Author:
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1.
World Health Organization, 2009. Iron deficiency anaemia. Available at: http://www.who.int/nutrition/topics/ida/en/index.html. Accessed April 5, 2010.
-
2.
Malkin RA, 2007. Design of healthcare technologies for the developing world. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 9: 567–587.
-
3.
Robinett D, Taylor H, Stephens C, 1996. Anemia Detection in Health Services: Guidelines for Program Managers. Seattle, WA: Program for Appropriate Technology in Health.
-
4.
Van den Broek NR, Ntonya C, Mhango E, White SA, 1999. Diagnosing anaemia in pregnancy in rural clinics: assessing the potential of the haemoglobin colour scale. Bull World Health Organ 77: 15–21.
-
5.
Brimhall OD, McLaughlin TJ, Baker CD, Peterson SC, 1988. Apparatus and Method for Obtaining a Rapid Hematocrit. United States Patent 4,738,655.
-
6.
Borg G, 1982. Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion. Med Sci Sports Exerc 14: 377–381.
-
7.
Birnie G, Rickwood D, eds, 1978. Centrifugal Separations in Molecular and Cell Biology. Woburn, MA: Butterworths.
-
8.
Chalin H, Mollison PL, 1952. Correction for plasma trapped in the red cell column of the hematocrit. Blood 7: 1227–1238.
-
9.
Bernstein RE, 1955. The correction of mean cell volume and mean cell haemoglobin concentration. J Clin Pathol 8: 225–226.
-
10.
Kraemer K, Zimmermann MB, 2007. Nutritional Anemia. Basel: Sight and Life Press.
-
11.
Kokholm G, 1991. Simultaneous Measurements of Blood pH, pCO2, pO2 and Concentrations of Hemoglobin and its Derivatives – A Multicenter Study. Radiometer Publication AS107. Wayne, PA: National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards
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12.
Scientific LW. ZIPocrit Instruction Manual. Available at: http://www.lwscientific.com/manuals/Centrifuges/Zipocrit.pdf. Accessed October 29, 2010.
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13.
Leeson D, Reeve EB, 1951. The plasma in the packed cell column of the haematocrit. J Physiol 115: 129–142.
-
14.
England JM, Walford DM, Waters DA, 1972. Re-assessment of the reliability of the haematocrit. Br J Haematol 23: 247–256.
-
15.
Bland J, Altman D, 1986. Comparing methods of measurement: why plotting difference against standard method is misleading. Lancet 346: 1085–1087.
-
16.
Wong A, Gupta M, Shevkoplyas S, Whitesides G, 2008. Egg beater as a centrifuge: isolating human blood plasma from whole blood in resource-poor settings. Lab Chip 8: 2023–2037.
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A Hand-Powered, Portable, Low-Cost Centrifuge for Diagnosing Anemia in Low-Resource Settings
Jocelyn Brown
Jocelyn Brown
Rice University Institute for Global Health Technologies, Houston, Texas; University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas
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Lauren Theis
Lauren Theis
Rice University Institute for Global Health Technologies, Houston, Texas; University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas
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Lila Kerr
Lila Kerr
Rice University Institute for Global Health Technologies, Houston, Texas; University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas
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Nazima Zakhidova
Nazima Zakhidova
Rice University Institute for Global Health Technologies, Houston, Texas; University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas
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Kelly O'Connor
Kelly O'Connor
Rice University Institute for Global Health Technologies, Houston, Texas; University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas
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Margaret Uthman
Margaret Uthman
Rice University Institute for Global Health Technologies, Houston, Texas; University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas
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Z. Maria Oden
Z. Maria Oden
Rice University Institute for Global Health Technologies, Houston, Texas; University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas
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Rebecca Richards-Kortum
Rebecca Richards-Kortum
Rice University Institute for Global Health Technologies, Houston, Texas; University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas
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This report describes the development of a hand-powered centrifuge to determine hematocrit values in low-resource settings. A hand-powered centrifuge was constructed by using a salad spinner. Hematocrit values were measured by using the hand-powered device, and results were compared with those of a benchtop centrifuge. The packed cell volume (PCV) measured with the hand-powered device correlated linearly with results obtained with a benchtop centrifuge (r = 0.986, P < 0.001). The PCVs measured with the hand-powered centrifuge were consistently 1.14 times higher than those measured with the benchtop system. The 14% increase in PCV measured with the hand-powered centrifuge is caused by increased plasma trapped in the cell column. The reader card was adjusted to compensate for trapped plasma. A hand-powered centrifuge and calibrated reader card can be constructed for U.S. $35 and can accurately determine hematocrit values. It is suitable for use in low-resource settings because it is mechanically-powered, inexpensive, and accurate.
Author Notes
Financial support: The Beyond Traditional Borders initiative was supported by a grant to Rice University from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute through the Undergraduate Science Education Program.
Authors' addresses: Jocelyn Brown, Lauren Theis, Lila Kerr, Nazima Zakhidova, Kelly O'Connor, Z. Maria Oden, and Rebecca Richards-Kortum, Institute for Global Health Technologies, Rice University, Houston, TX. Margaret Uthman, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
World Health Organization, 2009. Iron deficiency anaemia. Available at: http://www.who.int/nutrition/topics/ida/en/index.html. Accessed April 5, 2010.
-
2.
Malkin RA, 2007. Design of healthcare technologies for the developing world. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 9: 567–587.
-
3.
Robinett D, Taylor H, Stephens C, 1996. Anemia Detection in Health Services: Guidelines for Program Managers. Seattle, WA: Program for Appropriate Technology in Health.
-
4.
Van den Broek NR, Ntonya C, Mhango E, White SA, 1999. Diagnosing anaemia in pregnancy in rural clinics: assessing the potential of the haemoglobin colour scale. Bull World Health Organ 77: 15–21.
-
5.
Brimhall OD, McLaughlin TJ, Baker CD, Peterson SC, 1988. Apparatus and Method for Obtaining a Rapid Hematocrit. United States Patent 4,738,655.
-
6.
Borg G, 1982. Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion. Med Sci Sports Exerc 14: 377–381.
-
7.
Birnie G, Rickwood D, eds, 1978. Centrifugal Separations in Molecular and Cell Biology. Woburn, MA: Butterworths.
-
8.
Chalin H, Mollison PL, 1952. Correction for plasma trapped in the red cell column of the hematocrit. Blood 7: 1227–1238.
-
9.
Bernstein RE, 1955. The correction of mean cell volume and mean cell haemoglobin concentration. J Clin Pathol 8: 225–226.
-
10.
Kraemer K, Zimmermann MB, 2007. Nutritional Anemia. Basel: Sight and Life Press.
-
11.
Kokholm G, 1991. Simultaneous Measurements of Blood pH, pCO2, pO2 and Concentrations of Hemoglobin and its Derivatives – A Multicenter Study. Radiometer Publication AS107. Wayne, PA: National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards
-
12.
Scientific LW. ZIPocrit Instruction Manual. Available at: http://www.lwscientific.com/manuals/Centrifuges/Zipocrit.pdf. Accessed October 29, 2010.
-
13.
Leeson D, Reeve EB, 1951. The plasma in the packed cell column of the haematocrit. J Physiol 115: 129–142.
-
14.
England JM, Walford DM, Waters DA, 1972. Re-assessment of the reliability of the haematocrit. Br J Haematol 23: 247–256.
-
15.
Bland J, Altman D, 1986. Comparing methods of measurement: why plotting difference against standard method is misleading. Lancet 346: 1085–1087.
-
16.
Wong A, Gupta M, Shevkoplyas S, Whitesides G, 2008. Egg beater as a centrifuge: isolating human blood plasma from whole blood in resource-poor settings. Lab Chip 8: 2023–2037.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 64 | 64 | 17 |
| Full Text Views | 2024 | 1125 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 1049 | 409 | 0 |