- Introduction
- Materials and Methods
- Results
- Demographics.
- Expression of ChMuc4 and CpMuc4 in E. coli.
- Antibody responses to homologous rChMuc4 antigen.
- Antibody responses to heterologous rCpMuc4 antigen.
- Antibody responses in children with acute diarrhea versus those with persistent diarrhea.
- Correlation of antibody response to ChMuc4 and CpMuc4 with each other and with antibody responses to Ch and Cp oocyst lysates.
- Discussion
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Collinet-Adler S, Ward HD, 2010. Cryptosporidiosis: environmental, therapeutic, and preventive challenges. Europ J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 29: 927–935.
-
2.
Leav BA, Mackay M, Ward HD, 2003. Cryptosporidium species: new insights and old challenges. Clin Infect Dis 36: 903–908.
-
3.
Huang DB, White AC, 2006. An updated review on Cryptosporidium and Giardia. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 35: 291–314, viii.
-
4.
Dillingham RA, Lima AA, Guerrant RL, 2002. Cryptosporidiosis: epidemiology and impact. Microbes Infect 4: 1059–1066.
-
5.
Tzipori S, Ward H, 2002. Cryptosporidiosis: biology, pathogenesis and disease. Microbes Infect 4: 1047.
-
6.
Ajjampur SS, Rajendran P, Ramani S, Banerjee I, Monica B, Sankaran P, Rosario V, Arumugam R, Sarkar R, Ward H, Kang G, 2008. Closing the diarrhoea diagnostic gap in Indian children by the application of molecular techniques. J Med Microbiol 57: 1364–1368.
-
7.
Cama VA, Bern C, Roberts J, Cabrera L, Sterling CR, Ortega Y, Gilman RH, Xiao L, 2008. Cryptosporidium species and subtypes and clinical manifestations in children, Peru. Emerg Infect Dis 14: 1567–1574.
-
8.
Priest JW, Bern C, Roberts JM, Kwon JP, Lescano AG, Checkley W, Cabrera L, Moss DM, Arrowood MJ, Sterling CR, Gilman RH, Lammie PJ, 2005. Changes in serum immunoglobulin G levels as a marker for Cryptosporidium sp. infection in Peruvian children. J Clin Microbiol 43: 5298–5300.
-
9.
Checkley W, Epstein LD, Gilman RH, Black RE, Cabrera L, Sterling CR, 1998. Effects of Cryptosporidium parvum infection in Peruvian children: growth faltering and subsequent catch-up growth. Am J Epidemiol 148: 497–506.
-
10.
Checkley W, Gilman RH, Epstein LD, Suarez M, Diaz JF, Cabrera L, Black RE, Sterling CR, 1997. Asymptomatic and symptomatic cryptosporidiosis: their acute effect on weight gain in Peruvian children. Am J Epidemiol 145: 156–163.
-
11.
Molbak K, Hojlyng N, Gottschau A, Sa JC, Ingholt L, da Silva AP, Aaby P, 1993. Cryptosporidiosis in infancy and childhood mortality in Guinea Bissau, West Africa. BMJ 307: 417–420.
-
12.
Lima AA, Fang G, Schorling JB, de Albuquerque L, McAuliffe JF, Mota S, Leite R, Guerrant RL, 1992. Persistent diarrhea in northeast Brazil: etiologies and interactions with malnutrition. Acta Paediatr Suppl 381: 39–44.
-
13.
Sallon S, el Showwa R, el Masri M, Khalil M, Blundell N, Hart CA, 1991. Cryptosporidiosis in children in Gaza. Ann Trop Paediatr 11: 277–281.
-
14.
Sarabia-Arce S, Salazar-Lindo E, Gilman RH, Naranjo J, Miranda E, 1990. Case-control study of Cryptosporidium parvum infection in Peruvian children hospitalized for diarrhea: possible association with malnutrition and nosocomial infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J 9: 627–631.
-
15.
Janoff EN, Mead PS, Mead JR, Echeverria P, Bodhidatta L, Bhaibulaya M, Sterling CR, Taylor DN, 1990. Endemic Cryptosporidium and Giardia lamblia infections in a Thai orphanage. Am J Trop Med Hyg 43: 248–256.
-
16.
Javier Enriquez F, Avila CR, Ignacio Santos J, Tanaka-Kido J, Vallejo O, Sterling CR, 1997. Cryptosporidium infections in Mexican children: clinical, nutritional, enteropathogenic, and diagnostic evaluations. Am J Trop Med Hyg 56: 254–257.
-
17.
Chalmers RM, Davies AP, 2010. Minireview: clinical cryptosporidiosis. Exp Parasitol 124: 138–146.
-
18.
Fox LM, Saravolatz LD, 2005. Nitazoxanide: a new thiazolide antiparasitic agent. Clin Infect Dis 40: 1173–1180.
-
19.
Abubakar I, Aliyu SH, Arumugam C, Hunter PR, Usman NK, 2007. Prevention and treatment of cryptosporidiosis in immunocompromised patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD004932.
-
20.
Borad A, Ward H, 2010. Human immune responses in cryptosporidiosis. Future Microbiol 5: 507–519.
-
21.
Riggs M, 2002. Recent advances in cryptosporidiosis: the immune response. Microbes Infect 4: 1067.
-
22.
Chhin S, Harwell JI, Bell JD, Rozycki G, Ellman T, Barnett JM, Ward H, Reinert SE, Pugatch D, 2006. Etiology of chronic diarrhea in antiretroviral-naive patients with HIV infection admitted to Norodom Sihanouk Hospital, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Clin Infect Dis 43: 925–932.
-
23.
Houpt ER, Bushen OY, Sam NE, Kohli A, Asgharpour A, Ng CT, Calfee DP, Guerrant RL, Maro V, Ole-Nguyaine S, Shao JF, 2005. Short report: asymptomatic Cryptosporidium hominis infection among human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients in Tanzania. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73: 520–522.
-
24.
Xiao L, Ryan UM, 2004. Cryptosporidiosis: an update in molecular epidemiology. Curr Opin Infect Dis 17: 483–490.
-
25.
Strong WB, Gut J, Nelson RG, 2000. Cloning and sequence analysis of a highly polymorphic Cryptosporidium parvum gene encoding a 60-kilodalton glycoprotein and characterization of its 15- and 45-kilodalton zoite surface antigen products. Infect Immun 68: 4117–4134.
-
26.
Sturbaum GD, Schaefer DA, Jost BH, Sterling CR, Riggs MW, 2008. Antigenic differences within the Cryptosporidium hominis and Cryptosporidium parvum surface proteins P23 and GP900 defined by monoclonal antibody reactivity. Mol Biochem Parasitol 159: 138–141.
-
27.
Allison GM, Rogers KA, Borad A, Ahmed S, Karim MM, Kane AV, Hibberd PL, Naumova EN, Calderwood SB, Ryan ET, Khan WA, Ward HD, 2011. Antibody responses to the immunodominant Cryptosporidium gp15 antigen and gp15 polymorphisms in a case-control study of cryptosporidiosis in children in Bangladesh. Am J Trop Med Hyg 85: 97–104.
-
28.
Leav B, Mackay M, Anyanwu A, O'Connor R, Cevallos A, Kindra G, Nelson R, Rollins N, Bennish M, Ward H, 2002. Analysis of sequence diversity at the highly polymorphic Cpgp40/15 locus among Cryptosporidium isolates from human immunodeficiency virus-infected children in South Africa. Infect Immun 70: 3881–3890.
-
29.
Muthusamy D, Rao SS, Ramani S, Monica B, Banerjee I, Abraham OC, Mathai DC, Primrose B, Muliyil J, Wanke CA, Ward HD, Kang G, 2006. Multilocus genotyping of Cryptosporidium sp. isolates from human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals in south India. J Clin Microbiol 44: 632–634.
-
30.
O'Connor RM, Burns PB, Ha-Ngoc T, Scarpato K, Khan W, Kang G, Ward H, 2009. Polymorphic mucin antigens CpMuc4 and CpMuc5 are integral to Cryptosporidium parvum infection in vitro. Eukaryot Cell 8: 461–469.
-
31.
Jex AR, Gasser RB, 2010. Genetic richness and diversity in Cryptosporidium hominis and C. parvum reveals major knowledge gaps and a need for the application of “next generation” technologies–research review. Biotechnol Adv 28: 17–26.
-
32.
Ajjampur SS, Liakath FB, Kannan A, Rajendran P, Sarkar R, Moses PD, Simon A, Agarwal I, Mathew A, O'Connor R, Ward H, Kang G, 2010. Multisite study of cryptosporidiosis in children with diarrhea in India. J Clin Microbiol 48: 2075–2081.
-
33.
Ajjampur SS, Sarkar R, Allison G, Banda K, Kane A, Muliyil J, Naumova E, Ward H, Kang G, 2011. Serum IgG response to Cryptosporidium immunodominant antigen gp15 and polymorphic antigen gp40 in children with cryptosporidiosis in south India. Clin Vaccine Immunol 18: 633–639.
-
34.
Khan WA, Rogers KA, Karim MM, Ahmed S, Hibberd PL, Calderwood SB, Ryan ET, Ward HD, 2004. Cryptosporidiosis among Bangladeshi children with diarrhea: a prospective, matched, case-control study of clinical features, epidemiology and systemic antibody responses. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71: 412–419.
-
35.
Hira KG, Mackay MR, Hempstead AD, Ahmed S, Karim MM, O'Connor RM, Hibberd PL, Calderwood SB, Ryan ET, Khan WA, Ward HD, 2011. Genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium spp. from Bangladeshi children. J Clin Microbiol 49: 2307–2310.
-
36.
Okhuysen PC, Chappell CL, Sterling CR, Jakubowski W, DuPont HL, 1998. Susceptibility and serologic response of healthy adults to reinfection with Cryptosporidium parvum. Infect Immun 66: 441–443.
-
37.
Robin G, Fraser D, Orr N, Sela T, Slepon R, Ambar R, Dagan R, Le Blancq S, Deckelbaum RJ, Cohen D, 2001. Cryptosporidium infection in Bedouin infants assessed by prospective evaluation of anticryptosporidial antibodies and stool examination. Am J Epidemiol 153: 194–201.
-
38.
Priest JW, Bern C, Xiao L, Roberts JM, Kwon JP, Lescano AG, Checkley W, Cabrera L, Moss DM, Arrowood MJ, Sterling CR, Gilman RH, Lammie PJ, 2006. Longitudinal analysis of Cryptosporidium species-specific immunoglobulin G antibody responses in Peruvian children. Clin Vaccine Immunol 13: 123–131.
-
39.
Ungar BL, Gilman RH, Lanata CF, Perez-Schael I, 1988. Seroepidemiology of Cryptosporidium infection in two Latin American populations. J Infect Dis 157: 551–556.
-
40.
Zu SX, Li JF, Barrett LJ, Fayer R, Shu SY, McAuliffe JF, Roche JK, Guerrant RL, 1994. Seroepidemiologic study of Cryptosporidium infection in children from rural communities of Anhui, China and Fortaleza, Brazil. Am J Trop Med Hyg 51: 1–10.
-
41.
Chappell CL, Okhuysen PC, Langer-Curry R, Widmer G, Akiyoshi DE, Tanriverdi S, Tzipori S, 2006. Cryptosporidium hominis: experimental challenge of healthy adults. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75: 851–857.
-
42.
Okhuysen PC, Rogers GA, Crisanti A, Spano F, Huang DB, Chappell CL, Tzipori S, 2004. Antibody response of healthy adults to recombinant thrombospondin-related adhesive protein of Cryptosporidium 1 after experimental exposure to Cryptosporidium oocysts. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 11: 235–238.
-
43.
Moss DM, Chappell CL, Okhuysen PC, DuPont HL, Arrowood MJ, Hightower AW, Lammie PJ, 1998. The antibody response to 27-, 17-, and 15-kDa Cryptosporidium antigens following experimental infection in humans. J Infect Dis 178: 827–833.
-
44.
Sturbaum GD, Jost BH, Sterling CR, 2003. Nucleotide changes within three Cryptosporidium parvum surface protein encoding genes differentiate genotype I from genotype II isolates. Mol Biochem Parasitol 128: 87–90.
-
45.
O'Connor RM, Kim K, Khan F, Ward H, 2003. Expression of Cpgp40/15 in Toxoplasma gondii: a surrogate system for the study of Cryptosporidium glycoprotein antigens. Infect Immun 71: 6027–6034.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 934 | 872 | 19 |
| Full Text Views | 469 | 14 | 8 |
| PDF Downloads | 56 | 9 | 0 |
Serum Antibody Responses to Polymorphic Cryptosporidium Mucin Antigen in Bangladeshi Children with Cryptosporidiosis
Olivia Lai
Olivia Lai
Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Search for other papers by Olivia Lai in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Olivia Lai in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Christopher Morris
Christopher Morris
Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Search for other papers by Christopher Morris in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Christopher Morris in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Sabeena Ahmed
Sabeena Ahmed
Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Search for other papers by Sabeena Ahmed in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Sabeena Ahmed in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Mohammed Mahbubul Karim
Mohammed Mahbubul Karim
Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Search for other papers by Mohammed Mahbubul Karim in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Mohammed Mahbubul Karim in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Wasif Khan
Wasif Khan
Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Search for other papers by Wasif Khan in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Wasif Khan in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Honorine Ward
Honorine Ward
Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Search for other papers by Honorine Ward in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Honorine Ward in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Roberta O'Connor
Roberta O'Connor
Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Search for other papers by Roberta O'Connor in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Roberta O'Connor in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Cryptosporidium is a significant cause of diarrheal disease in children in developing countries. The sporozoite antigen Muc4 is important for infection of host cells, and could be a candidate vaccine antigen. However, this antigen is polymorphic between Cryptosporidium hominis and C. parvum. We investigated antibody responses to C. hominis Muc4 and C. parvum Muc4 antigen in children in Bangladesh infected with C. hominis. Antibody responses were compared between children with cryptosporidial diarrhea (cases) and uninfected children with diarrhea (controls). There was a significant IgM response to Muc4 from both species in cases compared with controls, which increased over time, and was higher in children with persistent diarrhea. Despite sequence polymorphisms, antibody responses to C. hominis Muc4 and C. parvum Muc4 were significantly correlated. These results suggest that the human antibody response to Muc4 is cross-reactive between species, but in young children does not mature to an IgG response within the period observed in this study.
Author Notes
Financial support: This study was supported by grants 1R21AI070037 and 1R21AI081643 from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health to Roberta O'Connor. The clinical study was supported by an opportunity pool grant from National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health to Honorine Ward.
Authors' addresses: Olivia Lai, Christopher Morris, Honorine Ward, and Roberta O'Connor, Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, E-mails: olivialai1988@gmail.com, chris.h.morris@gmail.com, hward@tuftsmedicalcenter.org, and roconnor@tuftsmedicalcenter.org. Sabeena Ahmed, Mohammed Mahbubul Karim, and Wasif Khan, International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh, E-mails: sabeena@icddrb.org, mahbub@icribd.com, and wakhan@icddrb.org.
- Introduction
- Materials and Methods
- Results
- Demographics.
- Expression of ChMuc4 and CpMuc4 in E. coli.
- Antibody responses to homologous rChMuc4 antigen.
- Antibody responses to heterologous rCpMuc4 antigen.
- Antibody responses in children with acute diarrhea versus those with persistent diarrhea.
- Correlation of antibody response to ChMuc4 and CpMuc4 with each other and with antibody responses to Ch and Cp oocyst lysates.
- Discussion
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Collinet-Adler S, Ward HD, 2010. Cryptosporidiosis: environmental, therapeutic, and preventive challenges. Europ J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 29: 927–935.
-
2.
Leav BA, Mackay M, Ward HD, 2003. Cryptosporidium species: new insights and old challenges. Clin Infect Dis 36: 903–908.
-
3.
Huang DB, White AC, 2006. An updated review on Cryptosporidium and Giardia. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 35: 291–314, viii.
-
4.
Dillingham RA, Lima AA, Guerrant RL, 2002. Cryptosporidiosis: epidemiology and impact. Microbes Infect 4: 1059–1066.
-
5.
Tzipori S, Ward H, 2002. Cryptosporidiosis: biology, pathogenesis and disease. Microbes Infect 4: 1047.
-
6.
Ajjampur SS, Rajendran P, Ramani S, Banerjee I, Monica B, Sankaran P, Rosario V, Arumugam R, Sarkar R, Ward H, Kang G, 2008. Closing the diarrhoea diagnostic gap in Indian children by the application of molecular techniques. J Med Microbiol 57: 1364–1368.
-
7.
Cama VA, Bern C, Roberts J, Cabrera L, Sterling CR, Ortega Y, Gilman RH, Xiao L, 2008. Cryptosporidium species and subtypes and clinical manifestations in children, Peru. Emerg Infect Dis 14: 1567–1574.
-
8.
Priest JW, Bern C, Roberts JM, Kwon JP, Lescano AG, Checkley W, Cabrera L, Moss DM, Arrowood MJ, Sterling CR, Gilman RH, Lammie PJ, 2005. Changes in serum immunoglobulin G levels as a marker for Cryptosporidium sp. infection in Peruvian children. J Clin Microbiol 43: 5298–5300.
-
9.
Checkley W, Epstein LD, Gilman RH, Black RE, Cabrera L, Sterling CR, 1998. Effects of Cryptosporidium parvum infection in Peruvian children: growth faltering and subsequent catch-up growth. Am J Epidemiol 148: 497–506.
-
10.
Checkley W, Gilman RH, Epstein LD, Suarez M, Diaz JF, Cabrera L, Black RE, Sterling CR, 1997. Asymptomatic and symptomatic cryptosporidiosis: their acute effect on weight gain in Peruvian children. Am J Epidemiol 145: 156–163.
-
11.
Molbak K, Hojlyng N, Gottschau A, Sa JC, Ingholt L, da Silva AP, Aaby P, 1993. Cryptosporidiosis in infancy and childhood mortality in Guinea Bissau, West Africa. BMJ 307: 417–420.
-
12.
Lima AA, Fang G, Schorling JB, de Albuquerque L, McAuliffe JF, Mota S, Leite R, Guerrant RL, 1992. Persistent diarrhea in northeast Brazil: etiologies and interactions with malnutrition. Acta Paediatr Suppl 381: 39–44.
-
13.
Sallon S, el Showwa R, el Masri M, Khalil M, Blundell N, Hart CA, 1991. Cryptosporidiosis in children in Gaza. Ann Trop Paediatr 11: 277–281.
-
14.
Sarabia-Arce S, Salazar-Lindo E, Gilman RH, Naranjo J, Miranda E, 1990. Case-control study of Cryptosporidium parvum infection in Peruvian children hospitalized for diarrhea: possible association with malnutrition and nosocomial infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J 9: 627–631.
-
15.
Janoff EN, Mead PS, Mead JR, Echeverria P, Bodhidatta L, Bhaibulaya M, Sterling CR, Taylor DN, 1990. Endemic Cryptosporidium and Giardia lamblia infections in a Thai orphanage. Am J Trop Med Hyg 43: 248–256.
-
16.
Javier Enriquez F, Avila CR, Ignacio Santos J, Tanaka-Kido J, Vallejo O, Sterling CR, 1997. Cryptosporidium infections in Mexican children: clinical, nutritional, enteropathogenic, and diagnostic evaluations. Am J Trop Med Hyg 56: 254–257.
-
17.
Chalmers RM, Davies AP, 2010. Minireview: clinical cryptosporidiosis. Exp Parasitol 124: 138–146.
-
18.
Fox LM, Saravolatz LD, 2005. Nitazoxanide: a new thiazolide antiparasitic agent. Clin Infect Dis 40: 1173–1180.
-
19.
Abubakar I, Aliyu SH, Arumugam C, Hunter PR, Usman NK, 2007. Prevention and treatment of cryptosporidiosis in immunocompromised patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD004932.
-
20.
Borad A, Ward H, 2010. Human immune responses in cryptosporidiosis. Future Microbiol 5: 507–519.
-
21.
Riggs M, 2002. Recent advances in cryptosporidiosis: the immune response. Microbes Infect 4: 1067.
-
22.
Chhin S, Harwell JI, Bell JD, Rozycki G, Ellman T, Barnett JM, Ward H, Reinert SE, Pugatch D, 2006. Etiology of chronic diarrhea in antiretroviral-naive patients with HIV infection admitted to Norodom Sihanouk Hospital, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Clin Infect Dis 43: 925–932.
-
23.
Houpt ER, Bushen OY, Sam NE, Kohli A, Asgharpour A, Ng CT, Calfee DP, Guerrant RL, Maro V, Ole-Nguyaine S, Shao JF, 2005. Short report: asymptomatic Cryptosporidium hominis infection among human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients in Tanzania. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73: 520–522.
-
24.
Xiao L, Ryan UM, 2004. Cryptosporidiosis: an update in molecular epidemiology. Curr Opin Infect Dis 17: 483–490.
-
25.
Strong WB, Gut J, Nelson RG, 2000. Cloning and sequence analysis of a highly polymorphic Cryptosporidium parvum gene encoding a 60-kilodalton glycoprotein and characterization of its 15- and 45-kilodalton zoite surface antigen products. Infect Immun 68: 4117–4134.
-
26.
Sturbaum GD, Schaefer DA, Jost BH, Sterling CR, Riggs MW, 2008. Antigenic differences within the Cryptosporidium hominis and Cryptosporidium parvum surface proteins P23 and GP900 defined by monoclonal antibody reactivity. Mol Biochem Parasitol 159: 138–141.
-
27.
Allison GM, Rogers KA, Borad A, Ahmed S, Karim MM, Kane AV, Hibberd PL, Naumova EN, Calderwood SB, Ryan ET, Khan WA, Ward HD, 2011. Antibody responses to the immunodominant Cryptosporidium gp15 antigen and gp15 polymorphisms in a case-control study of cryptosporidiosis in children in Bangladesh. Am J Trop Med Hyg 85: 97–104.
-
28.
Leav B, Mackay M, Anyanwu A, O'Connor R, Cevallos A, Kindra G, Nelson R, Rollins N, Bennish M, Ward H, 2002. Analysis of sequence diversity at the highly polymorphic Cpgp40/15 locus among Cryptosporidium isolates from human immunodeficiency virus-infected children in South Africa. Infect Immun 70: 3881–3890.
-
29.
Muthusamy D, Rao SS, Ramani S, Monica B, Banerjee I, Abraham OC, Mathai DC, Primrose B, Muliyil J, Wanke CA, Ward HD, Kang G, 2006. Multilocus genotyping of Cryptosporidium sp. isolates from human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals in south India. J Clin Microbiol 44: 632–634.
-
30.
O'Connor RM, Burns PB, Ha-Ngoc T, Scarpato K, Khan W, Kang G, Ward H, 2009. Polymorphic mucin antigens CpMuc4 and CpMuc5 are integral to Cryptosporidium parvum infection in vitro. Eukaryot Cell 8: 461–469.
-
31.
Jex AR, Gasser RB, 2010. Genetic richness and diversity in Cryptosporidium hominis and C. parvum reveals major knowledge gaps and a need for the application of “next generation” technologies–research review. Biotechnol Adv 28: 17–26.
-
32.
Ajjampur SS, Liakath FB, Kannan A, Rajendran P, Sarkar R, Moses PD, Simon A, Agarwal I, Mathew A, O'Connor R, Ward H, Kang G, 2010. Multisite study of cryptosporidiosis in children with diarrhea in India. J Clin Microbiol 48: 2075–2081.
-
33.
Ajjampur SS, Sarkar R, Allison G, Banda K, Kane A, Muliyil J, Naumova E, Ward H, Kang G, 2011. Serum IgG response to Cryptosporidium immunodominant antigen gp15 and polymorphic antigen gp40 in children with cryptosporidiosis in south India. Clin Vaccine Immunol 18: 633–639.
-
34.
Khan WA, Rogers KA, Karim MM, Ahmed S, Hibberd PL, Calderwood SB, Ryan ET, Ward HD, 2004. Cryptosporidiosis among Bangladeshi children with diarrhea: a prospective, matched, case-control study of clinical features, epidemiology and systemic antibody responses. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71: 412–419.
-
35.
Hira KG, Mackay MR, Hempstead AD, Ahmed S, Karim MM, O'Connor RM, Hibberd PL, Calderwood SB, Ryan ET, Khan WA, Ward HD, 2011. Genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium spp. from Bangladeshi children. J Clin Microbiol 49: 2307–2310.
-
36.
Okhuysen PC, Chappell CL, Sterling CR, Jakubowski W, DuPont HL, 1998. Susceptibility and serologic response of healthy adults to reinfection with Cryptosporidium parvum. Infect Immun 66: 441–443.
-
37.
Robin G, Fraser D, Orr N, Sela T, Slepon R, Ambar R, Dagan R, Le Blancq S, Deckelbaum RJ, Cohen D, 2001. Cryptosporidium infection in Bedouin infants assessed by prospective evaluation of anticryptosporidial antibodies and stool examination. Am J Epidemiol 153: 194–201.
-
38.
Priest JW, Bern C, Xiao L, Roberts JM, Kwon JP, Lescano AG, Checkley W, Cabrera L, Moss DM, Arrowood MJ, Sterling CR, Gilman RH, Lammie PJ, 2006. Longitudinal analysis of Cryptosporidium species-specific immunoglobulin G antibody responses in Peruvian children. Clin Vaccine Immunol 13: 123–131.
-
39.
Ungar BL, Gilman RH, Lanata CF, Perez-Schael I, 1988. Seroepidemiology of Cryptosporidium infection in two Latin American populations. J Infect Dis 157: 551–556.
-
40.
Zu SX, Li JF, Barrett LJ, Fayer R, Shu SY, McAuliffe JF, Roche JK, Guerrant RL, 1994. Seroepidemiologic study of Cryptosporidium infection in children from rural communities of Anhui, China and Fortaleza, Brazil. Am J Trop Med Hyg 51: 1–10.
-
41.
Chappell CL, Okhuysen PC, Langer-Curry R, Widmer G, Akiyoshi DE, Tanriverdi S, Tzipori S, 2006. Cryptosporidium hominis: experimental challenge of healthy adults. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75: 851–857.
-
42.
Okhuysen PC, Rogers GA, Crisanti A, Spano F, Huang DB, Chappell CL, Tzipori S, 2004. Antibody response of healthy adults to recombinant thrombospondin-related adhesive protein of Cryptosporidium 1 after experimental exposure to Cryptosporidium oocysts. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 11: 235–238.
-
43.
Moss DM, Chappell CL, Okhuysen PC, DuPont HL, Arrowood MJ, Hightower AW, Lammie PJ, 1998. The antibody response to 27-, 17-, and 15-kDa Cryptosporidium antigens following experimental infection in humans. J Infect Dis 178: 827–833.
-
44.
Sturbaum GD, Jost BH, Sterling CR, 2003. Nucleotide changes within three Cryptosporidium parvum surface protein encoding genes differentiate genotype I from genotype II isolates. Mol Biochem Parasitol 128: 87–90.
-
45.
O'Connor RM, Kim K, Khan F, Ward H, 2003. Expression of Cpgp40/15 in Toxoplasma gondii: a surrogate system for the study of Cryptosporidium glycoprotein antigens. Infect Immun 71: 6027–6034.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 934 | 872 | 19 |
| Full Text Views | 469 | 14 | 8 |
| PDF Downloads | 56 | 9 | 0 |