Effect of Sex, Age, and Race on the Clinical Presentation of Tuberculosis: A 15-Year Population-Based Study

Xinyu Zhang Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; International Reference Laboratory of Mycobacteriology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark; Medical Department, Queen Ingrid's Hospital, Nuuk, Greenland

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Aase B. Andersen Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; International Reference Laboratory of Mycobacteriology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark; Medical Department, Queen Ingrid's Hospital, Nuuk, Greenland

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Troels Lillebaek Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; International Reference Laboratory of Mycobacteriology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark; Medical Department, Queen Ingrid's Hospital, Nuuk, Greenland

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Zaza Kamper-Jørgensen Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; International Reference Laboratory of Mycobacteriology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark; Medical Department, Queen Ingrid's Hospital, Nuuk, Greenland

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Vibeke Østergaard Thomsen Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; International Reference Laboratory of Mycobacteriology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark; Medical Department, Queen Ingrid's Hospital, Nuuk, Greenland

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Karin Ladefoged Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; International Reference Laboratory of Mycobacteriology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark; Medical Department, Queen Ingrid's Hospital, Nuuk, Greenland

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Carl F. Marrs Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; International Reference Laboratory of Mycobacteriology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark; Medical Department, Queen Ingrid's Hospital, Nuuk, Greenland

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Lixin Zhang Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; International Reference Laboratory of Mycobacteriology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark; Medical Department, Queen Ingrid's Hospital, Nuuk, Greenland

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Zhenhua Yang Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; International Reference Laboratory of Mycobacteriology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark; Medical Department, Queen Ingrid's Hospital, Nuuk, Greenland

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DOI:
https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2011.10-0630
Volume/Issue:
Volume 85: Issue 2
Page(s):
285–290
Restricted access
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Extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) is an important health problem that may cause serious morbidity and diagnostic challenges. We conducted a case–control study involving 5,684, approximately 99% of bacteriologically confirmed TB patients (including 1,925 EPTB cases) diagnosed in Denmark and Greenland during 1992–2007 to gain insight to the role of host factors in EPTB pathogenesis. Among patients from Somalia and Asia, persons 25–44 and 45–64 years of age were more likely to have EPTB than persons 15–24 years of age. In contrast, among persons from Greenland, the two oldest age groups were significantly less likely to have EPTB than the youngest age group. For all the age groups, the odds for having EPTB was significantly higher among patients from Somalia and Asia and significantly lower among the patients from Greenland than among patients from Denmark. Furthermore, the occurrence of specific types of EPTB significantly varied among different age groups or origins.

Author Notes

*Address correspondence to Zhenhua Yang, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, 5124/SPH II, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029. E-mail: zhenhua@umich.edu

Financial support: This study was supported in part by the 2007 Elizabeth Crosby Award from the University of Michigan to Zhenhua Yang.

Authors' addresses: Xinyu Zhang, Carl F. Marrs, Lixin Zhang, and Zhenhua Yang, Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, E-mails: xinyuz@umich.edu, cfmarrs@umich.edu, lxzhang@umich.edu, and zhenhua@umich.edu. Aase B. Andersen, Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark, E-mail: bengaard@dadlnet.dk. Troels Lillebaek, Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark, E-mail: lillebaek@dadlnet.dk. Zaza Kamper-Jørgensen and Vibeke Østergaard Thomsen, International Reference Laboratory of Mycobacteriology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark, E-mails: zkj@ssi.dk and vot@ssi.dk. Karin Ladefoged, Medical Department, Queen Ingrid's Hospital, Nuuk, Greenland, E-mail: kala@peqqik.gl.

Copyright:
©The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2011
Received:
05 Nov 2010
|
Accepted:
27 Apr 2011
|
Published Online:
01 Aug 2011
Cover The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
Print ISSN:
0002-9637
Online ISSN:
1476-1645
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