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RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Villari P, Spielman A, Komar N, McDowell M, Timperi RJ, 1995. The economic burden imposed by a residual case of eastern encephalitis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 52: 8–13.
-
2.
Bigler WJ, Lassing EB, Buff EE, Prather EC, Beck EC, Hoff GL, 1976. Endemic Eastern equine encephalomyelitis in Florida: a twenty-year analysis, 1955–1974. Am J Trop Med Hyg 25: 884–890.
-
3.
Arrigo NC, Adams AP, Weaver SC, 2010. Evolutionary patterns of eastern equine encephalitis virus in North versus South America suggest ecological differences and taxonomic revision. J Virol 84: 1014–1025.
-
4.
Crans WJ, 1962. Blood meal preference studies with New Jersey mosquitoes. Proc N J Mosq Extermin Assoc 49: 120–126.
-
5.
Crans WJ, Schulze TL, 1986. Evidence incriminating Coquillettidia perturbans (Diptera: Culicidae) as an epizootic vector of eastern equine encephalitis. I. Isolation of EEE virus from C. perturbans during an epizootic among horses in New Jersey. Bull Soc Vector Ecol 11: 178–184.
-
6.
Molaei G, Oliver J, Andreadis TG, Armstrong PM, Howard JJ, 2006. Molecular identification of blood-meal sources in Culiseta melanura and Culiseta morsitans from an endemic focus of eastern equine encephalitis virus in New York. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75: 1140–1147.
-
7.
Arrigo NC, Adams AP, Watts DM, Newman PC, Weaver SC, 2010. Cotton rats and house sparrows as hosts for North and South American strains of eastern equine encephalitis virus. Emerg Infect Dis 16: 1373–1380.
-
8.
Armstrong PM, Andreadis TG, Anderson JF, Stull JW, Mores CN, 2008. Tracking eastern equine encephalitis virus perpetuation in the northeastern United States by phylogenetic analysis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 79: 291–296.
-
9.
Weaver SC, Hagenbaugh A, Bellew LA, Gousset L, Mallampalli V, Holland JJ, Scott TW, 1994. Evolution of alphaviruses in the eastern equine encephalomyelitis complex. J Virol 68: 158–169.
-
10.
Weaver SC, Scott TW, Rico-Hesse R, 1991. Molecular evolution of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in North America. Virology 182: 774–784.
-
11.
Young DS, Kramer LD, Maffei JG, Dusek RJ, Backenson PB, Mores CN, Bernard KA, Ebel GD, 2008. Molecular epidemiology of eastern equine encephalitis virus, New York. Emerg Infect Dis 14: 454–460.
-
12.
Scott TW, Hildreth SW, Beaty BJ, 1984. The distribution and development of eastern equine encephalitis virus in its enzootic mosquito vector, Culiseta melanura. Am J Trop Med Hyg 33: 300–310.
-
13.
Cupp EW, Zhang D, Yue X, Cupp MS, Guyer C, Korves T, Unnasch TR, 2004. Identification of reptilian and amphibian blood meals from mosquitoes in an eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus focus in central Alabama. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71: 272–276.
-
14.
Burkett-Cadena ND, Graham SP, Hassan HK, Guyer C, Eubanks MD, Katholi CR, Unnasch TR, 2008. Blood feeding patterns of potential arbovirus vectors of the genus Culex targeting ectothermic hosts. Am J Trop Med Hyg 79: 809–815.
-
15.
Gebhardt LP, Hill DW, 1960. Overwintering of western equine encephalitis virus. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 104: 695–698.
-
16.
Thomas LA, Eklund CM, 1962. Overwintering of western equine encephalomyelitis virus in garter snakes experimentally infected by Culex tarsalis. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 109: 421–424.
-
17.
Bowen GS, 1977. Prolonged western equine encephalitis viremia in the Texas tortoise (Gopherus berlandieri). Am J Trop Med Hyg 26: 171–175.
-
18.
Karstad L, 1961. Reptiles as possible reservoir hosts for eastern encephalitis virus. 26th N. Amer. Wildl. and Nat. Resour. Conf., 186–202.
-
19.
Hayes RO, Daniels JB, Maxfield HK, Wheeler RE, 1964. Field and laboratory studies on eastern encephalitis in warm- and cold-blooded vertebrates. Am J Trop Med Hyg 13: 595–606.
-
20.
Klenk K, Snow J, Morgan K, Bowen R, Stephens M, Foster F, Gordy P, Beckett S, Komar N, Gubler D, Bunning M, 2004. Alligators as West Nile virus amplifiers. Emerg Infect Dis 10: 2150–2155.
-
21.
Cupp EW, Klinger K, Hassan HK, Viguers LM, Unnasch TR, 2003. Eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus transmission in central Alabama. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68: 495–500.
-
22.
Hassan HK, Cupp EW, Hill GE, Katholi CR, Klingler K, Unnasch TR, 2003. Avian host preference by vectors of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 69: 641–647.
-
23.
Jacob BG, Burkett-Cadena ND, Luvall J, Parack S, McClure CJ, L E, Hill GE, Cupp EW, Novak RJ, Unnasch TR, 2010. Developing GIS-based eastern equine encephalitis vector-host models in Tuskegee, Alabama. Int J Health Geograph. 9: 12.
-
24.
Lambert AJ, Martin DA, Lanciotti RS, 2003. Detection of North American eastern and western equine encephalitis viruses by nucleic acid amplification assays. J Clin Microbiol 41: 379–385.
-
25.
Beaty BJ, Calisher CH, Shope RE, 1989. Arboviruses. Schmidt N, Emmons R, eds. Diagnostic Procedures for Viral, Rickettsial and Chlamydial Infections. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, 797–855.
-
26.
Komar N, Dohm DJ, Turell MJ, Spielman A, 1999. Eastern equine encephalitis virus in birds: relative competence of European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris). Am J Trop Med Hyg 60: 387–391.
-
27.
Zimmerman LM, Vogel LA, Bowden RM, 2010. Understanding the vertebrate immune system: insights from the reptilian perspective. J Exp Biol 213: 661–671.
-
28.
Cohen SB, Lewoczko K, Huddleston DB, Moody E, Mukherjee S, Dunn JR, Jones TF, Wilson R, Moncayo AC, 2009. Host feeding patterns of potential vectors of eastern equine encephalitis virus at an epizootic focus in Tennessee. Am J Trop Med Hyg 81: 452–456.
-
29.
Cupp EW, Tennessen KJ, Oldland WK, Hassan HK, Hill GE, Katholi CR, Unnasch TR, 2004. Mosquito and arbovirus activity during 1997–2002 in a wetland in northeastern Mississippi. J Med Entomol 41: 495–501.
-
30.
Cupp EW, Hassan HK, Yue X, Oldland WK, Lilley BM, Unnasch TR, 2007. West Nile virus infection in mosquitoes in the mid-south USA, 2002–2005. J Med Entomol 44: 117–125.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1053 | 874 | 34 |
| Full Text Views | 724 | 12 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 162 | 17 | 0 |
Competency of Reptiles and Amphibians for Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus
Gregory White
Gregory White
Global Health Infectious Disease Research Program, Department of Global Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
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Christy Ottendorfer
Christy Ottendorfer
Global Health Infectious Disease Research Program, Department of Global Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
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Sean Graham
Sean Graham
Global Health Infectious Disease Research Program, Department of Global Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
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Thomas R. Unnasch
Thomas R. Unnasch
Global Health Infectious Disease Research Program, Department of Global Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
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Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) is endemic throughout most of the eastern United States. Although it is transmitted year round in Florida, transmission elsewhere is seasonal. The mechanism that enables EEEV to overwinter in seasonal foci remains obscure. In previous field studies, early season EEEV activity was detected in mosquito species that feed primarily upon ectothermic hosts, suggesting that reptiles and amphibians might represent overwintering reservoir hosts for EEEV. To determine if this might be possible, two commonly fed upon amphibian and reptile species were evaluated as hosts for the North American subtype I strain of EEEV. Neither amphibian species was a competent host. However, circulating viremias were detected in both reptile species examined. Hibernating infected garter snakes remained viremic after exiting hibernation. These data suggest that snakes may represent an overwintering host for North American EEEV.
Author Notes
Financial support: This work was supported by a grant from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (Project # R01AI049724) to TRU.
Authors' addresses: Gregory White, Coachella Valley Mosquito and Vector Control District, Indio, CA, E-mail: gwhite@cvmvcd.org. Christy Ottendorfer Division of Select Agents and Toxins, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, E-mail: cottendorfer@gmail.com. Sean Graham, Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, E-mail: thronateeska@yahoo.com. Thomas R. Unnasch, Global Health Infectious Disease Research Program, Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, E-mail: tunnasch@health.usf.edu.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Villari P, Spielman A, Komar N, McDowell M, Timperi RJ, 1995. The economic burden imposed by a residual case of eastern encephalitis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 52: 8–13.
-
2.
Bigler WJ, Lassing EB, Buff EE, Prather EC, Beck EC, Hoff GL, 1976. Endemic Eastern equine encephalomyelitis in Florida: a twenty-year analysis, 1955–1974. Am J Trop Med Hyg 25: 884–890.
-
3.
Arrigo NC, Adams AP, Weaver SC, 2010. Evolutionary patterns of eastern equine encephalitis virus in North versus South America suggest ecological differences and taxonomic revision. J Virol 84: 1014–1025.
-
4.
Crans WJ, 1962. Blood meal preference studies with New Jersey mosquitoes. Proc N J Mosq Extermin Assoc 49: 120–126.
-
5.
Crans WJ, Schulze TL, 1986. Evidence incriminating Coquillettidia perturbans (Diptera: Culicidae) as an epizootic vector of eastern equine encephalitis. I. Isolation of EEE virus from C. perturbans during an epizootic among horses in New Jersey. Bull Soc Vector Ecol 11: 178–184.
-
6.
Molaei G, Oliver J, Andreadis TG, Armstrong PM, Howard JJ, 2006. Molecular identification of blood-meal sources in Culiseta melanura and Culiseta morsitans from an endemic focus of eastern equine encephalitis virus in New York. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75: 1140–1147.
-
7.
Arrigo NC, Adams AP, Watts DM, Newman PC, Weaver SC, 2010. Cotton rats and house sparrows as hosts for North and South American strains of eastern equine encephalitis virus. Emerg Infect Dis 16: 1373–1380.
-
8.
Armstrong PM, Andreadis TG, Anderson JF, Stull JW, Mores CN, 2008. Tracking eastern equine encephalitis virus perpetuation in the northeastern United States by phylogenetic analysis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 79: 291–296.
-
9.
Weaver SC, Hagenbaugh A, Bellew LA, Gousset L, Mallampalli V, Holland JJ, Scott TW, 1994. Evolution of alphaviruses in the eastern equine encephalomyelitis complex. J Virol 68: 158–169.
-
10.
Weaver SC, Scott TW, Rico-Hesse R, 1991. Molecular evolution of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in North America. Virology 182: 774–784.
-
11.
Young DS, Kramer LD, Maffei JG, Dusek RJ, Backenson PB, Mores CN, Bernard KA, Ebel GD, 2008. Molecular epidemiology of eastern equine encephalitis virus, New York. Emerg Infect Dis 14: 454–460.
-
12.
Scott TW, Hildreth SW, Beaty BJ, 1984. The distribution and development of eastern equine encephalitis virus in its enzootic mosquito vector, Culiseta melanura. Am J Trop Med Hyg 33: 300–310.
-
13.
Cupp EW, Zhang D, Yue X, Cupp MS, Guyer C, Korves T, Unnasch TR, 2004. Identification of reptilian and amphibian blood meals from mosquitoes in an eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus focus in central Alabama. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71: 272–276.
-
14.
Burkett-Cadena ND, Graham SP, Hassan HK, Guyer C, Eubanks MD, Katholi CR, Unnasch TR, 2008. Blood feeding patterns of potential arbovirus vectors of the genus Culex targeting ectothermic hosts. Am J Trop Med Hyg 79: 809–815.
-
15.
Gebhardt LP, Hill DW, 1960. Overwintering of western equine encephalitis virus. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 104: 695–698.
-
16.
Thomas LA, Eklund CM, 1962. Overwintering of western equine encephalomyelitis virus in garter snakes experimentally infected by Culex tarsalis. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 109: 421–424.
-
17.
Bowen GS, 1977. Prolonged western equine encephalitis viremia in the Texas tortoise (Gopherus berlandieri). Am J Trop Med Hyg 26: 171–175.
-
18.
Karstad L, 1961. Reptiles as possible reservoir hosts for eastern encephalitis virus. 26th N. Amer. Wildl. and Nat. Resour. Conf., 186–202.
-
19.
Hayes RO, Daniels JB, Maxfield HK, Wheeler RE, 1964. Field and laboratory studies on eastern encephalitis in warm- and cold-blooded vertebrates. Am J Trop Med Hyg 13: 595–606.
-
20.
Klenk K, Snow J, Morgan K, Bowen R, Stephens M, Foster F, Gordy P, Beckett S, Komar N, Gubler D, Bunning M, 2004. Alligators as West Nile virus amplifiers. Emerg Infect Dis 10: 2150–2155.
-
21.
Cupp EW, Klinger K, Hassan HK, Viguers LM, Unnasch TR, 2003. Eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus transmission in central Alabama. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68: 495–500.
-
22.
Hassan HK, Cupp EW, Hill GE, Katholi CR, Klingler K, Unnasch TR, 2003. Avian host preference by vectors of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 69: 641–647.
-
23.
Jacob BG, Burkett-Cadena ND, Luvall J, Parack S, McClure CJ, L E, Hill GE, Cupp EW, Novak RJ, Unnasch TR, 2010. Developing GIS-based eastern equine encephalitis vector-host models in Tuskegee, Alabama. Int J Health Geograph. 9: 12.
-
24.
Lambert AJ, Martin DA, Lanciotti RS, 2003. Detection of North American eastern and western equine encephalitis viruses by nucleic acid amplification assays. J Clin Microbiol 41: 379–385.
-
25.
Beaty BJ, Calisher CH, Shope RE, 1989. Arboviruses. Schmidt N, Emmons R, eds. Diagnostic Procedures for Viral, Rickettsial and Chlamydial Infections. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, 797–855.
-
26.
Komar N, Dohm DJ, Turell MJ, Spielman A, 1999. Eastern equine encephalitis virus in birds: relative competence of European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris). Am J Trop Med Hyg 60: 387–391.
-
27.
Zimmerman LM, Vogel LA, Bowden RM, 2010. Understanding the vertebrate immune system: insights from the reptilian perspective. J Exp Biol 213: 661–671.
-
28.
Cohen SB, Lewoczko K, Huddleston DB, Moody E, Mukherjee S, Dunn JR, Jones TF, Wilson R, Moncayo AC, 2009. Host feeding patterns of potential vectors of eastern equine encephalitis virus at an epizootic focus in Tennessee. Am J Trop Med Hyg 81: 452–456.
-
29.
Cupp EW, Tennessen KJ, Oldland WK, Hassan HK, Hill GE, Katholi CR, Unnasch TR, 2004. Mosquito and arbovirus activity during 1997–2002 in a wetland in northeastern Mississippi. J Med Entomol 41: 495–501.
-
30.
Cupp EW, Hassan HK, Yue X, Oldland WK, Lilley BM, Unnasch TR, 2007. West Nile virus infection in mosquitoes in the mid-south USA, 2002–2005. J Med Entomol 44: 117–125.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1053 | 874 | 34 |
| Full Text Views | 724 | 12 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 162 | 17 | 0 |