ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
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-
1.
Solomon A, Zondervan M, Kuper H, Buchan J, Mabey D, Foster A, 2006. Trachoma Control: A Guide for Programme Managers. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
2.
Solomon AW, Holland MJ, Alexander ND, Massae PA, Aguirre A, Natividad-Sancho A, Molina S, Safari S, Shao JF, Courtright P, Peeling RW, West SK, Bailey RL, Foster A, Mabey DC, 2004. Mass treatment with single-dose azithromycin for trachoma. N Engl J Med 351: 1962–1971.
-
3.
West SK, Munoz B, Mkocha H, Gaydos C, Quinn T, 2007. Trachoma and ocular Chlamydia trachomatis were not eliminated three years after two rounds of mass treatment in a trachoma hyperendemic village. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 48: 1492–1497.
-
4.
Melese M, Chidambaram JD, Alemayehu W, Lee DC, Yi EH, Cevallos V, Zhou Z, Donnellan C, Saidel M, Whitcher JP, Gaynor BD, Lietman TM, 2004. Feasibility of eliminating ocular Chlamydia trachomatis with repeat mass antibiotic treatments. JAMA 292: 721–725.
-
5.
Sadiq ST, Glasgow KW, Drakeley CJ, Muller O, Greenwood BM, Mabey DC, Bailey RL, 1995. Effects of azithromycin on malariometric indices in The Gambia. Lancet 346: 881–882.
-
6.
Whitty CJ, Glasgow KW, Sadiq ST, Mabey DC, Bailey R, 1999. Impact of community-based mass treatment for trachoma with oral azithromycin on general morbidity in Gambian children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 18: 955–958.
-
7.
Porco TC, Gebre T, Ayele B, House J, Keenan J, Zhou Z, Hong KC, Stoller N, Ray KJ, Emerson P, Gaynor BD, Lietman TM, 2009. Effect of mass distribution of azithromycin for trachoma control on overall mortality in Ethiopian children: a randomized trial. JAMA 302: 962–968.
-
8.
Zuckerman JM, 2004. Macrolides and ketolides: azithromycin, clarithromycin, telithromycin. Infect Dis Clin North Am 18: 621–649.
-
9.
House JI, Ayele B, Porco TC, Zhou Z, Hong KC, Gebre T, Ray KJ, Keenan JD, Stoller NE, Whitcher JP, Gaynor BD, Emerson PM, Lietman TM, 2009. Assessment of herd protection against trachoma due to repeated mass antibiotic distributions: a cluster-randomised trial. Lancet 373: 1111–1118.
-
10.
Sommer A, Zeger SL, 1991. On estimating efficacy from clinical trials. Stat Med 10: 45–52.
-
11.
Snijders TAB, Bosker R, 1999. Multilevel Analysis: An Introduction to Basic and Advanced Multilevel Modeling. London: Sage Publishers.
-
12.
Martin DH, Mroczkowski TF, Dalu ZA, McCarty J, Jones RB, Hopkins SJ, Johnson RB, 1992. A controlled trial of a single dose of azithromycin for the treatment of chlamydial urethritis and cervicitis. The Azithromycin for Chlamydial Infections Study Group. N Engl J Med 327: 921–925.
-
13.
Law C, Amsden GW, 2004. Single-dose azithromycin for respiratory tract infections. Ann Pharmacother 38: 433–439.
-
14.
2006. Physicians' Desk Reference, 60th edition. Montvale, NJ: Thomson PDR.
-
15.
West SK, West ES, Alemayehu W, Melese M, Munoz B, Imeru A, Worku A, Gaydos C, Meinert CL, Quinn T, 2006. Single-dose azithromycin prevents trichiasis recurrence following surgery: randomized trial in Ethiopia. Arch Ophthalmol 124: 309–314.
-
16.
Cochereau I, Goldschmidt P, Goepogui A, Afghani T, Delval L, Pouliquen P, Bourcier T, Robert PY, 2007. Efficacy and safety of short duration azithromycin eye drops versus azithromycin single oral dose for the treatment of trachoma in children: a randomised, controlled, double-masked clinical trial. Br J Ophthalmol 91: 667–672.
-
17.
Tabbara KF, Abu-el-Asrar A, al-Omar O, Choudhury AH, al-Faisal Z, 1996. Single-dose azithromycin in the treatment of trachoma. A randomized, controlled study. Ophthalmology 103: 842–846.
-
18.
Solomon AW, Akudibillah J, Abugri P, Hagan M, Foster A, Bailey RL, Mabey DC, 2001. Pilot study of the use of community volunteers to distribute azithromycin for trachoma control in Ghana. Bull World Health Organ 79: 8–14.
-
19.
Bailey RL, Arullendran P, Whittle HC, Mabey DC, 1993. Randomised controlled trial of single-dose azithromycin in treatment of trachoma. Lancet 342: 453–456.
-
20.
Bent S, Padula A, Avins AL, 2006. Brief communication: Better ways to question patients about adverse medical events: a randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 144: 257–261.
-
21.
Fry AM, Jha HC, Lietman TM, Chaudhary JS, Bhatta RC, Elliott J, Hyde T, Schuchat A, Gaynor B, Dowell SF, 2002. Adverse and beneficial secondary effects of mass treatment with azithromycin to eliminate blindness due to trachoma in Nepal. Clin Infect Dis 35: 395–402.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 870 | 839 | 19 |
| Full Text Views | 401 | 11 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 101 | 9 | 0 |
Adverse Events after Mass Azithromycin Treatments for Trachoma in Ethiopia
Berhan Ayele
Berhan Ayele
The Carter Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; F.I. Proctor Foundation, Department of Ophthalmology, and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California
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Teshome Gebre
Teshome Gebre
The Carter Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; F.I. Proctor Foundation, Department of Ophthalmology, and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California
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Jenafir I. House
Jenafir I. House
The Carter Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; F.I. Proctor Foundation, Department of Ophthalmology, and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California
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Zhaoxia Zhou
Zhaoxia Zhou
The Carter Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; F.I. Proctor Foundation, Department of Ophthalmology, and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California
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Charles E. McCulloch
Charles E. McCulloch
The Carter Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; F.I. Proctor Foundation, Department of Ophthalmology, and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California
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Travis C. Porco
Travis C. Porco
The Carter Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; F.I. Proctor Foundation, Department of Ophthalmology, and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California
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Bruce D. Gaynor
Bruce D. Gaynor
The Carter Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; F.I. Proctor Foundation, Department of Ophthalmology, and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California
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Paul M. Emerson
Paul M. Emerson
The Carter Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; F.I. Proctor Foundation, Department of Ophthalmology, and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California
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Thomas M. Lietman
Thomas M. Lietman
The Carter Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; F.I. Proctor Foundation, Department of Ophthalmology, and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California
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Jeremy D. Keenan
Jeremy D. Keenan
The Carter Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; F.I. Proctor Foundation, Department of Ophthalmology, and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California
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During a cluster-randomized clinical trial for trachoma in Ethiopia, two rounds of adverse event surveillance were performed in a random sample of communities after community-wide mass azithromycin treatment. The prevalence of any reported adverse event ranged from 4.9% to 7.0% in children 1–9 years of age and from 17.0% to 18.7% in persons ≥ 10 years of age. Adverse events appeared to cluster by household and perhaps by village. Mass azithromycin distributions were well tolerated in this setting.
Author Notes
Financial support: This study was supported by the National Institutes of Health (grants NEI U10 EY016214, NEI K23 EY019071 and NIH/NCRR/OD UCSF-CTSI KL2 RR024130). We also thank the International Trachoma Initiative for the generous donation of azithromycin, and the Bernard Osher Foundation, That Man May See, the Bodri Foundation, the Harper Inglis Trust, the South Asia Research Fund, and Research to Prevent Blindness for support.
Disclosure: None of the authors has any conflicts of interest.
Authors' addresses: Berhan Ayele and Teshome Gebre, The Carter Center-Ethiopia Bole K.K., Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, E-mails: berhanayele@yahoo.com and teshumanga2002@yahoo.com. Jenafir I. House, Zhaoxia Zhou, Travis C. Porco, Bruce D. Gaynor, Thomas M. Lietman, and Jeremy D. Keenan, F.I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, CA, E-mails jenafirh@yahoo.com, zhaoxia.zhou@ucsf.edu, travis.porco@ucsf.edu, bruce.gaynor@ucsf.edu, tom.lietman@ucsf.edu, and jeremy.keenan@ucsf.edu. Charles E. McCulloch, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, E-mail: chuck@biostat.ucsf.edu. Paul M. Emerson, The Carter Center, Atlanta, GA, E-mail: paul.emerson@emory.edu.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Solomon A, Zondervan M, Kuper H, Buchan J, Mabey D, Foster A, 2006. Trachoma Control: A Guide for Programme Managers. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
2.
Solomon AW, Holland MJ, Alexander ND, Massae PA, Aguirre A, Natividad-Sancho A, Molina S, Safari S, Shao JF, Courtright P, Peeling RW, West SK, Bailey RL, Foster A, Mabey DC, 2004. Mass treatment with single-dose azithromycin for trachoma. N Engl J Med 351: 1962–1971.
-
3.
West SK, Munoz B, Mkocha H, Gaydos C, Quinn T, 2007. Trachoma and ocular Chlamydia trachomatis were not eliminated three years after two rounds of mass treatment in a trachoma hyperendemic village. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 48: 1492–1497.
-
4.
Melese M, Chidambaram JD, Alemayehu W, Lee DC, Yi EH, Cevallos V, Zhou Z, Donnellan C, Saidel M, Whitcher JP, Gaynor BD, Lietman TM, 2004. Feasibility of eliminating ocular Chlamydia trachomatis with repeat mass antibiotic treatments. JAMA 292: 721–725.
-
5.
Sadiq ST, Glasgow KW, Drakeley CJ, Muller O, Greenwood BM, Mabey DC, Bailey RL, 1995. Effects of azithromycin on malariometric indices in The Gambia. Lancet 346: 881–882.
-
6.
Whitty CJ, Glasgow KW, Sadiq ST, Mabey DC, Bailey R, 1999. Impact of community-based mass treatment for trachoma with oral azithromycin on general morbidity in Gambian children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 18: 955–958.
-
7.
Porco TC, Gebre T, Ayele B, House J, Keenan J, Zhou Z, Hong KC, Stoller N, Ray KJ, Emerson P, Gaynor BD, Lietman TM, 2009. Effect of mass distribution of azithromycin for trachoma control on overall mortality in Ethiopian children: a randomized trial. JAMA 302: 962–968.
-
8.
Zuckerman JM, 2004. Macrolides and ketolides: azithromycin, clarithromycin, telithromycin. Infect Dis Clin North Am 18: 621–649.
-
9.
House JI, Ayele B, Porco TC, Zhou Z, Hong KC, Gebre T, Ray KJ, Keenan JD, Stoller NE, Whitcher JP, Gaynor BD, Emerson PM, Lietman TM, 2009. Assessment of herd protection against trachoma due to repeated mass antibiotic distributions: a cluster-randomised trial. Lancet 373: 1111–1118.
-
10.
Sommer A, Zeger SL, 1991. On estimating efficacy from clinical trials. Stat Med 10: 45–52.
-
11.
Snijders TAB, Bosker R, 1999. Multilevel Analysis: An Introduction to Basic and Advanced Multilevel Modeling. London: Sage Publishers.
-
12.
Martin DH, Mroczkowski TF, Dalu ZA, McCarty J, Jones RB, Hopkins SJ, Johnson RB, 1992. A controlled trial of a single dose of azithromycin for the treatment of chlamydial urethritis and cervicitis. The Azithromycin for Chlamydial Infections Study Group. N Engl J Med 327: 921–925.
-
13.
Law C, Amsden GW, 2004. Single-dose azithromycin for respiratory tract infections. Ann Pharmacother 38: 433–439.
-
14.
2006. Physicians' Desk Reference, 60th edition. Montvale, NJ: Thomson PDR.
-
15.
West SK, West ES, Alemayehu W, Melese M, Munoz B, Imeru A, Worku A, Gaydos C, Meinert CL, Quinn T, 2006. Single-dose azithromycin prevents trichiasis recurrence following surgery: randomized trial in Ethiopia. Arch Ophthalmol 124: 309–314.
-
16.
Cochereau I, Goldschmidt P, Goepogui A, Afghani T, Delval L, Pouliquen P, Bourcier T, Robert PY, 2007. Efficacy and safety of short duration azithromycin eye drops versus azithromycin single oral dose for the treatment of trachoma in children: a randomised, controlled, double-masked clinical trial. Br J Ophthalmol 91: 667–672.
-
17.
Tabbara KF, Abu-el-Asrar A, al-Omar O, Choudhury AH, al-Faisal Z, 1996. Single-dose azithromycin in the treatment of trachoma. A randomized, controlled study. Ophthalmology 103: 842–846.
-
18.
Solomon AW, Akudibillah J, Abugri P, Hagan M, Foster A, Bailey RL, Mabey DC, 2001. Pilot study of the use of community volunteers to distribute azithromycin for trachoma control in Ghana. Bull World Health Organ 79: 8–14.
-
19.
Bailey RL, Arullendran P, Whittle HC, Mabey DC, 1993. Randomised controlled trial of single-dose azithromycin in treatment of trachoma. Lancet 342: 453–456.
-
20.
Bent S, Padula A, Avins AL, 2006. Brief communication: Better ways to question patients about adverse medical events: a randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 144: 257–261.
-
21.
Fry AM, Jha HC, Lietman TM, Chaudhary JS, Bhatta RC, Elliott J, Hyde T, Schuchat A, Gaynor B, Dowell SF, 2002. Adverse and beneficial secondary effects of mass treatment with azithromycin to eliminate blindness due to trachoma in Nepal. Clin Infect Dis 35: 395–402.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 870 | 839 | 19 |
| Full Text Views | 401 | 11 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 101 | 9 | 0 |