, Sulaiman IM, Glaberman S, Lal AA, Xiao L, 2001. A comparison of Cryptosporidium subgenotypes from several geographic regions. J Eukaryot Microbiol (Suppl): 28S–31S.
Cama VA, Bern C, Roberts J, Cabrera L, Sterling CR, Ortega Y, Gilman RH, Xiao L, 2008. Cryptosporidium species and subtypes and clinical manifestations in children, Peru. Emerg Infect Dis 14: 1567–1574.
Bennett AB, Anderson TJ, Barker GC, Michael E, Bundy DA, 2002. Sequence variation in the Trichuris trichiura beta-tubulin locus: implications for the development of benzimidazole resistance. Int J Parasitol 32: 1519–1528.
Schwenkenbecher JM, Albonico M, Bickle Q, Kaplan RM, 2007. Characterization of beta-tubulin genes in hookworms and investigation of resistance-associated mutations using real-time PCR. Mol Biochem Parasitol 156: 167–174.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 21 | 21 | 7 |
Full Text Views | 300 | 72 | 1 |
PDF Downloads | 62 | 11 | 0 |