Rodhain F, 1976. Preliminary results of an entomological survey of the potential arbovirus vectors in the French Territory of Afars and Issas. Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 69: 169–174.
Ollivier L, Decam C, Pommier de Santi V, Darar HY, Dia A, Nevin RL, Romand O, Bougère J, Deparis X, Boutin JP, 2010. Gastrointestinal illnesses among French forces deployed to Djibouti: French military health surveillance, 2005–2009. Am J Trop Med Hyg 83: 944–950.
Rodier GR, Parra JP, Kamil M, Chakib SO, Cope SE, 1995. Recurrence and emergence of infectious diseases in Djibouti city. Bull World Health Organ 73: 755–759.
Carteron B, Morvan D, Rodhain F, 1978. The question of endemic malaria in the Republic of Djibouti. Med Trop (Mars) 38: 299–304.
Rodhain F, 1977. Mosquitoes of the French Territory of the Afars and Issas. I. The genus Anopheles. Bull Soc Path Exot Filiales 70: 302–330.
Metselaar D, van Thiel PH, 1959. Classification of malaria. Trop Geogr Med 11: 157–161.
Carteron B, Morvan D, Rodhain F, 1979. The control of culicidae in Djibouti town. An experience of 7 years. Med Trop (Mars) 39: 555–558.
Louis JP, Albert JP, 1988. Malaria in the Republic of Djibouti. Strategy for control using a biological antilarval campaign: indigenous larvivorous fishes (Aphanius dispar) and bacterial toxins. Med Trop (Mars) 48: 127–131.
Fox E, Abbate EA, Leef M, Mikhail E, Said-Salah Y, Hassan A, 1989. Malaria in the Djibouti Republic. Results of a serologic survey in Ambouli. Med Trop (Mars) 49: 159–160.
Fox E, Bouloumie J, Olson JG, Tible D, Lluberas M, Shakib SO, Parra JP, Rodier G, 1991. Plasmodium falciparum travels by train from Ethiopia to Djibouti. Med Trop (Mars) 51: 185–189.
Rogier C, Pradines B, Bogreau H, Koeck JL, Kamil MA, Mercereau-Puijalon O, 2005. Malaria epidemic and drug resistance, Djibouti. Emerg Infect Dis 11: 317–321.
Bogreau H, Renaud F, Bouchiba H, Durand P, Assi SB, Henry MC, Garnotel E, Pradines B, Fusai T, Wade B, Adehossi E, Parola P, Kamil MA, Puijalon O, Rogier C, 2006. Genetic diversity and structure of African Plasmodium falciparum populations in urban and rural areas. Am J Trop Med Hyg 74: 953–959.
de Pécoulas PE, Tahar R, Ouatas T, Mazabraud A, Basco LK, 1998. Sequence variations in the Plasmodium vivax dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase gene and their relationship with pyrimethamine resistance. Mol Biochem Parasitol 92: 265–273.
Abdel-Hameed AA, 2003. Antimalarial drug resistance in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. East Mediterr Health J 9: 492–508.
Pradines B, Mamfoumbi MM, Tall A, Sokhna C, Koeck JL, Fusai T, Mosnier J, Czarnecki E, Spiegel A, Trape JF, Kombila M, Rogier C, 2006. In vitro activity of tafenoquine against the asexual blood stages of Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Gabon, Senegal, and Djibouti. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 50: 3225–3226.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011. Health Information for Djibouti: CDC Travelers' Health. Available at: http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/destinations/djibouti.aspx. Accessed May 20, 2011.
French Republic, Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs, 2010. Travel Advice: Djibouti. Available at: http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/conseils-aux-voyageurs_909/pays_12191/djibouti_12237/index.html. Accessed May 20, 2011.
Parija SC, Dhodapkar R, Elangovan S, Chaya DR, 2009. A comparative study of blood smear, QBC and antigen detection for diagnosis of malaria. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 52: 200–202.
Rubertone MV, Brundage JF, 2002. The Defense Medical Surveillance System and the Department of Defense serum repository: glimpses of the future of public health surveillance. Am J Public Health 92: 1900–1904.
Department of Defense, Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center, 2010. Update: Malaria, U.S. Armed Forces, 2009. Medical Surveillance Monthly Report 17: 2–5. Available at: http://www.afhsc.mil/viewMSMR?file=2010/v17_n01.pdf. Accessed May 20, 2011.
Malaria Public Health and Epidemiology Group, KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Program, 2009. Djibouti National Malaria Indicator Survey 2008–2009. Available at: http://www.map.ox.ac.uk/PDF/Djibouti_MIS_Report.pdf. Accessed May 20, 2011.
World Health Organization, 2007. Malaria Elimination: A Field Manual for Low and Moderate Endemic Countries. Available at: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2007/9789241596084_eng.pdf. Accessed May 20, 2011.
Faulde MK, Ahmed AA, 2010. Haematophageous vector monitoring in Djibouti city from 2008 to 2009: first records of Culex pipiens spp. torridus (iglisch), and Anopheles sergentii (theobald). J Egypt Soc Parasitol 40: 281–294.
Wallace MR, Sharp TW, Smoak B, Iriye C, Rozmajzl P, Thornton SA, Batchelor R, Magill AJ, Lobel HO, Longer CF, Burans JP, 1996. Malaria among United States troops in Somalia. Am J Med 100: 49–55.
Sánchez JL, DeFraites RF, Sharp TW, Hanson RK, 1993. Mefloquine or doxycycline prophylaxis in US troops in Somalia. Lancet 341: 1021–1022.
Peragallo MS, Sabatinelli G, Majori G, Calí G, Sarnicola G, 1995. Prevention of malaria among Italian troops in Somalia and Mozambique (1993–1994). Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 89: 302.
Newton JA Jr, Schnepf GA, Wallace MR, Lobel HO, Kennedy CA, Oldfield EC 3rd, 1994. Malaria in US Marines returning from Somalia. JAMA 272: 397–399.
Resseguier N, Machault V, Ollivier L, Orlandi-Pradines E, Texier G, Pradines B, Gaudart J, Buguet A, Tourette-Turgis C, Rogier C, 2010. Determinants of compliance with malaria chemoprophylaxis among French soldiers during missions in inter-tropical Africa. Malar J 9: 41.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2010. Health Information for International Travel: The Yellow Book. Chapter 2: Malaria. Available at: http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2010/chapter-2/malaria.aspx. Accessed May 20, 2011.
Institute for Public Health Surveillance, 2010. Health Recommendations for Travelers, 2010. Weekly Epidemiological Bulletin 21-22, June 1 2010. Available at: http://www.invs.sante.fr/beh/2010/21_22/beh_21_22_2010.pdf. Accessed May 20, 2011.
Chen LH, Wilson ME, Schlagenhauf P, 2007. Controversies and misconceptions in malaria chemoprophylaxis for travelers. JAMA 297: 2251–2263.
Kim HC, Pacha LA, Lee WJ, Lee JK, Gaydos JC, Sames WJ, Lee HC, Bradley K, Jeung GG, Tobler SK, Klein TA, 2009. Malaria in the Republic of Korea, 1993–2007. Variables related to re-emergence and persistence of Plasmodium vivax among Korean populations and U.S. forces in Korea. Mil Med 174: 762–769.
Klein TA, Pacha LA, Lee HC, Kim HC, Lee WJ, Lee JK, Jeung GG, Sames WJ, Gaydos JC, 2009. Plasmodium vivax malaria among U.S. forces Korea in the Republic of Korea, 1993–2007. Mil Med 2009 174: 412–418.
Nevin RL, 2010. Mefloquine prescriptions in the presence of contraindications: prevalence among US military personnel deployed to Afghanistan, 2007. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 19: 206–210.
Schlagenhauf P, Petersen E, 2008. Malaria chemoprophylaxis: strategies for risk groups. Clin Microbiol Rev 21: 466–472.
Rombo L, 2005. Who needs drug prophylaxis against malaria? My personal view. J Travel Med 12: 217–221.
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Historically, native populations in the Republic of Djibouti have experienced only low and unstable malaria transmission and intermittent epidemics. In recent years, efforts at malaria control have been aggressively pursued. This study was performed to inform revised malaria prevention recommendations for military service members and international travelers to the country. Laboratory-confirmed cases of malaria documented at large medical facilities and within military and civilian health care systems in the Republic of Djibouti from 1998 to 2009 were reviewed. In recent years, fewer than 5% of febrile cases among the three largest passive surveillance systems were laboratory-confirmed as malaria, and incidence of confirmed malaria was well below 1/1,000 persons/year. As efforts in the Republic of Djibouti progress toward elimination, and in conjunction with continued efforts at surveillance, emphasizing mosquito-avoidance measures and standby emergency treatment will become reasonable recommendations for malaria prevention.
Financial support: This study was principally supported through funds from the French forces Fight against Malaria Master Plan. The French forces reviewed this manuscript before publication and have no objection to its publication.
Authors' addresses: Lénaïck Ollivier, Direction Centrale du Service de Santé des Armées, Fort Neuf de Vincennes, Cours des Maréchaux, Paris Cedex 12, France, E-mail: lenaickollivier@hotmail.com. Remington L. Nevin, Department of Preventive Medicine, Bayne-Jones Army Community Hospital, Fort Polk, LA, E-mail: remington.nevin@us.army.mil. Houssein Y. Darar, Hôpital Général Peltier, Djibouti, Republic of Djibouti, E-mail: yhoussein@yahoo.fr. Jacques Bougère, Christophe Decam, and Alain Todesco, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées – Antenne de Marseille, Allée du Médecin Colonel Jamot, Parc du Pharo, Marseille cedex 07, France, E-mails: jacquesbougere@yahoo.fr, christophe2km@netcourrier.com, and ens@imtssa.fr. Moustapha Saleh, Caisse National de Sécurité Sociale, Djibouti, Republic of Djibouti, E-mail: djibpharma@intnet.dj. Stéphane Gidenne, Laboratoire Ketterthill, Luxembourg, E-mail: stephane.gidenne@ketterthill.lu. Jérôme Maslin, Hôpital d'Instruction Sainte Anne, Toulon, France, E-mail: maslin_j@yahoo.com. Dietmar Anders, Marinefliegergscwader 3 Bundeswehr, Nordholz, Germany, E-mail: dietmaranders@bundeswehr.org. Bouh A. Khaireh, Service de Santé des Forces Armées Djiboutiennes, Djibouti, Republic of Djibouti, E-mail: bouh.abdi@yahoo.fr. Ammar A. Ahmed, Direction de l'Epidémiologie et de l'Information Sanitaire, Djibouti, Republic of Djibouti, E-mail: ammarmed@yahoo.com.
Rodhain F, 1976. Preliminary results of an entomological survey of the potential arbovirus vectors in the French Territory of Afars and Issas. Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 69: 169–174.
Ollivier L, Decam C, Pommier de Santi V, Darar HY, Dia A, Nevin RL, Romand O, Bougère J, Deparis X, Boutin JP, 2010. Gastrointestinal illnesses among French forces deployed to Djibouti: French military health surveillance, 2005–2009. Am J Trop Med Hyg 83: 944–950.
Rodier GR, Parra JP, Kamil M, Chakib SO, Cope SE, 1995. Recurrence and emergence of infectious diseases in Djibouti city. Bull World Health Organ 73: 755–759.
Carteron B, Morvan D, Rodhain F, 1978. The question of endemic malaria in the Republic of Djibouti. Med Trop (Mars) 38: 299–304.
Rodhain F, 1977. Mosquitoes of the French Territory of the Afars and Issas. I. The genus Anopheles. Bull Soc Path Exot Filiales 70: 302–330.
Metselaar D, van Thiel PH, 1959. Classification of malaria. Trop Geogr Med 11: 157–161.
Carteron B, Morvan D, Rodhain F, 1979. The control of culicidae in Djibouti town. An experience of 7 years. Med Trop (Mars) 39: 555–558.
Louis JP, Albert JP, 1988. Malaria in the Republic of Djibouti. Strategy for control using a biological antilarval campaign: indigenous larvivorous fishes (Aphanius dispar) and bacterial toxins. Med Trop (Mars) 48: 127–131.
Fox E, Abbate EA, Leef M, Mikhail E, Said-Salah Y, Hassan A, 1989. Malaria in the Djibouti Republic. Results of a serologic survey in Ambouli. Med Trop (Mars) 49: 159–160.
Fox E, Bouloumie J, Olson JG, Tible D, Lluberas M, Shakib SO, Parra JP, Rodier G, 1991. Plasmodium falciparum travels by train from Ethiopia to Djibouti. Med Trop (Mars) 51: 185–189.
Rogier C, Pradines B, Bogreau H, Koeck JL, Kamil MA, Mercereau-Puijalon O, 2005. Malaria epidemic and drug resistance, Djibouti. Emerg Infect Dis 11: 317–321.
Bogreau H, Renaud F, Bouchiba H, Durand P, Assi SB, Henry MC, Garnotel E, Pradines B, Fusai T, Wade B, Adehossi E, Parola P, Kamil MA, Puijalon O, Rogier C, 2006. Genetic diversity and structure of African Plasmodium falciparum populations in urban and rural areas. Am J Trop Med Hyg 74: 953–959.
de Pécoulas PE, Tahar R, Ouatas T, Mazabraud A, Basco LK, 1998. Sequence variations in the Plasmodium vivax dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase gene and their relationship with pyrimethamine resistance. Mol Biochem Parasitol 92: 265–273.
Abdel-Hameed AA, 2003. Antimalarial drug resistance in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. East Mediterr Health J 9: 492–508.
Pradines B, Mamfoumbi MM, Tall A, Sokhna C, Koeck JL, Fusai T, Mosnier J, Czarnecki E, Spiegel A, Trape JF, Kombila M, Rogier C, 2006. In vitro activity of tafenoquine against the asexual blood stages of Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Gabon, Senegal, and Djibouti. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 50: 3225–3226.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011. Health Information for Djibouti: CDC Travelers' Health. Available at: http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/destinations/djibouti.aspx. Accessed May 20, 2011.
French Republic, Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs, 2010. Travel Advice: Djibouti. Available at: http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/conseils-aux-voyageurs_909/pays_12191/djibouti_12237/index.html. Accessed May 20, 2011.
Parija SC, Dhodapkar R, Elangovan S, Chaya DR, 2009. A comparative study of blood smear, QBC and antigen detection for diagnosis of malaria. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 52: 200–202.
Rubertone MV, Brundage JF, 2002. The Defense Medical Surveillance System and the Department of Defense serum repository: glimpses of the future of public health surveillance. Am J Public Health 92: 1900–1904.
Department of Defense, Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center, 2010. Update: Malaria, U.S. Armed Forces, 2009. Medical Surveillance Monthly Report 17: 2–5. Available at: http://www.afhsc.mil/viewMSMR?file=2010/v17_n01.pdf. Accessed May 20, 2011.
Malaria Public Health and Epidemiology Group, KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Program, 2009. Djibouti National Malaria Indicator Survey 2008–2009. Available at: http://www.map.ox.ac.uk/PDF/Djibouti_MIS_Report.pdf. Accessed May 20, 2011.
World Health Organization, 2007. Malaria Elimination: A Field Manual for Low and Moderate Endemic Countries. Available at: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2007/9789241596084_eng.pdf. Accessed May 20, 2011.
Faulde MK, Ahmed AA, 2010. Haematophageous vector monitoring in Djibouti city from 2008 to 2009: first records of Culex pipiens spp. torridus (iglisch), and Anopheles sergentii (theobald). J Egypt Soc Parasitol 40: 281–294.
Wallace MR, Sharp TW, Smoak B, Iriye C, Rozmajzl P, Thornton SA, Batchelor R, Magill AJ, Lobel HO, Longer CF, Burans JP, 1996. Malaria among United States troops in Somalia. Am J Med 100: 49–55.
Sánchez JL, DeFraites RF, Sharp TW, Hanson RK, 1993. Mefloquine or doxycycline prophylaxis in US troops in Somalia. Lancet 341: 1021–1022.
Peragallo MS, Sabatinelli G, Majori G, Calí G, Sarnicola G, 1995. Prevention of malaria among Italian troops in Somalia and Mozambique (1993–1994). Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 89: 302.
Newton JA Jr, Schnepf GA, Wallace MR, Lobel HO, Kennedy CA, Oldfield EC 3rd, 1994. Malaria in US Marines returning from Somalia. JAMA 272: 397–399.
Resseguier N, Machault V, Ollivier L, Orlandi-Pradines E, Texier G, Pradines B, Gaudart J, Buguet A, Tourette-Turgis C, Rogier C, 2010. Determinants of compliance with malaria chemoprophylaxis among French soldiers during missions in inter-tropical Africa. Malar J 9: 41.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2010. Health Information for International Travel: The Yellow Book. Chapter 2: Malaria. Available at: http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2010/chapter-2/malaria.aspx. Accessed May 20, 2011.
Institute for Public Health Surveillance, 2010. Health Recommendations for Travelers, 2010. Weekly Epidemiological Bulletin 21-22, June 1 2010. Available at: http://www.invs.sante.fr/beh/2010/21_22/beh_21_22_2010.pdf. Accessed May 20, 2011.
Chen LH, Wilson ME, Schlagenhauf P, 2007. Controversies and misconceptions in malaria chemoprophylaxis for travelers. JAMA 297: 2251–2263.
Kim HC, Pacha LA, Lee WJ, Lee JK, Gaydos JC, Sames WJ, Lee HC, Bradley K, Jeung GG, Tobler SK, Klein TA, 2009. Malaria in the Republic of Korea, 1993–2007. Variables related to re-emergence and persistence of Plasmodium vivax among Korean populations and U.S. forces in Korea. Mil Med 174: 762–769.
Klein TA, Pacha LA, Lee HC, Kim HC, Lee WJ, Lee JK, Jeung GG, Sames WJ, Gaydos JC, 2009. Plasmodium vivax malaria among U.S. forces Korea in the Republic of Korea, 1993–2007. Mil Med 2009 174: 412–418.
Nevin RL, 2010. Mefloquine prescriptions in the presence of contraindications: prevalence among US military personnel deployed to Afghanistan, 2007. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 19: 206–210.
Schlagenhauf P, Petersen E, 2008. Malaria chemoprophylaxis: strategies for risk groups. Clin Microbiol Rev 21: 466–472.
Rombo L, 2005. Who needs drug prophylaxis against malaria? My personal view. J Travel Med 12: 217–221.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 1013 | 864 | 32 |
Full Text Views | 1717 | 12 | 0 |
PDF Downloads | 150 | 14 | 0 |