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United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, 2009. Trends in Migrant Stock: The 2008 Revision. Available at: http://esa.un.org/migration. Accessed December 27, 2010.
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US Census Bureau, 2009. Place of Birth of the Foreign-Born Population; American Community Survey, 2009. Available at: http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/foreign. Accessed December 27, 2010.
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3.
McKinley DW, Williams SR, Norcini JJ, Anderson MB, 2008. International exchange programs and U.S. Medical Schools. Acad Med 83: S53–S57.
-
4.
Smilkstein G, Culjat D, 1990. An international health fellowship in primary care in the developing world. Acad Med 65: 781.
-
5.
Thompson MJ, Huntington MK, Hunt DD, Pinsky LE, Brodie JJ, 2003. Educational effects of international health electives on U.S. and Canadian medical students and residents: a literature review. Acad Med 78: 342–347.
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6.
Pust RE, Moher SP, 1992. A core curriculum for international health: evaluating ten years' experience at the University of Arizona. Acad Med 67: 90–94.
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Bissonette R, Route C, 1994. The educational effect of clinical rotations in nonindustrialized countries. Fam Med 26: 226–231.
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8.
Waddell WH, Kelley PR, Suter E, Levit EJ, 1976. Effectiveness of an international health elective as measured by NBME Part II. J Med Educ 51: 468–472.
-
9.
Haq C, Rothenberg D, Gjerde C, Bobula J, Wilson C, Bickley L, Cardelle A, Joseph A, 2000. New world views: preparing physicians in training for global health work. Fam Med 32: 566–572.
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10.
Chiller TM, De Mieri P, Cohen I, 1995. International health training. The Tulane experience. Infect Dis Clin North Am 9: 439–443.
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11.
Ramsey AH, Haq C, Gjerde CL, Rothenberg D, 1995. Career influence of an international health experience during medical school. Fam Med 36: 412–416.
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12.
Miller WC, Corey GR, Lallinger GJ, Durack DT, 1995. International health and internal medicine residency training: the Duke University experience. Am J Med 99: 291–297.
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13.
Gupta AR, Wells CK, Horwitz RI, Bia FJ, Barry M, 1999. The international health program: the fifteen-year experience with Yale University's internal medicine residency program. Am J Trop Med Hyg 61: 1019–1023.
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14.
Boulware DR, Stauffer WM, Hendel-Paterson BR, Rocha JL, Seet RC, Summer AP, Nield LS, Supparatpinyo K, Chaiwarith R, Walker PF, 2007. Maltreatment of Strongyloides infection: case series and worldwide physicians-in-training survey. Am J Med 120: 545.e1–545.e8.
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Genta RM, 1989. Global prevalence of strongyloidiasis: critical review with epidemiologic insights into the prevention of disseminated disease. Rev Infect Dis 11: 755–767.
-
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Olsen A, van Lieshout L, Marti H, Polderman T, Polman K, Steinmann P, Stothard R, Thybo S, Verweij JJ, Magnussen P, 2009. Strongyloidiasis—the most neglected of the neglected tropical diseases? Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 103: 967–972.
-
17.
Swanson S, Lee B, Mamo B, Smith K, Stauffer WM, 2006. Changing prevalence of intestinal parasites among newly arrived Southeast Asian and African refugees after empiric predeparture albendazole treatment—Minnesota, 1993–2004. Proceedings of the 55th Annual Epidemic Intelligence Service Conference, April 24–28, 2006, Atlanta, GA.
-
18.
Posey DL, Blackburn BG, Weinberg M, Flagg EW, Ortega L, Wilson M, Secor WE, Sanders-Lewis K, Won K, Maguire JH, 2007. High prevalence and presumptive treatment of schistosomiasis and strongyloidiasis among African refugees. Clin Infect Dis 45: 1310–1315.
-
19.
Caruana SR, Kelly HA, Ngeow JY, Ryan NJ, Bennett CM, Chea L, Nuon S, Bak N, Skull SA, Biggs BA, 2006. Undiagnosed and potentially lethal parasite infections among immigrants and refugees in Australia. J Travel Med 13: 233–239.
-
20.
de Silva S, Saykao P, Kelly H, MacIntyre CR, Ryan N, Leydon J, Biggs BA, 2002. Chronic Strongyloides stercoralis infection in Laotian immigrants and refugees 7–20 years after resettlement in Australia. Epidemiol Infect 128: 439–444.
-
21.
Newberry AM, Williams DN, Stauffer WM, Boulware DR, Hendel-Paterson BR, Walker PF, 2005. Strongyloides hyperinfection presenting as acute respiratory failure and gram-negative sepsis. Chest 128: 3681–3684.
-
22.
Lim S, Katz K, Krajden S, Fuksa M, Keystone JS, Kain KC, 2004. Complicated and fatal Strongyloides infection in Canadians: risk factors, diagnosis and management. CMAJ 171: 479–484.
-
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Boulware D, 2010. Strongyloides Web Survey. Available at: http://www.tropical.umn.edu/Strongyloides. Accessed December 27, 2010.
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University of Minnesota, 2010. Online Training in Global Health. Available at: http://www.globalhealth.umn.edu/onlinetrainingglobalhealth. Accessed December 27, 2010.
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Drain PK, Holmes KK, Skeff KM, Hall TL, Gardner P, 2009. Global health training and international clinical rotations during residency: current status, needs, and opportunities. Acad Med 84: 320–325.
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26.
Torjesen K, Mandalakas A, Kahn R, Duncan B, 1999. International child health electives for pediatric residents. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 153: 1297–1302.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 993 | 887 | 28 |
| Full Text Views | 1334 | 12 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 97 | 13 | 0 |
Impact of Global Health Residency Training on Medical Knowledge of Immigrant Health
Ashley Balsam Bjorklund
Ashley Balsam Bjorklund
Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; HealthPartners, Center for International Health, St. Paul, Minnesota; Infectious Diseases, Regions Hospital, St. Paul, Minnesota; Center for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Translational Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Bethany A. Cook
Bethany A. Cook
Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; HealthPartners, Center for International Health, St. Paul, Minnesota; Infectious Diseases, Regions Hospital, St. Paul, Minnesota; Center for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Translational Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Brett R. Hendel-Paterson
Brett R. Hendel-Paterson
Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; HealthPartners, Center for International Health, St. Paul, Minnesota; Infectious Diseases, Regions Hospital, St. Paul, Minnesota; Center for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Translational Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Patricia F. Walker
Patricia F. Walker
Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; HealthPartners, Center for International Health, St. Paul, Minnesota; Infectious Diseases, Regions Hospital, St. Paul, Minnesota; Center for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Translational Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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William M. Stauffer
William M. Stauffer
Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; HealthPartners, Center for International Health, St. Paul, Minnesota; Infectious Diseases, Regions Hospital, St. Paul, Minnesota; Center for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Translational Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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David R. Boulware
David R. Boulware
Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; HealthPartners, Center for International Health, St. Paul, Minnesota; Infectious Diseases, Regions Hospital, St. Paul, Minnesota; Center for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Translational Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Lack of global health knowledge places immigrants at risk of iatrogenic morbidity. Although global health education programs have grown in popularity, measurable impact is lacking. We previously surveyed 363 physicians in training across 15 programs in four countries in 2004 regarding basic parasite knowledge and recognition of Strongyloides risk through a theoretical case scenario. In 2005, the University of Minnesota implemented a formal global health training program (GHP). In 2009, the identical survey was repeated. Strongyloidiasis recognition increased from 11.1% (19/171) in 2004 to 39.4% (50/127) in 2009 (P < 0.001). Trainees participating in formal didactic and interactive curriculum had superior recognition (77% versus 29%; P < 0.001). In a multivariate model of GHP training activities, participation in an American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene-accredited global health certificate course increased recognition (odds ratio = 9.5, 95% confidence interval = 2.5–36, P = 0.001), whereas participation in international electives alone did not (P = 0.9). A formal GHP curriculum was associated with improved knowledge regarding common parasitic infections and the risk of iatrogenic morbidity and mortality due to strongyloidiasis.
Author Notes
Financial support: D.R.B. is supported by National Institutes of Health Grant K23AI073192-02. No specific financial support existed for the survey.
Authors' addresses: Ashley Balsam Bjorklund, Bethany A. Cook, Brett R. Hendel-Paterson, Patricia F. Walker, William M. Stauffer, and David R. Boulware, Division of Infectious Disease and International Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, E-mails: bals0064@umn.edu, cook0317@umn.edu, bhendel1@gmail.com, walke068@umn.edu, stauf005@umn.edu, and boulw001@umn.edu.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, 2009. Trends in Migrant Stock: The 2008 Revision. Available at: http://esa.un.org/migration. Accessed December 27, 2010.
-
2.
US Census Bureau, 2009. Place of Birth of the Foreign-Born Population; American Community Survey, 2009. Available at: http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/foreign. Accessed December 27, 2010.
-
3.
McKinley DW, Williams SR, Norcini JJ, Anderson MB, 2008. International exchange programs and U.S. Medical Schools. Acad Med 83: S53–S57.
-
4.
Smilkstein G, Culjat D, 1990. An international health fellowship in primary care in the developing world. Acad Med 65: 781.
-
5.
Thompson MJ, Huntington MK, Hunt DD, Pinsky LE, Brodie JJ, 2003. Educational effects of international health electives on U.S. and Canadian medical students and residents: a literature review. Acad Med 78: 342–347.
-
6.
Pust RE, Moher SP, 1992. A core curriculum for international health: evaluating ten years' experience at the University of Arizona. Acad Med 67: 90–94.
-
7.
Bissonette R, Route C, 1994. The educational effect of clinical rotations in nonindustrialized countries. Fam Med 26: 226–231.
-
8.
Waddell WH, Kelley PR, Suter E, Levit EJ, 1976. Effectiveness of an international health elective as measured by NBME Part II. J Med Educ 51: 468–472.
-
9.
Haq C, Rothenberg D, Gjerde C, Bobula J, Wilson C, Bickley L, Cardelle A, Joseph A, 2000. New world views: preparing physicians in training for global health work. Fam Med 32: 566–572.
-
10.
Chiller TM, De Mieri P, Cohen I, 1995. International health training. The Tulane experience. Infect Dis Clin North Am 9: 439–443.
-
11.
Ramsey AH, Haq C, Gjerde CL, Rothenberg D, 1995. Career influence of an international health experience during medical school. Fam Med 36: 412–416.
-
12.
Miller WC, Corey GR, Lallinger GJ, Durack DT, 1995. International health and internal medicine residency training: the Duke University experience. Am J Med 99: 291–297.
-
13.
Gupta AR, Wells CK, Horwitz RI, Bia FJ, Barry M, 1999. The international health program: the fifteen-year experience with Yale University's internal medicine residency program. Am J Trop Med Hyg 61: 1019–1023.
-
14.
Boulware DR, Stauffer WM, Hendel-Paterson BR, Rocha JL, Seet RC, Summer AP, Nield LS, Supparatpinyo K, Chaiwarith R, Walker PF, 2007. Maltreatment of Strongyloides infection: case series and worldwide physicians-in-training survey. Am J Med 120: 545.e1–545.e8.
-
15.
Genta RM, 1989. Global prevalence of strongyloidiasis: critical review with epidemiologic insights into the prevention of disseminated disease. Rev Infect Dis 11: 755–767.
-
16.
Olsen A, van Lieshout L, Marti H, Polderman T, Polman K, Steinmann P, Stothard R, Thybo S, Verweij JJ, Magnussen P, 2009. Strongyloidiasis—the most neglected of the neglected tropical diseases? Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 103: 967–972.
-
17.
Swanson S, Lee B, Mamo B, Smith K, Stauffer WM, 2006. Changing prevalence of intestinal parasites among newly arrived Southeast Asian and African refugees after empiric predeparture albendazole treatment—Minnesota, 1993–2004. Proceedings of the 55th Annual Epidemic Intelligence Service Conference, April 24–28, 2006, Atlanta, GA.
-
18.
Posey DL, Blackburn BG, Weinberg M, Flagg EW, Ortega L, Wilson M, Secor WE, Sanders-Lewis K, Won K, Maguire JH, 2007. High prevalence and presumptive treatment of schistosomiasis and strongyloidiasis among African refugees. Clin Infect Dis 45: 1310–1315.
-
19.
Caruana SR, Kelly HA, Ngeow JY, Ryan NJ, Bennett CM, Chea L, Nuon S, Bak N, Skull SA, Biggs BA, 2006. Undiagnosed and potentially lethal parasite infections among immigrants and refugees in Australia. J Travel Med 13: 233–239.
-
20.
de Silva S, Saykao P, Kelly H, MacIntyre CR, Ryan N, Leydon J, Biggs BA, 2002. Chronic Strongyloides stercoralis infection in Laotian immigrants and refugees 7–20 years after resettlement in Australia. Epidemiol Infect 128: 439–444.
-
21.
Newberry AM, Williams DN, Stauffer WM, Boulware DR, Hendel-Paterson BR, Walker PF, 2005. Strongyloides hyperinfection presenting as acute respiratory failure and gram-negative sepsis. Chest 128: 3681–3684.
-
22.
Lim S, Katz K, Krajden S, Fuksa M, Keystone JS, Kain KC, 2004. Complicated and fatal Strongyloides infection in Canadians: risk factors, diagnosis and management. CMAJ 171: 479–484.
-
23.
Boulware D, 2010. Strongyloides Web Survey. Available at: http://www.tropical.umn.edu/Strongyloides. Accessed December 27, 2010.
-
24.
University of Minnesota, 2010. Online Training in Global Health. Available at: http://www.globalhealth.umn.edu/onlinetrainingglobalhealth. Accessed December 27, 2010.
-
25.
Drain PK, Holmes KK, Skeff KM, Hall TL, Gardner P, 2009. Global health training and international clinical rotations during residency: current status, needs, and opportunities. Acad Med 84: 320–325.
-
26.
Torjesen K, Mandalakas A, Kahn R, Duncan B, 1999. International child health electives for pediatric residents. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 153: 1297–1302.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 993 | 887 | 28 |
| Full Text Views | 1334 | 12 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 97 | 13 | 0 |