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Reference Manager
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-
1.
Lengeler C, 2004. Insecticide-treated bed nets and curtains for preventing malaria. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2: CD000363.
-
2.
Pluess B, Tanser FC, Lengeler C, Sharp BL, 2010. Indoor residual spraying for preventing malaria. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4: CD006657.
-
3.
Payne D, Grab B, Fontaine RE, Hempel JH, 1976. Impact of control measures on malaria transmission and general mortality. Bull World Health Organ 54: 369–377.
-
4.
World Health Organization, 2010. Malaria Key Facts Sheet. Available at: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs094/en/. Accessed May 25, 2011.
-
5.
United Nations, 2009. The Millenium Development Goals Report. New York, NY: United Nations, 60.
-
6.
Kleinschmidt I, Schwabe C, Shiva M, Segura JL, Sima V, Mabunda SJ, Coleman M, 2009. Combining indoor residual spraying and insecticide-treated net interventions. Am J Trop Med Hyg 81: 519–524.
-
7.
O'Meara WP, Bejon P, Mwangi TW, Okiro EA, Peshu N, Snow RW, Newton CR, Marsh K, 2008. Effect of a fall in malaria transmission on morbidity and mortality in Kilifi, Kenya. Lancet 372: 1555–1562.
-
8.
Curtis CF, Mnzava AE, 2000. Comparison of house spraying and insecticide-treated nets for malaria control. Bull World Health Organ 78: 1389–1400.
-
9.
WHOPES, 2007. Report of the 10th WHOPES Working Group Meeting: Review of Spinosad 0.5% GR & 12% SC, Lambda-Cyhalothrin 10% CS, K-O TAB 1-2-3, Interceptor. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
10.
Misra SP, Webber R, Lines J, Jaffar S, Bradley DJ, 1999. Malaria control: bednets or spraying? Spray versus treated nets using deltamethrin—a community randomized trial in India. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 93: 456–457.
-
11.
Rowland M, 1999. Malaria control: bednets or spraying? Malaria control in the Afghan refugee camps of western Pakistan. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 93: 458–459.
-
12.
Malaria Atlas Project, 2010. Malaria Atlas Project. Available at: http://www.map.ox.ac.uk. Accessed May 25, 2011.
-
13.
Bayoh MN, Mathias DK, Odiere MR, Mutuku FM, Kamau L, Gimnig JE, Vulule JM, Hawley WA, Hamel MJ, Walker ED, 2010. Anopheles gambiae: historical population decline associated with regional distribution of insecticide-treated bed nets in western Nyanza Province, Kenya. Malar J 9: 62.
-
14.
Phillips-Howard PA, Nahlen BL, Kolczak MS, Hightower AW, ter Kuile FO, Alaii JA, Gimnig JE, Arudo J, Vulule JM, Odhacha A, Kachur SP, Schoute E, Rosen DH, Sexton JD, Oloo AJ, Hawley WA, 2003. Efficacy of permethrin-treated bed nets in the prevention of mortality in young children in an area of high perennial malaria transmission in western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68: 23–29.
-
15.
Phillips-Howard PA, Nahlen B, Alaii JA, ter Kuile FO, Gimnig JE, Terlouw DJ, Kachur SP, Hightower AW, Lal AA, Schoute E, Oloo AJ, Hawley WA, 2003. The efficacy of permethrin-treated bed nets on child mortality and morbidity in western Kenya I. Development of infrastructure and description of study site. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 (4 Suppl): 3–9.
-
16.
World Health Organization, 2000. Report of the 4th WHOPES Working Group Meeting. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
17.
Gillies MT, Coetzee M, 1987. A Supplement to the Anophelinae of Africa South of the Sahara: South African Institute for Medical Research, Publication 55. Johannesburg, South Africa: South African Institute of Medical Research.
-
18.
Gillies MT, De Meillon B, 1968. The Anophelinae of Africa, South of the Sahara. Johannesburg, South Africa: South African Institute of Medical Research.
-
19.
Scott JA, Brogdon WG, Collins FH, 1993. Identification of single specimens of the Anopheles gambiae complex by the polymerase chain reaction. Am J Trop Med Hyg 49: 520–529.
-
20.
World Health Organization, 1975. Manual on Practical Entomology in Malaria. Part II. Methods and Techniques. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
21.
Ezzet F, van Vugt M, Nosten F, Looareesuwan S, White NJ, 2000. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of lumefantrine (benflumetol) in acute falciparum malaria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 44: 697–704.
-
22.
Oyewole IO, Awolola TS, Ibidapo CA, Oduola AO, Okwa OO, Obansa JA, 2007. Behaviour and population dynamics of the major anopheline vectors in a malaria endemic area in southern Nigeria. J Vector Borne Dis 44: 56–64.
-
23.
Cuamba N, Morgan JC, Irving H, Steven A, Wondji CS, 2010. High level of pyrethroid resistance in an Anopheles funestus population of the Chokwe District in Mozambique. PLoS One 5: e11010.
-
24.
Morgan JC, Irving H, Okedi LM, Steven A, Wondji CS, 2010. Pyrethroid resistance in an Anopheles funestus population from Uganda. PLoS One 5: e11872.
-
25.
Ranson H, N'Guessan R, Lines J, Moiroux N, Nkuni Z, Corbel V, 2011. Pyrethroid resistance in African anopheline mosquitoes: what are the implications for malaria control? Trends Parasitol 27: 91–98.
-
26.
Vulule JM, Beach RF, Atieli FK, Roberts JM, Mount DL, Mwangi RW, 1994. Reduced susceptibility of Anopheles gambiae to permethrin associated with the use of permethrin-impregnated bednets and curtains in Kenya. Med Vet Entomol 8: 71–75.
-
27.
Sharp BL, Ridl FC, Govender D, Kuklinski J, Kleinschmidt I, 2007. Malaria vector control by indoor residual insecticide spraying on the tropical island of Bioko, Equatorial Guinea. Malar J 6: 52.
-
28.
Hargreaves K, Koekemoer LL, Brooke BD, Hunt RH, Mthembu J, Coetzee M, 2000. Anopheles funestus resistant to pyrethroid insecticides in South Africa. Med Vet Entomol 14: 181–189.
-
29.
Kleinschmidt I, Schwabe C, Benavente L, Torrez M, Ridl FC, Segura JL, Ehmer P, Nchama GN, 2009. Marked increase in child survival after four years of intensive malaria control. Am J Trop Med Hyg 80: 882–888.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 53 | 53 | 13 |
| Full Text Views | 610 | 158 | 2 |
| PDF Downloads | 243 | 57 | 1 |
The Combination of Indoor Residual Spraying and Insecticide-Treated Nets Provides Added Protection against Malaria Compared with Insecticide-Treated Nets Alone
Mary J. Hamel
Mary J. Hamel
Kenya Medical Research Center/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Research and Public Health Collaboration Kisumu, Kenya; Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Peter Otieno
Peter Otieno
Kenya Medical Research Center/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Research and Public Health Collaboration Kisumu, Kenya; Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Nabie Bayoh
Nabie Bayoh
Kenya Medical Research Center/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Research and Public Health Collaboration Kisumu, Kenya; Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Simon Kariuki
Simon Kariuki
Kenya Medical Research Center/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Research and Public Health Collaboration Kisumu, Kenya; Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Vincent Were
Vincent Were
Kenya Medical Research Center/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Research and Public Health Collaboration Kisumu, Kenya; Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Doris Marwanga
Doris Marwanga
Kenya Medical Research Center/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Research and Public Health Collaboration Kisumu, Kenya; Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Kayla F. Laserson
Kayla F. Laserson
Kenya Medical Research Center/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Research and Public Health Collaboration Kisumu, Kenya; Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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John Williamson
John Williamson
Kenya Medical Research Center/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Research and Public Health Collaboration Kisumu, Kenya; Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Laurence Slutsker
Laurence Slutsker
Kenya Medical Research Center/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Research and Public Health Collaboration Kisumu, Kenya; Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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John Gimnig
John Gimnig
Kenya Medical Research Center/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Research and Public Health Collaboration Kisumu, Kenya; Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Both insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) reduce malaria in high malaria transmission areas.– The combined effect of these interventions is unknown. We conducted a non-randomized prospective cohort study to determine protective efficacy of IRS with ITNs (ITN + IRS) compared with ITNs alone (ITN only) in preventing Plasmodium falciparum parasitemia. At baseline, participants provided blood samples for malaria smears, were presumptively treated for malaria, and received ITNs. Blood smears were made monthly and at sick visits. In total, 1,804 participants were enrolled. Incidence of P. falciparum parasitemia in the ITN + IRS and ITN only groups was 18 and 44 infections per 100 persons-years at risk, respectively (unadjusted rate ratio = 0.41; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.31–0.56). Adjusted protective efficacy of ITN + IRS compared with ITN only was 62% (95% CI = 0.50–0.72). The combination of IRS and ITN might be a feasible strategy to further reduce malaria transmission in areas of persistent perennial malaria transmission.
Author Notes
Financial support: This work was supported by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation through the Malaria Transmission Consortium (Grant 45114).
Authors' addresses: Mary J. Hamel, Laurence Slutsker, and John Gimnig, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, E-mails: mhamel@cdc.gov, lslutsker@cdc.gov, and jgimnig@cdc.gov. Peter Otieno, Nabie Bayoh, Simon Kariuki, Vincent Were, Doris Marwanga, Kayla F. Laserson, and John Williamson, Kenya Medical Research Institute/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Research and Public Health Collaboration, Kisumu, Kenya, E-mails: potieno@ke.cdc.gov, nbayoh@ke.cdc.gov, skariuki@ke.cdc.gov, vwere@ke.cdc.gov, dmarwanga@ke.cdc.gov, klaserson@ke.cdc.gov, and jwilliamson@ke.cdc.gov.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Lengeler C, 2004. Insecticide-treated bed nets and curtains for preventing malaria. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2: CD000363.
-
2.
Pluess B, Tanser FC, Lengeler C, Sharp BL, 2010. Indoor residual spraying for preventing malaria. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4: CD006657.
-
3.
Payne D, Grab B, Fontaine RE, Hempel JH, 1976. Impact of control measures on malaria transmission and general mortality. Bull World Health Organ 54: 369–377.
-
4.
World Health Organization, 2010. Malaria Key Facts Sheet. Available at: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs094/en/. Accessed May 25, 2011.
-
5.
United Nations, 2009. The Millenium Development Goals Report. New York, NY: United Nations, 60.
-
6.
Kleinschmidt I, Schwabe C, Shiva M, Segura JL, Sima V, Mabunda SJ, Coleman M, 2009. Combining indoor residual spraying and insecticide-treated net interventions. Am J Trop Med Hyg 81: 519–524.
-
7.
O'Meara WP, Bejon P, Mwangi TW, Okiro EA, Peshu N, Snow RW, Newton CR, Marsh K, 2008. Effect of a fall in malaria transmission on morbidity and mortality in Kilifi, Kenya. Lancet 372: 1555–1562.
-
8.
Curtis CF, Mnzava AE, 2000. Comparison of house spraying and insecticide-treated nets for malaria control. Bull World Health Organ 78: 1389–1400.
-
9.
WHOPES, 2007. Report of the 10th WHOPES Working Group Meeting: Review of Spinosad 0.5% GR & 12% SC, Lambda-Cyhalothrin 10% CS, K-O TAB 1-2-3, Interceptor. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
10.
Misra SP, Webber R, Lines J, Jaffar S, Bradley DJ, 1999. Malaria control: bednets or spraying? Spray versus treated nets using deltamethrin—a community randomized trial in India. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 93: 456–457.
-
11.
Rowland M, 1999. Malaria control: bednets or spraying? Malaria control in the Afghan refugee camps of western Pakistan. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 93: 458–459.
-
12.
Malaria Atlas Project, 2010. Malaria Atlas Project. Available at: http://www.map.ox.ac.uk. Accessed May 25, 2011.
-
13.
Bayoh MN, Mathias DK, Odiere MR, Mutuku FM, Kamau L, Gimnig JE, Vulule JM, Hawley WA, Hamel MJ, Walker ED, 2010. Anopheles gambiae: historical population decline associated with regional distribution of insecticide-treated bed nets in western Nyanza Province, Kenya. Malar J 9: 62.
-
14.
Phillips-Howard PA, Nahlen BL, Kolczak MS, Hightower AW, ter Kuile FO, Alaii JA, Gimnig JE, Arudo J, Vulule JM, Odhacha A, Kachur SP, Schoute E, Rosen DH, Sexton JD, Oloo AJ, Hawley WA, 2003. Efficacy of permethrin-treated bed nets in the prevention of mortality in young children in an area of high perennial malaria transmission in western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68: 23–29.
-
15.
Phillips-Howard PA, Nahlen B, Alaii JA, ter Kuile FO, Gimnig JE, Terlouw DJ, Kachur SP, Hightower AW, Lal AA, Schoute E, Oloo AJ, Hawley WA, 2003. The efficacy of permethrin-treated bed nets on child mortality and morbidity in western Kenya I. Development of infrastructure and description of study site. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 (4 Suppl): 3–9.
-
16.
World Health Organization, 2000. Report of the 4th WHOPES Working Group Meeting. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
17.
Gillies MT, Coetzee M, 1987. A Supplement to the Anophelinae of Africa South of the Sahara: South African Institute for Medical Research, Publication 55. Johannesburg, South Africa: South African Institute of Medical Research.
-
18.
Gillies MT, De Meillon B, 1968. The Anophelinae of Africa, South of the Sahara. Johannesburg, South Africa: South African Institute of Medical Research.
-
19.
Scott JA, Brogdon WG, Collins FH, 1993. Identification of single specimens of the Anopheles gambiae complex by the polymerase chain reaction. Am J Trop Med Hyg 49: 520–529.
-
20.
World Health Organization, 1975. Manual on Practical Entomology in Malaria. Part II. Methods and Techniques. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
21.
Ezzet F, van Vugt M, Nosten F, Looareesuwan S, White NJ, 2000. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of lumefantrine (benflumetol) in acute falciparum malaria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 44: 697–704.
-
22.
Oyewole IO, Awolola TS, Ibidapo CA, Oduola AO, Okwa OO, Obansa JA, 2007. Behaviour and population dynamics of the major anopheline vectors in a malaria endemic area in southern Nigeria. J Vector Borne Dis 44: 56–64.
-
23.
Cuamba N, Morgan JC, Irving H, Steven A, Wondji CS, 2010. High level of pyrethroid resistance in an Anopheles funestus population of the Chokwe District in Mozambique. PLoS One 5: e11010.
-
24.
Morgan JC, Irving H, Okedi LM, Steven A, Wondji CS, 2010. Pyrethroid resistance in an Anopheles funestus population from Uganda. PLoS One 5: e11872.
-
25.
Ranson H, N'Guessan R, Lines J, Moiroux N, Nkuni Z, Corbel V, 2011. Pyrethroid resistance in African anopheline mosquitoes: what are the implications for malaria control? Trends Parasitol 27: 91–98.
-
26.
Vulule JM, Beach RF, Atieli FK, Roberts JM, Mount DL, Mwangi RW, 1994. Reduced susceptibility of Anopheles gambiae to permethrin associated with the use of permethrin-impregnated bednets and curtains in Kenya. Med Vet Entomol 8: 71–75.
-
27.
Sharp BL, Ridl FC, Govender D, Kuklinski J, Kleinschmidt I, 2007. Malaria vector control by indoor residual insecticide spraying on the tropical island of Bioko, Equatorial Guinea. Malar J 6: 52.
-
28.
Hargreaves K, Koekemoer LL, Brooke BD, Hunt RH, Mthembu J, Coetzee M, 2000. Anopheles funestus resistant to pyrethroid insecticides in South Africa. Med Vet Entomol 14: 181–189.
-
29.
Kleinschmidt I, Schwabe C, Benavente L, Torrez M, Ridl FC, Segura JL, Ehmer P, Nchama GN, 2009. Marked increase in child survival after four years of intensive malaria control. Am J Trop Med Hyg 80: 882–888.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 53 | 53 | 13 |
| Full Text Views | 610 | 158 | 2 |
| PDF Downloads | 243 | 57 | 1 |