Rodríguez Coura J, Albajar Viñas P, 2010. Chagas disease: a new worldwide challenge. Nature 465: S6–S7. doi:10.1038/nature09221
Zárate L, Zárate RJ, 1985. A checklist of the Triatominae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) of Mexico. Int J Entomol 27: 102–127.
Galvão C, Carcavallo R, Da Silva Rocha D, Jurberg J, 2003. A checklist of the current valid species of the subfamily Triatominae Jeannel, 1919 (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) and their geographical distribution with nomenclatural and taxonomic notes. Zootaxa 202: 1–36.
Velasco-Castrejón O, Valdespino JL, Tapia-Conyer R, Salvatierra B, Guzmán-Bracho C, Magos C, Llausás A, Gutiérrez G, Sepúlveda J, 1992. Seroepidemiology Chagas disease in Mexico. Salud Publica Mex 34: 186–196.
Guzmán-Bracho C, 2001. Epidemiology of Chagas disease in México: an update. Trends Parasitol 17: 372–376.
Lent H, Wygodzinsky P, 1979. Revision of Triatominae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) and their significance as vector of Chagas disease. Bull Am Mus Nat Hist 163: 125–520.
Martínez F, Alejandre-Aguilar R, Hortelano-Moncada Y, Espinoza B, 2005. Molecular taxonomic study of Chagas disease vectors from the Phyllosoma, Lecticularia and Rubrofasciata complexes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73: 321–325.
Martínez F, Villalobos G, Cevallos AM, de la Torre P, Laclette JP, Alejandre-Aguilar R, Espinoza B, 2006. Taxonomic study of the Phyllosoma complex and other triatomine (Insecta: Hemiptera: Reduviidae) species of epidemiological importance in the transmission of Chagas disease: using ITS-2 and mtCytB sequences. Mol Phylogenet Evol 41: 279–287.
Flores A, Magallón-Gastélum E, Bosseno MF, Ordoñez R, Lozano Kasten F, Espinoza B, Ramsey J, Breniére SF, 2001. Isoenzime variability of five principal triatomine vector species of Chagas disease in Mexico. Infect Genet Evol 1: 21–28.
Martínez-Ibarra JA, Bárcenas-Ortega NM, Nogueda-Torres B, Alejandre-Aguilar R, Lino Rodríguez M, Magallón-Gastélum E, López-Martínez V, Romero-Nápoles J, 2001. Role of two Triatoma (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae) species in the transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) to man in the west coast of Mexico. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 96: 141–144.
Cohen JM, Wilson ML, Cruz-Celis A, Ramsey JM, 2006. Infestation by Triatoma pallidipennis (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae) is associated with housing characteristics in rural Mexico. J Med Entomol 43: 1252–1260.
Walter A, Lozano-Kasten F, Bosseno MF, Ruvalcaba EG, Gutierrez MS, Luna CE, Baunaure F, Phélinas P, Magallón-Gastélum E, Brenière SF, 2007. Peridomicilary habitat and risk factors for Triatoma infestation in a rural community of the Mexican occident. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76: 508–515.
Magallón-Gastélum E, Magdaleno Peñaloza NC, Katthain Duchateau G, Trujillo Contreras F, Lozano-Kasten FJ, Hernández-Gutiérrez R, 1998. Distribución de los vectores de la enfermedad de Chagas (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae), en el estado de Jalisco, México. Distribution of Chagas disease vectors(Hemiptera: Rediviidae: Triatominae) in Jalisco, Mexico. Rev Biomed 9: 151–157.
Brenière SF, Bosseno MF, Magallón-Gastelúm E, Castillo-Ruvalcaba EG, Soto-Gutiérrez M, Montaño-Luna EC, Tejeda-Basulto J, Mathieu-Daudè F, Walter A, Lozano-Kasten F, 2007. Peridomestic colonization of Triatoma longipennis (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) and Triatoma barberi (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) in a rural community with active transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi in Jalisco state, Mexico. Acta Trop 101: 249–257.
Justi SA, Noireau F, Cortez MR, Monteiro FA, 2010. Infestation of peridomestic Attalea phalerata palms by Rhodnius stali, a vector of Trypanosoma cruzi in the Alto Beni, Bolivia. Trop Med Int Health 15: 727–732.
Pizarro JC, Stevens L, 2008. A new method for forensic DNA analysis of the blood meal in Chagas disease vectors demonstrated using Triatoma infestans from Chuquisaca, Bolivia. PLoS ONE 3: e3585.
Pineda V, Montalvo E, Alvarez D, Santamaría AM, Calzada JE, Saldaña A, 2008. Feeding sources and trypanosome infection index of Rhodnius pallescens in a Chagas disease endemic area of Amador County, Panama. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 50: 113–116.
Sandoval CM, Duarte R, Gutíerrez R, da Silva Rocha D, Angulo VM, Esteban L, Reyes M, Jurberg J, Galvão C, 2004. Feeding sources and natural infection of Belminus herreri (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae) from dwellings in Cesar, Colombia. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 99: 137–140.
Brenière SF, Pietrokovsky S, Magallón-Gastelúm E, Bosseno MF, Soto MM, Ouaissi A, Lozano Kasten F, Wisnivesky Coll C, 2004. Feeding patterns of Triatoma longipennis Usinger (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) in peridomestic habitats of a rural community in Jalisco, Mexico. J Med Entomol 41: 1015–1020.
Bosseno MF, García LS, Baunaure F, Gastelúm EM, Gutierrez MS, Kasten FL, Dumontiel E, Brenière SF, 2006. Identification in triatomine vectors of feeding sources and Trypanosoma cruzi variants by heteroduplex assay and a multiplex miniexon polymerase chain reaction. Am J Trop Med Hyg 74: 303–305.
Mazzotti L, 1940. Dos casos de enfermedad de Chagas en el estado de Oaxaca. Two case of Chagas disease in the state of Oaxaca. Gac Med Mex 70: 417–420.
Ramsey JM, Ordoñez R, Cruz-Celis A, Alvear AL, Chávez V, López R, Pintor JR, Gama F, Carrillo S, 2000. Distribution of domestic triatominae and stratification of Chagas Disease transmission in Oaxaca, Mexico. Med Vet Entomol 14: 19–30.
Moreno-López R, Sánchez PL, Muñoz JL, Monteón V, Reyes LP, 2001. Chagasic cardiopathy in Tehuantepec. Preliminary report. Arch Cardiol Mex 71: 43–49.
Oliveira FA, 1997. Uso de nuevas herramientas para el control de triatóminos en diferentes situaciones entomológicas en el con-tinente americano. New tools for controling triatomines in different entomological situations in American continet. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 30: 41–46.
World Health Organization, 2002. Control of Chagas Disease. Second report of the WHO Expert Committee, Geneva.
Villagrán ME, Marín C, Hurtado A, Sánchez-Moreno M, de Diego JA, 2008. Natural infection and distribution of triatomines (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) in the state of Querétaro, Mexico. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 102: 833–838.
Molina MC, Cattán P, Canals M, Cruzat L, Aguillón JC, Ferreira A, 2004. A simple immunometric assay to assess the feeding habits of Meprai spinolai, a Trypanosoma cruzi vector. Parasitol Res 92: 375–379.
Farfán AE, Gutiérrez R, Angulo VM, 2007. ELISA for the identification of food patterns of Triatominae in Colombia. Rev Salud Publica (Bogota) 9: 602–608.
Caranha L, Seixas Lorosa E, da Silva Rocha D, Jurberg J, Galvão C, 2006. Feeding sources evaluation of Panstrongylus lutzi (Neiva & Pinto, 1923) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae) in the state of Ceará. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 39: 347–351.
Sambrook J, Fritsch EF, Maniatis T, 1989. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. Second edition. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
Marcilla A, Bargues MD, Ramsey J, Magallon-Gastelum E, Salazar-Schettino PM, Abad-Franch F, Dujardin JP, Schofield CJ, Mas-Coma S, 2001. The ITS-2 of the nuclear rADN as a molecular marker for populations, species, and phylogenetic relationships in Triatominae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae), vectors of Chagas disease. Mol Phylogenet Evol 18: 136–142.
Thompson JD, Higgins DG, Gibson TJ, 1994. CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity and progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, positions-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Res 22: 4673–4680.
Posada D, Crandall KA, 1998. Modeltest: testing the model of ADN substitution. Bioinformatics 14: 817–818.
Hasegawa M, Iida Y, Yano T, Takaiwa F, Iwabuchi M, 1985. Phylogenetic relationships among eukaryotic kingdoms inferred from ribosomal RNA sequences. J Mol Evol 22: 32–38.
Ronquis F, Huelsenbeck JP, 2003. MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. Bioinformatics 9: 1572–1574.
Page RD, 1996. An application to display phylogenetic trees on personal computers. Comput Appl Biosci 12: 357–358.
Kumar S, Tamura K, Nei M, 2004. MEGA 3: integrated software for Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis and sequences alignment. Brief Bioinform 5: 150–163.
Goldsmith RS, Kagan IG, Zarate R, Reyes-González MA, Cedeño-Ferreira J, 1978. Epidemiologic studies of Chagas disease in Oaxaca, Mexico. Bull Pan Am Health Organ 12: 236–250.
Goldsmith RS, Zárate RJ, Zárate LG, Kagan IG, Jacobson LB, 1985. Clinical and epidemiological studies of Chagas disease in rural communities in Oaxaca State, Mexico, and a seven-year follow-up: I. Cerro del Aire. Bull Pan Am Health Organ 19: 120–138.
Salazar-Schettino PM, Tay J, Ruíz-Hernández AL, De Haro I, Bucio MI, Jímenez J, García-Yáñez Y, Gutiérrez M, 1984. Seropositividad a Trypanosoma cruzi en cuatro grupos de población del estado de Oaxaca. Trypanosoma cruzi seropositivity in four populations groups of the State of Oaxaca. Salud Publica Mex 26: 589–595.
Mazzotti L, 1940. Triatomideos de México y su infección natural por Trypanosoma cruzi Chagas. Triatomines of Mexico and its natural infections by Trypanosoma cruzi. Rev Med (Mex) 20: 95–109.
Magallón-Gastélum E, Lozano Kasten F, Soto Gutiérrez M, Flores Pérez A, Sánchez B, Espinoza B, Bosseno MF, Brenière SF, 2006. Epidemiological risk for Trypanosoma cruzi transmission by species of Phyllosoma complex in the occidental part of Mexico. Acta Trop 97: 331–338.
Vidal-Acosta V, Ibáñez-Bernal S, Martínez-Campos C, 2000. Natural infections of Triatominae bugs associated with Trypanosoma cruzi in human dwellings in México. Salud Publica Mex 42: 496–503.
Sasaki H, Rosales R, Tabaru Y, 2003. Host feeding profiles of Rhodnius prolixus and Triatoma dimidiata in Guatemala (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae). Med Entomol Zool 54: 283–289.
Cecere MC, Gürtler RE, Canale D, Chuit R, Cohen JE, 1997. The role of the peridomiciliary area in the elimination of Triatoma infestans from rural Argentine communities. Rev Panam Salud Publica 1: 273–279.
Calderón-Arguedas O, Chinchilla M, García F, Vargas M, 2003. Biologic variation of Trypanosoma cruzi (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) associated with ingestion of different types of blood by the vector Triatoma dimidiata (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Parasitol Latinoam 58: 3–10.
DaMatta R, Seabra S, Manhães L, de Souza W, 2000. Nitric oxide is not involved in the killing of Trypanosoma cruzi by chicken macrophages. Parasitol Res 86: 239–243.
Teixeira A, Nascimento R, Sturm N, 2006. Evolution and pathology in Chagas disease: a review. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 101: 463–491.
Martínez-Hernández F, Martínez-Ibarra JA, Villalobos G, De la Torre P, Laclette JP, Alejandré-Aguilar R, Catalá S, Espinoza B, 2010. Natural crossbreeding between sympatric species of the Phyllosoma complex (Insecta: Hemiptera: Reduviidae) indicate the existence of one species with morphologic and genetic variations. Am J Trop Med Hyg 82: 74–82.
Pfeiler E, Bitler BG, Ramsey JM, Palacios-Cardiel C, Markow TA, 2006. Genetic variation, population structure, and phylogenetic relationships of Triatoma rubida and Triatoma recurva (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae) from the Sonoran Desert, insect vectors of the Chagas disease parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. Mol Phylogenet Evol 41: 209–221.
Marcilla A, Bargues MD, Abad-Franch F, Panzera F, Carcavallo RU, Noireau F, Galvão C, Jurberg J, Miles MA, Dujardin JP, Mas-Coma S, 2002. Nuclear rADN ITS-2 sequences reveal polyphyly of Panstrongylus species (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae), vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi. Infect Genet Evol 1: 225–235.
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The purpose of this study was to conduct an entomological analysis, determination of feeding sources, and molecular identification of triatomines in five communities of the Istmo de Tehuantepec, Oaxaca. The only found species in two of five searched communities (San Mateo del Mar and Tehuantepec City) was Triatoma phyllosoma. Colonization indices were high in both communities. In San Mateo del Mar, the insects were found indoors and in Tehuantepec City in peridomestic areas. The Trypanosoma cruzi infection indices were 2.1% in San Mateo del Mar and 39.4% in Tehuantepec City. This difference could be related to the high numbers of triatomine feeding on hens in the former community. In contrast, in Tehuantepec, dogs were the principal triatomine feeding sources. All nymphs and adults that were genetically analyzed belonged to the species T. phyllosoma. Low levels of genetic variation were found between vectors from both communities.
Financial support: This work was support by grant no. 229209 from PAPIIT-DGAPA Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. GV and FMH thank to CONACYT, Mexico, for the scholarships during their graduate studies.
Authors' addresses: Guiehdani Villalobos, Patricia de la Torre, Juan Pedro Laclette, and Bertha Espinoza, Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, Distrito Federal, 3° Circuito, Ciudad Universitaria, México, D.F., E-mails: guiehda@yahoo.com.mx, pdltorre@servidor.unam.mx, laclette@servidor.unam.mx, and besgu@biomedicas.unam.mx. Fernando Martínez-Hernández, Departamento de Epidemiología Molecular, Hospital General Doctor Manuel Gea González, Calzada de Tlalpan, México, D.F., E-mail: fherxyz@yahoo.com.
Reprint requests: Bertha Espinoza, Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, Distrito Federal, 3° Circuito, Ciudad Universitaria, P.C. 04510, México, D.F., Tel: (525) 56 22 89 43, Fax: (525) 56 22 91 98, E-mail: besgu@biomedicas.unam.mx.
Rodríguez Coura J, Albajar Viñas P, 2010. Chagas disease: a new worldwide challenge. Nature 465: S6–S7. doi:10.1038/nature09221
Zárate L, Zárate RJ, 1985. A checklist of the Triatominae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) of Mexico. Int J Entomol 27: 102–127.
Galvão C, Carcavallo R, Da Silva Rocha D, Jurberg J, 2003. A checklist of the current valid species of the subfamily Triatominae Jeannel, 1919 (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) and their geographical distribution with nomenclatural and taxonomic notes. Zootaxa 202: 1–36.
Velasco-Castrejón O, Valdespino JL, Tapia-Conyer R, Salvatierra B, Guzmán-Bracho C, Magos C, Llausás A, Gutiérrez G, Sepúlveda J, 1992. Seroepidemiology Chagas disease in Mexico. Salud Publica Mex 34: 186–196.
Guzmán-Bracho C, 2001. Epidemiology of Chagas disease in México: an update. Trends Parasitol 17: 372–376.
Lent H, Wygodzinsky P, 1979. Revision of Triatominae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) and their significance as vector of Chagas disease. Bull Am Mus Nat Hist 163: 125–520.
Martínez F, Alejandre-Aguilar R, Hortelano-Moncada Y, Espinoza B, 2005. Molecular taxonomic study of Chagas disease vectors from the Phyllosoma, Lecticularia and Rubrofasciata complexes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73: 321–325.
Martínez F, Villalobos G, Cevallos AM, de la Torre P, Laclette JP, Alejandre-Aguilar R, Espinoza B, 2006. Taxonomic study of the Phyllosoma complex and other triatomine (Insecta: Hemiptera: Reduviidae) species of epidemiological importance in the transmission of Chagas disease: using ITS-2 and mtCytB sequences. Mol Phylogenet Evol 41: 279–287.
Flores A, Magallón-Gastélum E, Bosseno MF, Ordoñez R, Lozano Kasten F, Espinoza B, Ramsey J, Breniére SF, 2001. Isoenzime variability of five principal triatomine vector species of Chagas disease in Mexico. Infect Genet Evol 1: 21–28.
Martínez-Ibarra JA, Bárcenas-Ortega NM, Nogueda-Torres B, Alejandre-Aguilar R, Lino Rodríguez M, Magallón-Gastélum E, López-Martínez V, Romero-Nápoles J, 2001. Role of two Triatoma (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae) species in the transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) to man in the west coast of Mexico. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 96: 141–144.
Cohen JM, Wilson ML, Cruz-Celis A, Ramsey JM, 2006. Infestation by Triatoma pallidipennis (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae) is associated with housing characteristics in rural Mexico. J Med Entomol 43: 1252–1260.
Walter A, Lozano-Kasten F, Bosseno MF, Ruvalcaba EG, Gutierrez MS, Luna CE, Baunaure F, Phélinas P, Magallón-Gastélum E, Brenière SF, 2007. Peridomicilary habitat and risk factors for Triatoma infestation in a rural community of the Mexican occident. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76: 508–515.
Magallón-Gastélum E, Magdaleno Peñaloza NC, Katthain Duchateau G, Trujillo Contreras F, Lozano-Kasten FJ, Hernández-Gutiérrez R, 1998. Distribución de los vectores de la enfermedad de Chagas (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae), en el estado de Jalisco, México. Distribution of Chagas disease vectors(Hemiptera: Rediviidae: Triatominae) in Jalisco, Mexico. Rev Biomed 9: 151–157.
Brenière SF, Bosseno MF, Magallón-Gastelúm E, Castillo-Ruvalcaba EG, Soto-Gutiérrez M, Montaño-Luna EC, Tejeda-Basulto J, Mathieu-Daudè F, Walter A, Lozano-Kasten F, 2007. Peridomestic colonization of Triatoma longipennis (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) and Triatoma barberi (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) in a rural community with active transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi in Jalisco state, Mexico. Acta Trop 101: 249–257.
Justi SA, Noireau F, Cortez MR, Monteiro FA, 2010. Infestation of peridomestic Attalea phalerata palms by Rhodnius stali, a vector of Trypanosoma cruzi in the Alto Beni, Bolivia. Trop Med Int Health 15: 727–732.
Pizarro JC, Stevens L, 2008. A new method for forensic DNA analysis of the blood meal in Chagas disease vectors demonstrated using Triatoma infestans from Chuquisaca, Bolivia. PLoS ONE 3: e3585.
Pineda V, Montalvo E, Alvarez D, Santamaría AM, Calzada JE, Saldaña A, 2008. Feeding sources and trypanosome infection index of Rhodnius pallescens in a Chagas disease endemic area of Amador County, Panama. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 50: 113–116.
Sandoval CM, Duarte R, Gutíerrez R, da Silva Rocha D, Angulo VM, Esteban L, Reyes M, Jurberg J, Galvão C, 2004. Feeding sources and natural infection of Belminus herreri (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae) from dwellings in Cesar, Colombia. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 99: 137–140.
Brenière SF, Pietrokovsky S, Magallón-Gastelúm E, Bosseno MF, Soto MM, Ouaissi A, Lozano Kasten F, Wisnivesky Coll C, 2004. Feeding patterns of Triatoma longipennis Usinger (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) in peridomestic habitats of a rural community in Jalisco, Mexico. J Med Entomol 41: 1015–1020.
Bosseno MF, García LS, Baunaure F, Gastelúm EM, Gutierrez MS, Kasten FL, Dumontiel E, Brenière SF, 2006. Identification in triatomine vectors of feeding sources and Trypanosoma cruzi variants by heteroduplex assay and a multiplex miniexon polymerase chain reaction. Am J Trop Med Hyg 74: 303–305.
Mazzotti L, 1940. Dos casos de enfermedad de Chagas en el estado de Oaxaca. Two case of Chagas disease in the state of Oaxaca. Gac Med Mex 70: 417–420.
Ramsey JM, Ordoñez R, Cruz-Celis A, Alvear AL, Chávez V, López R, Pintor JR, Gama F, Carrillo S, 2000. Distribution of domestic triatominae and stratification of Chagas Disease transmission in Oaxaca, Mexico. Med Vet Entomol 14: 19–30.
Moreno-López R, Sánchez PL, Muñoz JL, Monteón V, Reyes LP, 2001. Chagasic cardiopathy in Tehuantepec. Preliminary report. Arch Cardiol Mex 71: 43–49.
Oliveira FA, 1997. Uso de nuevas herramientas para el control de triatóminos en diferentes situaciones entomológicas en el con-tinente americano. New tools for controling triatomines in different entomological situations in American continet. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 30: 41–46.
World Health Organization, 2002. Control of Chagas Disease. Second report of the WHO Expert Committee, Geneva.
Villagrán ME, Marín C, Hurtado A, Sánchez-Moreno M, de Diego JA, 2008. Natural infection and distribution of triatomines (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) in the state of Querétaro, Mexico. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 102: 833–838.
Molina MC, Cattán P, Canals M, Cruzat L, Aguillón JC, Ferreira A, 2004. A simple immunometric assay to assess the feeding habits of Meprai spinolai, a Trypanosoma cruzi vector. Parasitol Res 92: 375–379.
Farfán AE, Gutiérrez R, Angulo VM, 2007. ELISA for the identification of food patterns of Triatominae in Colombia. Rev Salud Publica (Bogota) 9: 602–608.
Caranha L, Seixas Lorosa E, da Silva Rocha D, Jurberg J, Galvão C, 2006. Feeding sources evaluation of Panstrongylus lutzi (Neiva & Pinto, 1923) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae) in the state of Ceará. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 39: 347–351.
Sambrook J, Fritsch EF, Maniatis T, 1989. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. Second edition. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
Marcilla A, Bargues MD, Ramsey J, Magallon-Gastelum E, Salazar-Schettino PM, Abad-Franch F, Dujardin JP, Schofield CJ, Mas-Coma S, 2001. The ITS-2 of the nuclear rADN as a molecular marker for populations, species, and phylogenetic relationships in Triatominae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae), vectors of Chagas disease. Mol Phylogenet Evol 18: 136–142.
Thompson JD, Higgins DG, Gibson TJ, 1994. CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity and progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, positions-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Res 22: 4673–4680.
Posada D, Crandall KA, 1998. Modeltest: testing the model of ADN substitution. Bioinformatics 14: 817–818.
Hasegawa M, Iida Y, Yano T, Takaiwa F, Iwabuchi M, 1985. Phylogenetic relationships among eukaryotic kingdoms inferred from ribosomal RNA sequences. J Mol Evol 22: 32–38.
Ronquis F, Huelsenbeck JP, 2003. MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. Bioinformatics 9: 1572–1574.
Page RD, 1996. An application to display phylogenetic trees on personal computers. Comput Appl Biosci 12: 357–358.
Kumar S, Tamura K, Nei M, 2004. MEGA 3: integrated software for Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis and sequences alignment. Brief Bioinform 5: 150–163.
Goldsmith RS, Kagan IG, Zarate R, Reyes-González MA, Cedeño-Ferreira J, 1978. Epidemiologic studies of Chagas disease in Oaxaca, Mexico. Bull Pan Am Health Organ 12: 236–250.
Goldsmith RS, Zárate RJ, Zárate LG, Kagan IG, Jacobson LB, 1985. Clinical and epidemiological studies of Chagas disease in rural communities in Oaxaca State, Mexico, and a seven-year follow-up: I. Cerro del Aire. Bull Pan Am Health Organ 19: 120–138.
Salazar-Schettino PM, Tay J, Ruíz-Hernández AL, De Haro I, Bucio MI, Jímenez J, García-Yáñez Y, Gutiérrez M, 1984. Seropositividad a Trypanosoma cruzi en cuatro grupos de población del estado de Oaxaca. Trypanosoma cruzi seropositivity in four populations groups of the State of Oaxaca. Salud Publica Mex 26: 589–595.
Mazzotti L, 1940. Triatomideos de México y su infección natural por Trypanosoma cruzi Chagas. Triatomines of Mexico and its natural infections by Trypanosoma cruzi. Rev Med (Mex) 20: 95–109.
Magallón-Gastélum E, Lozano Kasten F, Soto Gutiérrez M, Flores Pérez A, Sánchez B, Espinoza B, Bosseno MF, Brenière SF, 2006. Epidemiological risk for Trypanosoma cruzi transmission by species of Phyllosoma complex in the occidental part of Mexico. Acta Trop 97: 331–338.
Vidal-Acosta V, Ibáñez-Bernal S, Martínez-Campos C, 2000. Natural infections of Triatominae bugs associated with Trypanosoma cruzi in human dwellings in México. Salud Publica Mex 42: 496–503.
Sasaki H, Rosales R, Tabaru Y, 2003. Host feeding profiles of Rhodnius prolixus and Triatoma dimidiata in Guatemala (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae). Med Entomol Zool 54: 283–289.
Cecere MC, Gürtler RE, Canale D, Chuit R, Cohen JE, 1997. The role of the peridomiciliary area in the elimination of Triatoma infestans from rural Argentine communities. Rev Panam Salud Publica 1: 273–279.
Calderón-Arguedas O, Chinchilla M, García F, Vargas M, 2003. Biologic variation of Trypanosoma cruzi (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) associated with ingestion of different types of blood by the vector Triatoma dimidiata (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Parasitol Latinoam 58: 3–10.
DaMatta R, Seabra S, Manhães L, de Souza W, 2000. Nitric oxide is not involved in the killing of Trypanosoma cruzi by chicken macrophages. Parasitol Res 86: 239–243.
Teixeira A, Nascimento R, Sturm N, 2006. Evolution and pathology in Chagas disease: a review. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 101: 463–491.
Martínez-Hernández F, Martínez-Ibarra JA, Villalobos G, De la Torre P, Laclette JP, Alejandré-Aguilar R, Catalá S, Espinoza B, 2010. Natural crossbreeding between sympatric species of the Phyllosoma complex (Insecta: Hemiptera: Reduviidae) indicate the existence of one species with morphologic and genetic variations. Am J Trop Med Hyg 82: 74–82.
Pfeiler E, Bitler BG, Ramsey JM, Palacios-Cardiel C, Markow TA, 2006. Genetic variation, population structure, and phylogenetic relationships of Triatoma rubida and Triatoma recurva (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae) from the Sonoran Desert, insect vectors of the Chagas disease parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. Mol Phylogenet Evol 41: 209–221.
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