ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Young PL, Halpin K, Selleck PW, Field H, Gravel JL, Kelly MA, Mackenzie JS, 1996. Serologic evidence for the presence in Pteropus bats of a paramyxovirus related to equine morbillivirus. Emerg Infect Dis 2: 239–240.
-
2.
Halpin K, Young P, Field H, Mackenzie J, 2000. Isolation of Hendra virus from pteropid bats: a natural reservoir of Hendra virus. J Gen Virol 81: 1927–1932.
-
3.
Johara M, Field H, Rashdi A, Morrissy C, van der Heide B, Rota P, Adzhar A, White J, Daniels P, Jamaluddin A, Ksiazek T, 2001. Nipah virus infection in bats (order Chiroptera) in Peninsular Malaysia. Emerg Infect Dis 7: 439–441.
-
4.
Chua KB, Koh CL, Hooi PS, Wee KF, Khong JH, Chua BH, Chan YP, Lim ME, Lam SK, 2002. Isolation of Nipah virus from Malaysian Island flying-foxes. Microbes Infect 4: 145–151.
-
5.
Rahman SA, Hassan SS, Olival KJ, Mohamed M, Chang LY, Hassan L, Saad NM, Shohaimi SA, Mamat ZC, Naim MS, Epstein JH, Suri AS, Field HE, Daszak P; Henipavirus Ecology Research Group, 2010. Characterization of Nipah virus from naturally infected Pteropus vampyrus bats, Malaysia. Emerg Infect Dis 16: 1990–1993.
-
6.
Reynes JM, Counor D, Ong S, Faure C, Seng V, Molia S, Walston J, Georges-Courbot MC, Deubel V, Sarthou JL, 2010. Nipah virus in Lyle's flying foxes, Cambodia. Emerg Infect Dis 11: 1042–1047.
-
7.
Mungall BA, Middleton D, Crameri G, Bingham J, Halpin K, Russell G, Green D, McEachern J, Pritchard I, Eaton BT, Wang LF, Bossart KN, Broder CC, 2006. Feline model of acute Nipah virus infection and protection with a soluble glycoprotein-based subunit vaccine. J Virol 80: 12293–12302.
-
8.
Mungall BA, Schopman NC, Lambeth L, Doran TJ, 2008. Inhibition of Henipavirus infection by RNA interference. Antiviral Res 80: 324–331.
-
9.
Middleton DJ, Westbury HA, Morrissy CJ, van der Heide BM, Russell GM, Braun MA, Hyatt AD, 2002. Experimental Nipah virus infection in pigs and cats. J Comp Pathol 126: 124–136.
-
10.
Middleton DJ, Morrissy CJ, van der Heide BM, Russell GM, Braun MA, Westbury HA, Halpin K, Daniels PW, 2007. Experimental Nipah virus infection in pteropid bats (Pteropus poliocephalus). J Comp Pathol 136: 266–272.
-
11.
van den Hurk AF, Smith CS, Field HE, Smith IL, Northill JA, Taylor CT, Jansen CC, Smith GA, Mackenzie JS, 2009. Transmission of Japanese encephalitis virus from the black flying fox, Pteropus alecto, to Culex annulirostris mosquitoes, despite the absence of detectable viremia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 81: 457–462.
-
12.
Williamson M, Hooper P, Selleck P, Westbury H, Slocombe R, 1999. Experimental Hendra virus infection in pregnant guinea-pigs and fruit bats (Pteropus poliocephalus). J Comp Pathol 122: 201–207.
-
13.
Plowright RK, Foley P, Field HE, Dobson AP, Foley JE, Eby P, Daszak P, 2011. Urban habituation, ecological connectivity and epidemic dampening: the emergence of Hendra virus from flying foxes (Pteropus species). Proceedings of the Royal Society B. DOI:10.1098/rspb.2011.0522
-
14.
Williamson M, Hooper P, Selleck P, Gleeson L, Daniels P, Westbury H, Murray K, 1998. Transmission studies of Hendra virus (equine morbillivirus) in fruit bats, horses and cats. Aust Vet J 76: 813–818.
-
15.
Leonard LL, Allen R, Sulkin SE, 1968. Bat immunoglobulins formed in response to experimental japanese B encephalitis (JBE) virus infection. J Immunol 101: 1168–1175.
-
16.
Chakravarty AK, Sarkar SK, 1994. Immunofluorescence analysis of immunoglobulin bearing lymphocytes in the Indian fruit bat: Pteropus giganteus. Lymphology 27: 97–104.
-
17.
Chakraborty AK, Chakravarty AK, 1984. Antibody-mediated immune response in the bat, Pteropus giganteus. Dev Comp Immunol 8: 415–423.
-
18.
Plowright RK, Field HE, Smith C, Divljan A, Palmer C, Tabor G, Daszak P, Foley JE, 2008. Reproduction and nutritional stress are risk factors for Hendra virus infection in little red flying foxes (Pteropus scapulatus). Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 275: 861–869.
-
19.
Domingo E, 2010. Mechanisms of viral emergence. Vet Res 41: 38 [Epub 2010 Feb 5].
-
20.
Halpin K, Hyatt AD, Plowright RK, Epstein JH, Daszak P, Field HE, Wang L, Daniels PW, Henipavirus Ecology Research Group, 2007. Emerging viruses: coming in on a wrinkled wing and a prayer. Clin Infect Dis 44: 711–717.
-
21.
Dorland WAN, 1994. Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary. London: W.B. Saunders.
-
22.
Henderson IF, Henderson WD, 1989. Henderson's Dictionary of Biological Terms. London: Longman Scientific & Technical.
-
23.
Swinton J, Harwood J, Grenfell BT, Gilligan CA, 1998. Persistence thresholds for phocine distemper virus infection in harbour seal Phoca vitulina metapopulations. J Anim Ecol 67: 54–68.
-
24.
Swinton J, Woolhouse MEJ, Begon ME, Dobson AP, Ferroglio E, Grenfell BT, Guberti V, Hails RS, Heesterbeek JAP, Lavazza A, Roberts MG, White PJ & Wilson K 2001. Microparasite transmission and persistence. Hudson PJ, ed. The Ecology of Wildlife Diseases. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 83–101.
-
25.
Ashford RW, 1997. What it takes to be a reservoir host. Belg J Zool 127: 85–90.
-
26.
Mosier DA, Oberst RD, 2000. Cryptosporidiosis—a global challenge. Ann NY 916: 102–111.
-
27.
Hiroshi N, Hoye B, Klaassen M, Bauer S, Heesterbeek H, 2009. How to find natural reservoir hosts from endemic prevalence in a multi-host population: a case study of influenza in waterfowl. Epidemics 1: 118–128.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 2372 | 1234 | 122 |
| Full Text Views | 1701 | 60 | 7 |
| PDF Downloads | 904 | 49 | 2 |
Pteropid Bats are Confirmed as the Reservoir Hosts of Henipaviruses: A Comprehensive Experimental Study of Virus Transmission
Kim Halpin
Kim Halpin
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia; EcoHealth Alliance, New York; Veterinary Research Institute, Ipoh, Malaysia; Biosecurity Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, Brisbane, Australia
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Alex D. Hyatt
Alex D. Hyatt
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia; EcoHealth Alliance, New York; Veterinary Research Institute, Ipoh, Malaysia; Biosecurity Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, Brisbane, Australia
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Rhys Fogarty
Rhys Fogarty
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia; EcoHealth Alliance, New York; Veterinary Research Institute, Ipoh, Malaysia; Biosecurity Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, Brisbane, Australia
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Deborah Middleton
Deborah Middleton
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia; EcoHealth Alliance, New York; Veterinary Research Institute, Ipoh, Malaysia; Biosecurity Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, Brisbane, Australia
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John Bingham
John Bingham
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia; EcoHealth Alliance, New York; Veterinary Research Institute, Ipoh, Malaysia; Biosecurity Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, Brisbane, Australia
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Jonathan H. Epstein
Jonathan H. Epstein
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia; EcoHealth Alliance, New York; Veterinary Research Institute, Ipoh, Malaysia; Biosecurity Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, Brisbane, Australia
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Sohayati Abdul Rahman
Sohayati Abdul Rahman
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia; EcoHealth Alliance, New York; Veterinary Research Institute, Ipoh, Malaysia; Biosecurity Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, Brisbane, Australia
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Tom Hughes
Tom Hughes
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia; EcoHealth Alliance, New York; Veterinary Research Institute, Ipoh, Malaysia; Biosecurity Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, Brisbane, Australia
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Craig Smith
Craig Smith
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia; EcoHealth Alliance, New York; Veterinary Research Institute, Ipoh, Malaysia; Biosecurity Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, Brisbane, Australia
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Hume E. Field
Hume E. Field
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia; EcoHealth Alliance, New York; Veterinary Research Institute, Ipoh, Malaysia; Biosecurity Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, Brisbane, Australia
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Peter Daszak and the Henipavirus Ecology Research Group
Peter Daszak and the Henipavirus Ecology Research Group
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia; EcoHealth Alliance, New York; Veterinary Research Institute, Ipoh, Malaysia; Biosecurity Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, Brisbane, Australia
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Bats of the genus Pteropus have been identified as the reservoir hosts for the henipaviruses Hendra virus (HeV) and Nipah virus (NiV). The aim of these studies was to assess likely mechanisms for henipaviruses transmission from bats. In a series of experiments, Pteropus bats from Malaysia and Australia were inoculated with NiV and HeV, respectively, by natural routes of infection. Despite an intensive sampling strategy, no NiV was recovered from the Malaysian bats and HeV was reisolated from only one Australian bat; no disease was seen. These experiments suggest that opportunities for henipavirus transmission may be limited; therefore, the probability of a spillover event is low. For spillover to occur, a range of conditions and events must coincide. An alternate assessment framework is required if we are to fully understand how this reservoir host maintains and transmits not only these but all viruses with which it has been associated.
Author Notes
Financial support: This work was supported by a National Institutes of Health/National Science Foundation “Ecology of Infectious Diseases” award (R01-TW05869) from the John E. Fogarty International Center.
Authors' addresses: Kim Halpin, Life Technologies, Singapore, E-mail: kim.halpin@lifetech.com. Alex D. Hyatt, Deborah Middleton, and John Bingham, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia, E-mails: alex.hyatt@csiro.au, deborah.middleton@csiro.au, and john.bingham@csiro.au. Rhys Fogarty, Flinders University, Flinders Medical Centre Bedford Park, Australia, E-mail: rhys.fogarty@flinders.edu.au. Jonathan H. Epstein, Tom Hughes, Peter Daszak, and the Henipavirus Ecology Research Group, EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, E-mails: epstein@ecohealthalliance.org, Tom.hughes@ecohealthalliance.org, and daszak@ecohealthalliance.org. Sohayati Abdul Rahman, Veterinary Research Institute, Jalan Sultan Azlan Shah 31400 Ipoh, Malaysia, E-mail: sohayati@jphvri.po.my. Craig Smith and Hume E. Field, Biosecurity Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, Animal Research Institute, Yeerongpilly, Australia, E-mails: craig.smith@deedi.qld.gov.au and hume.field@deedi.qld.gov.au.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Young PL, Halpin K, Selleck PW, Field H, Gravel JL, Kelly MA, Mackenzie JS, 1996. Serologic evidence for the presence in Pteropus bats of a paramyxovirus related to equine morbillivirus. Emerg Infect Dis 2: 239–240.
-
2.
Halpin K, Young P, Field H, Mackenzie J, 2000. Isolation of Hendra virus from pteropid bats: a natural reservoir of Hendra virus. J Gen Virol 81: 1927–1932.
-
3.
Johara M, Field H, Rashdi A, Morrissy C, van der Heide B, Rota P, Adzhar A, White J, Daniels P, Jamaluddin A, Ksiazek T, 2001. Nipah virus infection in bats (order Chiroptera) in Peninsular Malaysia. Emerg Infect Dis 7: 439–441.
-
4.
Chua KB, Koh CL, Hooi PS, Wee KF, Khong JH, Chua BH, Chan YP, Lim ME, Lam SK, 2002. Isolation of Nipah virus from Malaysian Island flying-foxes. Microbes Infect 4: 145–151.
-
5.
Rahman SA, Hassan SS, Olival KJ, Mohamed M, Chang LY, Hassan L, Saad NM, Shohaimi SA, Mamat ZC, Naim MS, Epstein JH, Suri AS, Field HE, Daszak P; Henipavirus Ecology Research Group, 2010. Characterization of Nipah virus from naturally infected Pteropus vampyrus bats, Malaysia. Emerg Infect Dis 16: 1990–1993.
-
6.
Reynes JM, Counor D, Ong S, Faure C, Seng V, Molia S, Walston J, Georges-Courbot MC, Deubel V, Sarthou JL, 2010. Nipah virus in Lyle's flying foxes, Cambodia. Emerg Infect Dis 11: 1042–1047.
-
7.
Mungall BA, Middleton D, Crameri G, Bingham J, Halpin K, Russell G, Green D, McEachern J, Pritchard I, Eaton BT, Wang LF, Bossart KN, Broder CC, 2006. Feline model of acute Nipah virus infection and protection with a soluble glycoprotein-based subunit vaccine. J Virol 80: 12293–12302.
-
8.
Mungall BA, Schopman NC, Lambeth L, Doran TJ, 2008. Inhibition of Henipavirus infection by RNA interference. Antiviral Res 80: 324–331.
-
9.
Middleton DJ, Westbury HA, Morrissy CJ, van der Heide BM, Russell GM, Braun MA, Hyatt AD, 2002. Experimental Nipah virus infection in pigs and cats. J Comp Pathol 126: 124–136.
-
10.
Middleton DJ, Morrissy CJ, van der Heide BM, Russell GM, Braun MA, Westbury HA, Halpin K, Daniels PW, 2007. Experimental Nipah virus infection in pteropid bats (Pteropus poliocephalus). J Comp Pathol 136: 266–272.
-
11.
van den Hurk AF, Smith CS, Field HE, Smith IL, Northill JA, Taylor CT, Jansen CC, Smith GA, Mackenzie JS, 2009. Transmission of Japanese encephalitis virus from the black flying fox, Pteropus alecto, to Culex annulirostris mosquitoes, despite the absence of detectable viremia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 81: 457–462.
-
12.
Williamson M, Hooper P, Selleck P, Westbury H, Slocombe R, 1999. Experimental Hendra virus infection in pregnant guinea-pigs and fruit bats (Pteropus poliocephalus). J Comp Pathol 122: 201–207.
-
13.
Plowright RK, Foley P, Field HE, Dobson AP, Foley JE, Eby P, Daszak P, 2011. Urban habituation, ecological connectivity and epidemic dampening: the emergence of Hendra virus from flying foxes (Pteropus species). Proceedings of the Royal Society B. DOI:10.1098/rspb.2011.0522
-
14.
Williamson M, Hooper P, Selleck P, Gleeson L, Daniels P, Westbury H, Murray K, 1998. Transmission studies of Hendra virus (equine morbillivirus) in fruit bats, horses and cats. Aust Vet J 76: 813–818.
-
15.
Leonard LL, Allen R, Sulkin SE, 1968. Bat immunoglobulins formed in response to experimental japanese B encephalitis (JBE) virus infection. J Immunol 101: 1168–1175.
-
16.
Chakravarty AK, Sarkar SK, 1994. Immunofluorescence analysis of immunoglobulin bearing lymphocytes in the Indian fruit bat: Pteropus giganteus. Lymphology 27: 97–104.
-
17.
Chakraborty AK, Chakravarty AK, 1984. Antibody-mediated immune response in the bat, Pteropus giganteus. Dev Comp Immunol 8: 415–423.
-
18.
Plowright RK, Field HE, Smith C, Divljan A, Palmer C, Tabor G, Daszak P, Foley JE, 2008. Reproduction and nutritional stress are risk factors for Hendra virus infection in little red flying foxes (Pteropus scapulatus). Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 275: 861–869.
-
19.
Domingo E, 2010. Mechanisms of viral emergence. Vet Res 41: 38 [Epub 2010 Feb 5].
-
20.
Halpin K, Hyatt AD, Plowright RK, Epstein JH, Daszak P, Field HE, Wang L, Daniels PW, Henipavirus Ecology Research Group, 2007. Emerging viruses: coming in on a wrinkled wing and a prayer. Clin Infect Dis 44: 711–717.
-
21.
Dorland WAN, 1994. Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary. London: W.B. Saunders.
-
22.
Henderson IF, Henderson WD, 1989. Henderson's Dictionary of Biological Terms. London: Longman Scientific & Technical.
-
23.
Swinton J, Harwood J, Grenfell BT, Gilligan CA, 1998. Persistence thresholds for phocine distemper virus infection in harbour seal Phoca vitulina metapopulations. J Anim Ecol 67: 54–68.
-
24.
Swinton J, Woolhouse MEJ, Begon ME, Dobson AP, Ferroglio E, Grenfell BT, Guberti V, Hails RS, Heesterbeek JAP, Lavazza A, Roberts MG, White PJ & Wilson K 2001. Microparasite transmission and persistence. Hudson PJ, ed. The Ecology of Wildlife Diseases. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 83–101.
-
25.
Ashford RW, 1997. What it takes to be a reservoir host. Belg J Zool 127: 85–90.
-
26.
Mosier DA, Oberst RD, 2000. Cryptosporidiosis—a global challenge. Ann NY 916: 102–111.
-
27.
Hiroshi N, Hoye B, Klaassen M, Bauer S, Heesterbeek H, 2009. How to find natural reservoir hosts from endemic prevalence in a multi-host population: a case study of influenza in waterfowl. Epidemics 1: 118–128.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 2372 | 1234 | 122 |
| Full Text Views | 1701 | 60 | 7 |
| PDF Downloads | 904 | 49 | 2 |