Brazilian Ministry of Health, 2010. Epidemiology of American Tegumentary Leishmaniais in Brazil. Available at: http://portal.saude.gov.br/portal/arquivos/pdf/2_lta_deteccao_27_10_2010.pdf. Accessed April 2, 2011.
Romero GA, Ishikawa E, Cupolillo E, Toaldo CB, Guerra MV, Paes MG, Macedo VO, Shaw JJ, 2002. The rarity of infection with Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis among patients from the Manaus region of Amazonas state, Brazil, who have cutaneous leishmaniasis. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 96: 131–136.
Guerra JA, Ribeiro JA, Coelho LI, Barbosa MG, Paes MG, 2006. Epidemiologia da leishmaniose tegumentar na Comunidade São João, Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil. Cad Saude Publica 22: 2319–2327.
Barrett TV, Senra MS, 1989. Leishmaniasis in Manaus, Brazil. Parasitol Today 5: 255–257.
Brazilian Ministry of Health, 2004. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Programa Nacional de DST e Aids. Manual de Recomendações para Diagnóstico, Tratamento e Acompanhamento da Co-infecção Leishmania-HIV. Brasilia, DF: Brazilian Ministry of Health. Brasil.
Silva LC, Santos EM, Silva Neto AL, Miranda AE, Talhari S, Toledo Lde M, 2009. Padrão da infecção pelo HIV/AIDS em Manaus, Estado do Amazonas, no período de 1986 a 2000. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 42: 543–550.
Lindoso JA, Barbosa RN, Posada-Vergara MP, Duarte MI, Oyafuso LK, Amato VS, Goto H, 2009. Unusual manifestations of tegumentary leishmaniasis in AIDS patients from the New World. Br J Dermatol 160: 311–318.
Rabello A, Orsini M, Disch J, 2003. Leishmania/HIV co-infection in Brazil: an appraisal. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 97 (Suppl 1): 17–28.
Carranza-Tamayo CO, de Assis TS, Neri AT, Cupolillo E, Rabello A, Romero GA, 2009. Prevalence of Leishmania infection in adult HIV/AIDS patients treated in a tertiary-level care center in Brasilia, Federal District, Brazil. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 103: 743–748.
Alvar J, Aparicio P, Aseffa A, Den Boer M, Canavate C, Dedet JP, Gradoni L, Ter Horst R, Lopez-Velez R, Moreno J, 2008. The relationship between leishmaniasis and AIDS: the second 10 years. Clin Microbiol Rev 21: 334–359.
Guimaraes LH, Machado PR, Lago EL, Morgan DJ, Schriefer A, Bacellar O, Carvalho EM, 2009. Atypical manifestations of tegumentary leishmaniasis in a transmission area of Leishmania braziliensis in the state of Bahia, Brazil. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 103: 712–715.
Barreto-de-Souza V, Pacheco GJ, Silva AR, Castro-Faria-Neto HC, Bozza PT, Saraiva EM, Bou-Habib DC, 2006. Increased Leishmania replication in HIV-1-infected macrophages is mediated by tat protein through cyclooxygenase-2 expression and prostaglandin E2 synthesis. J Infect Dis 194: 846–854.
Da-Cruz AM, Machado ES, Menezes JA, Rutowitsch MS, Coutinho SG, 1992. Cellular and humoral immune responses of a patient with American cutaneous leishmaniasis and AIDS. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 86: 511–512.
Romero GA, Vinitius De Farias Guerra M, Gomes Paes M, de Oliveira Macedo V, 2001. Comparison of cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis and L. (V.) guyanensis in Brazil: clinical findings and diagnostic approach. Clin Infect Dis 32: 1304–1312.
Romero GAS, Guerra MVD, Paes MG, Macedo VD, 2001. Comparison of cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis and L. (V.) guyanensis in Brazil: therapeutic response to meglumine antimoniate. Am J Trop Med Hyg 65: 456–465.
van der Meide W, Guerra J, Schoone G, Farenhorst M, Coelho L, Faber W, Peekel I, Schallig H, 2008. Comparison between quantitative nucleic acid sequence-based amplification, real-time reverse transcriptase PCR, and real-time PCR for quantification of Leishmania parasites. J Clin Microbiol 46: 73–78.
Camara Coelho LI, Paes M, Guerra JA, Barbosa MG, Coelho C, Lima B, Brito ME, Brandao Filho SP, 2011. Characterization of Leishmania spp. causing cutaneous leishmaniasis in Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. Parasitol Res 108: 671–677.
Brazilian Ministry of Health, 2007. Manual de Vigilância da Leishmaniose Tegumentar Americana, 2nd Ed. Brasilia, DF: Brazilian Ministry of Health.
Brito AM, Castilho EA, Szwarcwald CL, 2001. AIDS e infecção pelo HIV no Brasil: uma epidemia multifacetada. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 34: 207–217.
de Souza e Souza I, Naiff RD, Guimaraes TC, Naiff MF, Cupolillo E, Rodrigues WA, Schettini AP, 1998. American cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis as an initial clinical presentation of human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 10: 214–217.
Couppie P, Clyti E, Sobesky M, Bissuel F, Del Giudice P, Sainte-Marie D, Dedet JP, Carme B, Pradinaud R, 2004. Comparative study of cutaneous leishmaniasis in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients and non-HIV-infected patients in French Guiana. Br J Dermatol 151: 1165–1171.
Amato VS, Tuon FF, Imamura R, Abegao de Camargo R, Duarte MI, Neto VA, 2009. Mucosal leishmaniasis: description of case management approaches and analysis of risk factors for treatment failure in a cohort of 140 patients in Brazil. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 23: 1026–1034.
Tuon FF, Amato VS, Graf ME, Siqueira AM, Nicodemo AC, Amato Neto V, 2008. Treatment of New World cutaneous leishmaniasis—a systematic review with a meta-analysis. Int J Dermatol 47: 109–124.
de Oliveira Guerra JA, Prestes SR, Silveira H, Coelho LI, Gama P, Moura A, Amato V, Barbosa MG, de Lima Ferreira LC, 2011. Mucosal leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis and Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis in the Brazilian Amazon. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5: e980.
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American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are both common infectious diseases in the Brazilian Amazon with overlapping expansion areas, which leads to the occurrence of Leishmania/HIV coinfection. Most ATL/HIV–acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) association cases have been reported from areas where Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis is the main pathogen; this finding is in contrast with the Amazon region, where L. (V.) guyanensis is the most implicated agent, implying distinct clinical and therapeutic aspects. We describe 15 cases of ATL/HIV coinfection treated in a tertiary care center in the Brazilian Amazon between 1999 and 2008. Thirteen patients presented with diverse clinical manifestations of cutaneous leishmaniasis, and four of them had disseminated forms; two patients presented with mucosal leishmaniasis (ML). Seven patients required more than one course of treatment. The particularities of ATL/HIV-AIDS association in L. (V.) guyanensis-endemic areas require efforts for an increased understanding of its burden and subsequent improvements in case management.
Authors' addresses: Jorge Augusto O. Guerra, Gerência de Leishmaniose, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil and Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina TropicalUniversidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil, E-mail: jguerra291@gmail.com. Leíla I. R. C. Coelho, Gerência de Leishmaniose, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Douradol, E-mail: liarccoelho@yahoo.com.br. Flávio R. Pereira, Gerência de DST e AIDS, Fundação de Medicina Tropical do Amazonas Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil, E-mail: flavioedea@hotmail.com. André M. Siqueira, Rogério L. Ribeiro, and Thiago Miranda L. Almeida, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil, E-mails: amsiqueira@gmail.com, rags_gui@yahoo.com.br, and thiago_med@pop.com.br. Marcus Vinícius G. Lacerda, Gerência de Malária, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil and Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil, E-mail: marcuslacerda.br@gmail.com. Maria das Graças V. Barbosa, Gerência de Entomologia, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil and Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil, E-mail: gvbarbosa@ig.com.br. Sinésio Talhari, Gerência de Dermatologia Tropical, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil and Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil, E-mail: sinesiotalhari@terra.com.br. Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil and Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil, E-mails: amsiqueira@gmail.com.
Brazilian Ministry of Health, 2010. Epidemiology of American Tegumentary Leishmaniais in Brazil. Available at: http://portal.saude.gov.br/portal/arquivos/pdf/2_lta_deteccao_27_10_2010.pdf. Accessed April 2, 2011.
Romero GA, Ishikawa E, Cupolillo E, Toaldo CB, Guerra MV, Paes MG, Macedo VO, Shaw JJ, 2002. The rarity of infection with Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis among patients from the Manaus region of Amazonas state, Brazil, who have cutaneous leishmaniasis. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 96: 131–136.
Guerra JA, Ribeiro JA, Coelho LI, Barbosa MG, Paes MG, 2006. Epidemiologia da leishmaniose tegumentar na Comunidade São João, Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil. Cad Saude Publica 22: 2319–2327.
Barrett TV, Senra MS, 1989. Leishmaniasis in Manaus, Brazil. Parasitol Today 5: 255–257.
Brazilian Ministry of Health, 2004. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Programa Nacional de DST e Aids. Manual de Recomendações para Diagnóstico, Tratamento e Acompanhamento da Co-infecção Leishmania-HIV. Brasilia, DF: Brazilian Ministry of Health. Brasil.
Silva LC, Santos EM, Silva Neto AL, Miranda AE, Talhari S, Toledo Lde M, 2009. Padrão da infecção pelo HIV/AIDS em Manaus, Estado do Amazonas, no período de 1986 a 2000. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 42: 543–550.
Lindoso JA, Barbosa RN, Posada-Vergara MP, Duarte MI, Oyafuso LK, Amato VS, Goto H, 2009. Unusual manifestations of tegumentary leishmaniasis in AIDS patients from the New World. Br J Dermatol 160: 311–318.
Rabello A, Orsini M, Disch J, 2003. Leishmania/HIV co-infection in Brazil: an appraisal. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 97 (Suppl 1): 17–28.
Carranza-Tamayo CO, de Assis TS, Neri AT, Cupolillo E, Rabello A, Romero GA, 2009. Prevalence of Leishmania infection in adult HIV/AIDS patients treated in a tertiary-level care center in Brasilia, Federal District, Brazil. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 103: 743–748.
Alvar J, Aparicio P, Aseffa A, Den Boer M, Canavate C, Dedet JP, Gradoni L, Ter Horst R, Lopez-Velez R, Moreno J, 2008. The relationship between leishmaniasis and AIDS: the second 10 years. Clin Microbiol Rev 21: 334–359.
Guimaraes LH, Machado PR, Lago EL, Morgan DJ, Schriefer A, Bacellar O, Carvalho EM, 2009. Atypical manifestations of tegumentary leishmaniasis in a transmission area of Leishmania braziliensis in the state of Bahia, Brazil. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 103: 712–715.
Barreto-de-Souza V, Pacheco GJ, Silva AR, Castro-Faria-Neto HC, Bozza PT, Saraiva EM, Bou-Habib DC, 2006. Increased Leishmania replication in HIV-1-infected macrophages is mediated by tat protein through cyclooxygenase-2 expression and prostaglandin E2 synthesis. J Infect Dis 194: 846–854.
Da-Cruz AM, Machado ES, Menezes JA, Rutowitsch MS, Coutinho SG, 1992. Cellular and humoral immune responses of a patient with American cutaneous leishmaniasis and AIDS. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 86: 511–512.
Romero GA, Vinitius De Farias Guerra M, Gomes Paes M, de Oliveira Macedo V, 2001. Comparison of cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis and L. (V.) guyanensis in Brazil: clinical findings and diagnostic approach. Clin Infect Dis 32: 1304–1312.
Romero GAS, Guerra MVD, Paes MG, Macedo VD, 2001. Comparison of cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis and L. (V.) guyanensis in Brazil: therapeutic response to meglumine antimoniate. Am J Trop Med Hyg 65: 456–465.
van der Meide W, Guerra J, Schoone G, Farenhorst M, Coelho L, Faber W, Peekel I, Schallig H, 2008. Comparison between quantitative nucleic acid sequence-based amplification, real-time reverse transcriptase PCR, and real-time PCR for quantification of Leishmania parasites. J Clin Microbiol 46: 73–78.
Camara Coelho LI, Paes M, Guerra JA, Barbosa MG, Coelho C, Lima B, Brito ME, Brandao Filho SP, 2011. Characterization of Leishmania spp. causing cutaneous leishmaniasis in Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. Parasitol Res 108: 671–677.
Brazilian Ministry of Health, 2007. Manual de Vigilância da Leishmaniose Tegumentar Americana, 2nd Ed. Brasilia, DF: Brazilian Ministry of Health.
Brito AM, Castilho EA, Szwarcwald CL, 2001. AIDS e infecção pelo HIV no Brasil: uma epidemia multifacetada. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 34: 207–217.
de Souza e Souza I, Naiff RD, Guimaraes TC, Naiff MF, Cupolillo E, Rodrigues WA, Schettini AP, 1998. American cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis as an initial clinical presentation of human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 10: 214–217.
Couppie P, Clyti E, Sobesky M, Bissuel F, Del Giudice P, Sainte-Marie D, Dedet JP, Carme B, Pradinaud R, 2004. Comparative study of cutaneous leishmaniasis in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients and non-HIV-infected patients in French Guiana. Br J Dermatol 151: 1165–1171.
Amato VS, Tuon FF, Imamura R, Abegao de Camargo R, Duarte MI, Neto VA, 2009. Mucosal leishmaniasis: description of case management approaches and analysis of risk factors for treatment failure in a cohort of 140 patients in Brazil. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 23: 1026–1034.
Tuon FF, Amato VS, Graf ME, Siqueira AM, Nicodemo AC, Amato Neto V, 2008. Treatment of New World cutaneous leishmaniasis—a systematic review with a meta-analysis. Int J Dermatol 47: 109–124.
de Oliveira Guerra JA, Prestes SR, Silveira H, Coelho LI, Gama P, Moura A, Amato V, Barbosa MG, de Lima Ferreira LC, 2011. Mucosal leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis and Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis in the Brazilian Amazon. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5: e980.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 1779 | 1655 | 64 |
Full Text Views | 319 | 10 | 1 |
PDF Downloads | 115 | 15 | 1 |