Author:
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-
1.
Boschi-Pinto C, Velebit L, Shibuya K, 2008. Estimating child mortality due to diarrhoea in developing countries. Bull World Health Organ 86: 710–717.
-
3.
Jones G, Stekette PW, Black RE, Bhutta ZA, Morris SS, 2003. How many child deaths can we prevent this year? Lancet 362: 65–71.
-
4.
Yoder PS, Hornik RC, 1996. Symptoms and perceived severity of illness as predictive of treatment for diarrhea in six Asian and African sites. Soc Sci Med 43: 429–439.
-
5.
Forsberg BC, Petzold MG, Tomson F, Allebeck P, 2007. Diarrhoea case management in low- and middle-income countries–an unfinished agenda. Bull World Health Organ 85: 42–48.
-
6.
Bentley M, 1988. The household management of childhood diarrhea in rural north India. Soc Sci Med 27: 75–85.
-
7.
Coreil J, Genece E, 1988. Adoption of oral rehydration therapy among Haitian mothers. Soc Sci Med 27: 87–96.
-
8.
Mull JD, Mull DS, 1988. Mothers' concepts of childhood diarrhea in rural Pakistan: what ORT program planners should know. Soc Sci Med 27: 53–67.
-
9.
Nations MK, Rebhun LA, 1988. Mystification of a simple solution: oral rehydration therapy in northeast Brazil. Soc Sci Med 27: 25–38.
-
10.
Hudelson PM, 1993. ORS and the treatment of childhood diarrhea in Managua, Nicaragua. Soc Sci Med 37: 97–103.
-
11.
Ram PK, Choi M, Blum LS, Wamae A, Mintz ED, Bartlett AV, 2008. Declines in case management of diarrhoea among children < 5 years old. Bull World Health Organ 86: E–F.
-
12.
Zeitlan M, Ghassemi H, Mansour M, 1990. Positive Deviance in Child Nutrition. Tokyo: The United Nations University.
-
13.
Range SK, Naved R, Bhattarai S, 1997. Childcare Practices Associated with Positive and Negative Outcomes for Children in Bangladesh: A Descriptive Analysis. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute.
-
14.
Shekar M, Habicht JP, Latham MC, 1992. Use of positive-negative deviant analyses to improve program targeting and services: example from Tamil Nadu integrated nutrition project. Int J Epidemiol 21: 707–713.
-
15.
Shekar M, Habicht JP, Latham MC, 1991. Is positive deviance in growth simply the converse of negative deviance? Food Nutr Bull 13: 7–11.
-
16.
Kenya Central Bureau of Statistics, 1997. Rural household survey, Nyanza Province. Nairobi, Kenya: Central Bureau of Statistics.
-
17.
Adazu K, Lindblade KA, Rosen DH, Odhiambo F, Ofware P, Kwach J, Van Eijk AM, Decock KM, Arnornkul P, Karanja D, Vulule JM, Slutsker L, 2005. Health and demographic surveillance in rural western Kenya: a platform for evaluating interventions to reduce morbidity and mortality from infectious disease. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73: 1151–1158.
-
18.
Kenya PACT, 2005. Kibera Assessment. Nairobi, Kenya: PACT.
-
19.
Ngongo CJ, Mathingau FA, Burke H, Brieger W, Frick K, Chapman K, Breiman R, 2007–2008. Community participation to refine measures of socio-economic status in urban slum settings in Kenya. Int Q Community Health Educ 28: 33–49.
-
20.
Breiman RF, Olack B, Shultz A, Roder S, Kimani K, Feikin DR, Burke H, 2011. Healthcare-use for major infectious disease syndromes in an informal settlement in Nairobi, Kenya. J Health Popul Nutr 29: 1–11.
-
21.
Olson CK, Blum LS, Patel KN, Oria PA, Feiken DR, Laserson KF, Wamae AW, Bartlett AV, Breiman RF, Ram PK, 2011. Community case management of childhood diarrhea in a setting with declining use of oral rehydration therapy: findings from cross-sectional studies among primary household cargivers, Kenya, 2007. Am J Trop Med Hyg 85: in press.
-
22.
World Health Organization. WHO Position Paper on Oral Rehydration Salts to Reduce Mortality from Cholera. Available at: http://www.who.int/cholera/technical/en/. Accessed January 15, 2011.
-
23.
National Institute of Population Research and Training (NIPORT), Mitra and Associates, and Macro International, 2009. Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey 2007. Dhaka, Bangladesh and Calverton, MD: National Institute of Population Research and Training, Mitra and Associates, and Macro International.
-
24.
Santosham M, Chandran A, Fitzwater S, Fishcer-Walker C, Baqui AH, Black R, 2010. Progress and barriers for the control of diarrhoeal disease. Lancet 376: 63–67.
-
25.
Sack DA, Sack RB, Nair GB, Siddique AK, 2004. Cholera. Lancet 363: 223–233.
-
26.
Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation Kenya, Division of Child and Adolescent Health, 2010. Policy Guidelines on Control and Management of Diarrhoeal Diseases in Children below 5 years in Kenya. Available at: http://www.path.org/files/kenya-diarrhoea-policy.pdf. Accessed April 29, 2010.
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27.
Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS) and ICF Macro, 2010. Kenya Demographic and Health Survey 2008–09. Calverton, MD: KNBS and ICF Macro.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 106 | 106 | 7 |
| Full Text Views | 544 | 187 | 4 |
| PDF Downloads | 175 | 24 | 1 |
Examining the Use of Oral Rehydration Salts and Other Oral Rehydration Therapy for Childhood Diarrhea in Kenya
Lauren S. Blum
Lauren S. Blum
Global Disease Detection Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya; Epidemic Intelligence Service and Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
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Prisca A. Oria
Prisca A. Oria
Global Disease Detection Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya; Epidemic Intelligence Service and Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
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Christine K. Olson
Christine K. Olson
Global Disease Detection Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya; Epidemic Intelligence Service and Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
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Robert F. Breiman
Robert F. Breiman
Global Disease Detection Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya; Epidemic Intelligence Service and Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
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Pavani K. Ram
Pavani K. Ram
Global Disease Detection Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya; Epidemic Intelligence Service and Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
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Reductions in the use of oral rehydration therapy (ORT) in sub-Saharan Africa highlight the need to examine caregiver perceptions of ORT during diarrheal episodes. Qualitative research involving group discussions with childcare providers and in-depth interviews with 45 caregivers of children < 5 years of age who had experienced diarrhea was conducted in one rural and urban site in Kenya during July–December 2007. Diarrhea was considered a dangerous condition that can kill young children. Caregivers preferred to treat diarrhea with Western drugs believed to be more effective in stopping diarrhea than ORT. Inconsistent recommendations from health workers regarding use of oral rehydration solution (ORS) caused confusion about when ORS is appropriate and whether it requires a medical prescription. In the rural community, causal explanations about diarrhea, beliefs in herbal remedies, cost, and distance to health facilities presented additional barriers to ORS use. Health communication is needed to clarify the function of ORT in preventing dehydration.
Author Notes
Financial support: This study was supported by the United States Agency for International Development.
Authors' addresses: Lauren S. Blum, Dulles, VA, E-mail: laurensblum@yahoo.com. Prisca A. Oria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya, E-mail: Poria@kemricdc.org. Christine K. Olson, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, E-mail: colson@cdc.gov. Robert F. Breiman, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya, E-mail: rbreiman@ke.cdc.gov. Pavani K. Ram, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, E-mail: pkram@buffalo.edu.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Boschi-Pinto C, Velebit L, Shibuya K, 2008. Estimating child mortality due to diarrhoea in developing countries. Bull World Health Organ 86: 710–717.
-
3.
Jones G, Stekette PW, Black RE, Bhutta ZA, Morris SS, 2003. How many child deaths can we prevent this year? Lancet 362: 65–71.
-
4.
Yoder PS, Hornik RC, 1996. Symptoms and perceived severity of illness as predictive of treatment for diarrhea in six Asian and African sites. Soc Sci Med 43: 429–439.
-
5.
Forsberg BC, Petzold MG, Tomson F, Allebeck P, 2007. Diarrhoea case management in low- and middle-income countries–an unfinished agenda. Bull World Health Organ 85: 42–48.
-
6.
Bentley M, 1988. The household management of childhood diarrhea in rural north India. Soc Sci Med 27: 75–85.
-
7.
Coreil J, Genece E, 1988. Adoption of oral rehydration therapy among Haitian mothers. Soc Sci Med 27: 87–96.
-
8.
Mull JD, Mull DS, 1988. Mothers' concepts of childhood diarrhea in rural Pakistan: what ORT program planners should know. Soc Sci Med 27: 53–67.
-
9.
Nations MK, Rebhun LA, 1988. Mystification of a simple solution: oral rehydration therapy in northeast Brazil. Soc Sci Med 27: 25–38.
-
10.
Hudelson PM, 1993. ORS and the treatment of childhood diarrhea in Managua, Nicaragua. Soc Sci Med 37: 97–103.
-
11.
Ram PK, Choi M, Blum LS, Wamae A, Mintz ED, Bartlett AV, 2008. Declines in case management of diarrhoea among children < 5 years old. Bull World Health Organ 86: E–F.
-
12.
Zeitlan M, Ghassemi H, Mansour M, 1990. Positive Deviance in Child Nutrition. Tokyo: The United Nations University.
-
13.
Range SK, Naved R, Bhattarai S, 1997. Childcare Practices Associated with Positive and Negative Outcomes for Children in Bangladesh: A Descriptive Analysis. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute.
-
14.
Shekar M, Habicht JP, Latham MC, 1992. Use of positive-negative deviant analyses to improve program targeting and services: example from Tamil Nadu integrated nutrition project. Int J Epidemiol 21: 707–713.
-
15.
Shekar M, Habicht JP, Latham MC, 1991. Is positive deviance in growth simply the converse of negative deviance? Food Nutr Bull 13: 7–11.
-
16.
Kenya Central Bureau of Statistics, 1997. Rural household survey, Nyanza Province. Nairobi, Kenya: Central Bureau of Statistics.
-
17.
Adazu K, Lindblade KA, Rosen DH, Odhiambo F, Ofware P, Kwach J, Van Eijk AM, Decock KM, Arnornkul P, Karanja D, Vulule JM, Slutsker L, 2005. Health and demographic surveillance in rural western Kenya: a platform for evaluating interventions to reduce morbidity and mortality from infectious disease. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73: 1151–1158.
-
18.
Kenya PACT, 2005. Kibera Assessment. Nairobi, Kenya: PACT.
-
19.
Ngongo CJ, Mathingau FA, Burke H, Brieger W, Frick K, Chapman K, Breiman R, 2007–2008. Community participation to refine measures of socio-economic status in urban slum settings in Kenya. Int Q Community Health Educ 28: 33–49.
-
20.
Breiman RF, Olack B, Shultz A, Roder S, Kimani K, Feikin DR, Burke H, 2011. Healthcare-use for major infectious disease syndromes in an informal settlement in Nairobi, Kenya. J Health Popul Nutr 29: 1–11.
-
21.
Olson CK, Blum LS, Patel KN, Oria PA, Feiken DR, Laserson KF, Wamae AW, Bartlett AV, Breiman RF, Ram PK, 2011. Community case management of childhood diarrhea in a setting with declining use of oral rehydration therapy: findings from cross-sectional studies among primary household cargivers, Kenya, 2007. Am J Trop Med Hyg 85: in press.
-
22.
World Health Organization. WHO Position Paper on Oral Rehydration Salts to Reduce Mortality from Cholera. Available at: http://www.who.int/cholera/technical/en/. Accessed January 15, 2011.
-
23.
National Institute of Population Research and Training (NIPORT), Mitra and Associates, and Macro International, 2009. Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey 2007. Dhaka, Bangladesh and Calverton, MD: National Institute of Population Research and Training, Mitra and Associates, and Macro International.
-
24.
Santosham M, Chandran A, Fitzwater S, Fishcer-Walker C, Baqui AH, Black R, 2010. Progress and barriers for the control of diarrhoeal disease. Lancet 376: 63–67.
-
25.
Sack DA, Sack RB, Nair GB, Siddique AK, 2004. Cholera. Lancet 363: 223–233.
-
26.
Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation Kenya, Division of Child and Adolescent Health, 2010. Policy Guidelines on Control and Management of Diarrhoeal Diseases in Children below 5 years in Kenya. Available at: http://www.path.org/files/kenya-diarrhoea-policy.pdf. Accessed April 29, 2010.
-
27.
Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS) and ICF Macro, 2010. Kenya Demographic and Health Survey 2008–09. Calverton, MD: KNBS and ICF Macro.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 106 | 106 | 7 |
| Full Text Views | 544 | 187 | 4 |
| PDF Downloads | 175 | 24 | 1 |