Author:
- Introduction
- Materials and Methods
- Results
- MBA controls and cutoffs.
- IgG responses to PTP3 and MSP-119.
- Prevalence of IgG4 and IgG responses to Bm14 and Bm33, MF, and Og4C3.
- IgG responses to all antigens among 148 children.
- IgG4 responses to Bm14 and Bm33 among 95 children.
- IgG4 and IgG responses to Bm14 and Bm33 among children in different infection groups.
- Testing cross-reactivity of IgG4 to Bm14 and Bm33.
- Semi-quantification of IgG4 responses to Bm14 and Bm33.
- Discussion
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Wagner B, Freer H, 2009. Development of a bead-based multiplex assay for simultaneous quantification of cytokines in horses. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 127: 242–248.
-
2.
Sharma RK, Rogojina AT, Chalam KV, 2009. Multiplex immunoassay analysis of biomarkers in clinically accessible quantities of human aqueous humor. Mol Vis 15: 60–69.
-
3.
Teles RP, Likhari V, Socransky SS, Haffajee AD, 2009. Salivary cytokine levels in subjects with chronic periodontitis and in periodontally healthy individuals: a cross-sectional study. J Periodontal Res 44: 411–417.
-
4.
Waterboer T, Sehr P, Michael KM, Franceschi S, Nieland JD, Joos TO, Templin MF, Pawlita M, 2005. Multiplex human papillomavirus serology based on in situ-purified glutathione S-transferase fusion proteins. Clin Chem 51: 1845–1853.
-
5.
Wong SJ, Demarest VL, Boyle RH, Wang T, Ledizet M, Kar K, Kramer LD, Fikrig E, Koski RA, 2004. Detection of human anti-flavivirus antibodies with a West Nile virus recombinant antigen microsphere immunoassay. J Clin Microbiol 42: 65–72.
-
6.
Lobashevsky AL, Manwaring JE, Travis MM, Nord BL, Higgins NG, Serov YA, Arnoff TS, Hommel-Berrey GA, Goggins WC, Taber TE, Carter CB Sr, Smith DS, Wozniak TC, O'Donnell JA, Turrentine MW, 2009. Effect of desensitization in solid organ transplant recipients depends on some cytokines genes polymorphism. Transpl Immunol 21: 169–178.
-
7.
Khan IH, Krishnan VV, Ziman M, Janatpour K, Wun T, Luciw PA, Tuscano J, 2009. A comparison of multiplex suspension array large-panel kits for profiling cytokines and chemokines in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Cytometry B Clin Cytom 76: 159–168.
-
8.
Kellar KL, Mahmutovic AJ, Bandyopadhyay K, 2006. Multiplexed microsphere-based flow cytometric immunoassays. Current Protocols in Cytometry Chapter 13: Unit13 1. New York: John Wiley.
-
9.
Dondog B, Clifford GM, Vaccarella S, Waterboer T, Unurjargal D, Avirmed D, Enkhtuya S, Kommoss F, Wentzensen N, Snijders PJ, Meijer CJ, Franceschi S, Pawlita M, 2008. Human papillomavirus infection in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia: a population-based study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 17: 1731–1738.
-
10.
Moss DM, Montgomery JM, Newland SV, Priest JW, Lammie PJ, 2004. Detection of Cryptosporidium antibodies in sera and oral fluids using multiplex bead assay. J Parasitol 90: 397–404.
-
11.
Kellar KL, Kalwar RR, Dubois KA, Crouse D, Chafin WD, Kane BE, 2001. Multiplexed fluorescent bead-based immunoassays for quantitation of human cytokines in serum and culture supernatants. Cytometry 45: 27–36.
-
12.
Michael E, Bundy DA, Grenfell BT, 1996. Reassessing the global prevalence and distribution of lymphatic filariasis. Parasitology 112: 409–428.
-
13.
Ottesen EA, Duke BO, Karam M, Behbehani K, 1997. Strategies and tools for the control/elimination of lymphatic filariasis. Bull World Health Organ 75: 491–503.
-
14.
Wattal S, Dhariwal AC, Ralhan PK, Tripathi VC, Regu K, Kamal S, Lal S, 2007. Evaluation of Og4C3 antigen ELISA as a tool for detection of bancroftian filariasis under lymphatic filariasis elimination programme. J Commun Dis 39: 75–84.
-
15.
Liang JL, King JD, Ichimori K, Handzel T, Pa'au M, Lammie PJ, 2008. Impact of five annual rounds of mass drug administration with diethylcarbamazine and albendazole on Wuchereria bancrofti infection in American Samoa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 78: 924–928.
-
16.
Atmadja AK, Atkinson R, Sartono E, Partono F, Yazdanbakhsh M, Maizels RM, 1995. Differential decline in filaria-specific IgG1, IgG4, and IgE antibodies in Brugia malayi-infected patients after diethylcarbamazine chemotherapy. J Infect Dis 172: 1567–1572.
-
17.
Rabello AL, Garcia MM, Pinto da Silva RA, Rocha RS, Katz N, 1997. Humoral immune responses in patients with acute Schistosoma mansoni infection who were followed up for two years after treatment. Clin Infect Dis 24: 304–308.
-
18.
Muck AE, Pires ML, Lammie PJ, 2003. Influence of infection with non-filarial helminths on the specificity of serological assays for antifilarial immunoglobulin G4. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 97: 88–90.
-
19.
Lammie PJ Weil G, Noordin R, Kaliraj P, Steel C, Goodman D, Lakshmikanthan VB, Ottesen E, 2004. Recombinant antigen-based antibody assays for the diagnosis and surveillance of lymphatic filariasis: a multicenter trial. Filaria J 3: 9.
-
20.
Fox LM, Furness BW, Haser JK, Desire D, Brissau JM, Milord MD, Lafontant J, Lammie PJ, Beach MJ, 2005. Tolerance and efficacy of combined diethylcarbamazine and albendazole for treatment of Wuchereria bancrofti and intestinal helminth infections in Haitian children. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73: 115–121.
-
21.
Dissanayake S, Xu M, Nkenfou C, Piessens WF, 1993. Molecular cloning and serological characterization of a Brugia malayi pepsin inhibitor homolog. Mol Biochem Parasitol 62: 143–146.
-
22.
Lucchi NW, Tongren JE, Jain V, Nagpal AC, Kauth CW, Woehlbier U, Bujard H, Dash AP, Singh N, Stiles JK, Udhayakumar V, 2008. Antibody responses to the merozoite surface protein-1 complex in cerebral malaria patients in India. Malar J 7: 121.
-
23.
Kucerova Z, Priest JW, Delbac F, Visvesvara GS, Secor WE, 2006. Expression and serologic assessment of a recombinant polar tube protein from Encephalitozoon cuniculi (PTP3). J Eukaryot Microbiol 53 (Suppl 1): S70–S71.
-
24.
Waterboer T, Sehr P, Pawlita M, 2006. Suppression of non-specific binding in serological Luminex assays. J Immunol Methods 309: 200–204.
-
25.
Helmy H, Weil GJ, Ellethy AS, Ahmed ES, Setouhy ME, Ramzy RM, 2006. Bancroftian filariasis: effect of repeated treatment with diethylcarbamazine and albendazole on microfilaraemia, antigenaemia and antifilarial antibodies. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 100: 656–662.
-
26.
Tisch DJ, Bockarie MJ, Dimber Z, Kiniboro B, Tarongka N, Hazlett FE, Kastens W, Alpers MP, Kazura JW, 2008. Mass drug administration trial to eliminate lymphatic filariasis in Papua New Guinea: changes in microfilaremia, filarial antigen, and Bm14 antibody after cessation. Am J Trop Med Hyg 78: 289–293.
-
27.
Ramzy RM, El Setouhy M, Helmy H, Ahmed ES, Abd Elaziz KM, Farid HA, Shannon WD, Weil GJ, 2006. Effect of yearly mass drug administration with diethylcarbamazine and albendazole on bancroftian filariasis in Egypt: a comprehensive assessment. Lancet 367: 992–999.
-
28.
Weil GJ, Ramzy RM, El Setouhy M, Kandil AM, Ahmed ES, Faris R, 1999. A longitudinal study of Bancroftian filariasis in the Nile Delta of Egypt: baseline data and one-year follow-up. Am J Trop Med Hyg 61: 53–58.
-
29.
Yamagata GR, Gershwin LJ, Wong MM, 1995. Diethylcarbamazine-induced Dirofilaria immitis larval death, as indicated by immunoglobulin E concentration, in dogs with concurrent Ancylostoma caninum infection. Am J Vet Res 56: 174–178.
-
30.
Fujimaki Y, Sakamoto M, Shimada M, Kimura E, Aoki Y, 1989. Diethylcarbamazine: inhibitory effect on acetylcholinesterase of Dirofilaria immitis and Brugia pahangi. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 20: 179–182.
-
31.
Grieve RB, Mika-Johnson M, Jacobson RH, Cypess RH, 1981. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for measurement of antibody responses to Dirofilaria immitis in experimentally infected dogs. Am J Vet Res 42: 66–69.
-
32.
Grover JK, Vats V, Uppal G, Yadav S, 2001. Anthelmintics: a review. Trop Gastroenterol 22: 180–189.
-
33.
Klion AD, Ottesen EA, Nutman TB, 1994. Effectiveness of diethylcarbamazine in treating loiasis acquired by expatriate visitors to endemic regions: long-term follow-up. J Infect Dis 169: 604–610.
-
34.
Winkler S, Paiha S, Winkler H, Graninger W, Marberger M, Steiner GE, 1996. Microfilarial clearance in loiasis involves elevation of Th1 and Th2 products and emergence of a specific pattern of T-cell populations. Parasite Immunol 18: 479–482.
-
35.
Scott AL, Ghedin E, 2009. The genome of Brugia malayi—all worms are not created equal. Parasitol Int 58: 6–11.
-
36.
Frank GR, Mondesire RR, Brandt KS, Wisnewski N, 1998. Antibody to the Dirofilaria immitis aspartyl protease inhibitor homologue is a diagnostic marker for feline heartworm infections. J Parasitol 84: 1231–1236.
-
37.
Mejia JS, Nkenfou C, Southworth MW, Perler FB, Carlow CK, 1994. Expression of an Onchocerca volvulus Ov 33 homologue in Dirofilaria immitis: potential in immunodiagnosis of heartworm infection. Parasite Immunol 16: 297–303.
-
38.
Krushna NS, Shiny C, Dharanya S, Sindhu A, Aishwarya S, Narayanan RB, 2009. Immunolocalization and serum antibody responses to Brugia malayi pepsin inhibitor homolog (Bm-33). Microbiol Immunol 53: 173–183.
-
39.
Hussein O, El Setouhy M, Ahmed ES, Kandil AM, Ramzy RM, Helmy H, Weil GJ, 2004. Duplex Doppler sonographic assessment of the effects of diethylcarbamazine and albendazole therapy on adult filarial worms and adjacent host tissues in Bancroftian filariasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71: 471–477.
-
40.
Tremoulet AH, Avila-Aguero ML, Paris MM, Canas-Coto A, Ulloa-Gutierrez R, Faingezicht I, 2004. Albendazole therapy for Microsporidium diarrhea in immunocompetent Costa Rican children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 23: 915–918.
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41.
Fournier S, Liguory O, Sarfati C, David-Ouaknine F, Derouin F, Decazes JM, Molina JM, 2000. Disseminated infection due to Encephalitozoon cuniculi in a patient with AIDS: case report and review. HIV Med 1: 155–161.
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42.
Didier ES, Maddry JA, Brindley PJ, Stovall ME, Didier PJ, 2005. Therapeutic strategies for human microsporidia infections. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 3: 419–434.
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45.
Punkosdy GA, Addiss DG, Lammie PJ, 2003. Characterization of antibody responses to Wolbachia surface protein in humans with lymphatic filariasis. Infect Immun 71: 5104–5114.
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Multiplex Bead Assay for Serum Samples from Children in Haiti Enrolled in a Drug Study for the Treatment of Lymphatic Filariasis
Delynn M. Moss
Delynn M. Moss
Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-borne, and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Jeffrey W. Priest
Jeffrey W. Priest
Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-borne, and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Alexis Boyd
Alexis Boyd
Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-borne, and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Tiffany Weinkopff
Tiffany Weinkopff
Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-borne, and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Zuzana Kucerova
Zuzana Kucerova
Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-borne, and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Michael J. Beach
Michael J. Beach
Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-borne, and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Patrick J. Lammie
Patrick J. Lammie
Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-borne, and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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A multiplex bead assay (MBA) was used to analyze serum samples collected longitudinally from children enrolled in a drug trial for treatment of filariasis in Leogane, Haiti. Recombinant antigens Bm14 and Bm33 from Brugia malayi, third polar tube protein (PTP3) from Encephalitozoon cuniculi, and merozoite surface protein-119 (MSP-119) from Plasmodium falciparum were coupled to carboxylated polystyrene microspheres. IgG responses to PTP3 and MSP-119 were not affected by albendazole (ALB), diethylcarbamazine (DEC), or combination of diethylcarbamazine and albendazole (DEC/ALB). However, IgG and IgG4 responses to Bm14 and Bm33 were significantly decreased (P < 0.001) by DEC and DEC/ALB treatment. Antibody responses to Bm14 and Bm33 decreased after DEC treatment (but not placebo) among children who were negative for microfilaremia and antigenemia at baseline, suggesting that these children harbored early stages of infection. The MBA is an excellent serologic technique for multiple antigens that offers substantial advantages over single-antigen based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in mass drug administration studies for monitoring changes in antibody levels.
Author Notes
Authors' addresses: Delynn M. Moss, Waterborne Disease Prevention Branch, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, E-mail: dmm3@cdc.gov. Jeffrey W. Priest, Waterborne Disease Prevention Branch, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, E-mail: jip8@cdc.gov. Alexis Boyd, Office of Intramural Training and Education, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, E-mail: boyda2@od.nih.gov. Tiffany Weinkopff, Zuzana Kucerova, and Patrick J. Lammie, Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, E-mails: tiffany.weinkopff@unil.ch 1600, zik0@cdc.gov, and pjl1@cdc.gov. Michael J. Beach, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, E-mail: mjb3@cdc.gov.
- Introduction
- Materials and Methods
- Results
- MBA controls and cutoffs.
- IgG responses to PTP3 and MSP-119.
- Prevalence of IgG4 and IgG responses to Bm14 and Bm33, MF, and Og4C3.
- IgG responses to all antigens among 148 children.
- IgG4 responses to Bm14 and Bm33 among 95 children.
- IgG4 and IgG responses to Bm14 and Bm33 among children in different infection groups.
- Testing cross-reactivity of IgG4 to Bm14 and Bm33.
- Semi-quantification of IgG4 responses to Bm14 and Bm33.
- Discussion
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Wagner B, Freer H, 2009. Development of a bead-based multiplex assay for simultaneous quantification of cytokines in horses. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 127: 242–248.
-
2.
Sharma RK, Rogojina AT, Chalam KV, 2009. Multiplex immunoassay analysis of biomarkers in clinically accessible quantities of human aqueous humor. Mol Vis 15: 60–69.
-
3.
Teles RP, Likhari V, Socransky SS, Haffajee AD, 2009. Salivary cytokine levels in subjects with chronic periodontitis and in periodontally healthy individuals: a cross-sectional study. J Periodontal Res 44: 411–417.
-
4.
Waterboer T, Sehr P, Michael KM, Franceschi S, Nieland JD, Joos TO, Templin MF, Pawlita M, 2005. Multiplex human papillomavirus serology based on in situ-purified glutathione S-transferase fusion proteins. Clin Chem 51: 1845–1853.
-
5.
Wong SJ, Demarest VL, Boyle RH, Wang T, Ledizet M, Kar K, Kramer LD, Fikrig E, Koski RA, 2004. Detection of human anti-flavivirus antibodies with a West Nile virus recombinant antigen microsphere immunoassay. J Clin Microbiol 42: 65–72.
-
6.
Lobashevsky AL, Manwaring JE, Travis MM, Nord BL, Higgins NG, Serov YA, Arnoff TS, Hommel-Berrey GA, Goggins WC, Taber TE, Carter CB Sr, Smith DS, Wozniak TC, O'Donnell JA, Turrentine MW, 2009. Effect of desensitization in solid organ transplant recipients depends on some cytokines genes polymorphism. Transpl Immunol 21: 169–178.
-
7.
Khan IH, Krishnan VV, Ziman M, Janatpour K, Wun T, Luciw PA, Tuscano J, 2009. A comparison of multiplex suspension array large-panel kits for profiling cytokines and chemokines in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Cytometry B Clin Cytom 76: 159–168.
-
8.
Kellar KL, Mahmutovic AJ, Bandyopadhyay K, 2006. Multiplexed microsphere-based flow cytometric immunoassays. Current Protocols in Cytometry Chapter 13: Unit13 1. New York: John Wiley.
-
9.
Dondog B, Clifford GM, Vaccarella S, Waterboer T, Unurjargal D, Avirmed D, Enkhtuya S, Kommoss F, Wentzensen N, Snijders PJ, Meijer CJ, Franceschi S, Pawlita M, 2008. Human papillomavirus infection in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia: a population-based study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 17: 1731–1738.
-
10.
Moss DM, Montgomery JM, Newland SV, Priest JW, Lammie PJ, 2004. Detection of Cryptosporidium antibodies in sera and oral fluids using multiplex bead assay. J Parasitol 90: 397–404.
-
11.
Kellar KL, Kalwar RR, Dubois KA, Crouse D, Chafin WD, Kane BE, 2001. Multiplexed fluorescent bead-based immunoassays for quantitation of human cytokines in serum and culture supernatants. Cytometry 45: 27–36.
-
12.
Michael E, Bundy DA, Grenfell BT, 1996. Reassessing the global prevalence and distribution of lymphatic filariasis. Parasitology 112: 409–428.
-
13.
Ottesen EA, Duke BO, Karam M, Behbehani K, 1997. Strategies and tools for the control/elimination of lymphatic filariasis. Bull World Health Organ 75: 491–503.
-
14.
Wattal S, Dhariwal AC, Ralhan PK, Tripathi VC, Regu K, Kamal S, Lal S, 2007. Evaluation of Og4C3 antigen ELISA as a tool for detection of bancroftian filariasis under lymphatic filariasis elimination programme. J Commun Dis 39: 75–84.
-
15.
Liang JL, King JD, Ichimori K, Handzel T, Pa'au M, Lammie PJ, 2008. Impact of five annual rounds of mass drug administration with diethylcarbamazine and albendazole on Wuchereria bancrofti infection in American Samoa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 78: 924–928.
-
16.
Atmadja AK, Atkinson R, Sartono E, Partono F, Yazdanbakhsh M, Maizels RM, 1995. Differential decline in filaria-specific IgG1, IgG4, and IgE antibodies in Brugia malayi-infected patients after diethylcarbamazine chemotherapy. J Infect Dis 172: 1567–1572.
-
17.
Rabello AL, Garcia MM, Pinto da Silva RA, Rocha RS, Katz N, 1997. Humoral immune responses in patients with acute Schistosoma mansoni infection who were followed up for two years after treatment. Clin Infect Dis 24: 304–308.
-
18.
Muck AE, Pires ML, Lammie PJ, 2003. Influence of infection with non-filarial helminths on the specificity of serological assays for antifilarial immunoglobulin G4. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 97: 88–90.
-
19.
Lammie PJ Weil G, Noordin R, Kaliraj P, Steel C, Goodman D, Lakshmikanthan VB, Ottesen E, 2004. Recombinant antigen-based antibody assays for the diagnosis and surveillance of lymphatic filariasis: a multicenter trial. Filaria J 3: 9.
-
20.
Fox LM, Furness BW, Haser JK, Desire D, Brissau JM, Milord MD, Lafontant J, Lammie PJ, Beach MJ, 2005. Tolerance and efficacy of combined diethylcarbamazine and albendazole for treatment of Wuchereria bancrofti and intestinal helminth infections in Haitian children. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73: 115–121.
-
21.
Dissanayake S, Xu M, Nkenfou C, Piessens WF, 1993. Molecular cloning and serological characterization of a Brugia malayi pepsin inhibitor homolog. Mol Biochem Parasitol 62: 143–146.
-
22.
Lucchi NW, Tongren JE, Jain V, Nagpal AC, Kauth CW, Woehlbier U, Bujard H, Dash AP, Singh N, Stiles JK, Udhayakumar V, 2008. Antibody responses to the merozoite surface protein-1 complex in cerebral malaria patients in India. Malar J 7: 121.
-
23.
Kucerova Z, Priest JW, Delbac F, Visvesvara GS, Secor WE, 2006. Expression and serologic assessment of a recombinant polar tube protein from Encephalitozoon cuniculi (PTP3). J Eukaryot Microbiol 53 (Suppl 1): S70–S71.
-
24.
Waterboer T, Sehr P, Pawlita M, 2006. Suppression of non-specific binding in serological Luminex assays. J Immunol Methods 309: 200–204.
-
25.
Helmy H, Weil GJ, Ellethy AS, Ahmed ES, Setouhy ME, Ramzy RM, 2006. Bancroftian filariasis: effect of repeated treatment with diethylcarbamazine and albendazole on microfilaraemia, antigenaemia and antifilarial antibodies. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 100: 656–662.
-
26.
Tisch DJ, Bockarie MJ, Dimber Z, Kiniboro B, Tarongka N, Hazlett FE, Kastens W, Alpers MP, Kazura JW, 2008. Mass drug administration trial to eliminate lymphatic filariasis in Papua New Guinea: changes in microfilaremia, filarial antigen, and Bm14 antibody after cessation. Am J Trop Med Hyg 78: 289–293.
-
27.
Ramzy RM, El Setouhy M, Helmy H, Ahmed ES, Abd Elaziz KM, Farid HA, Shannon WD, Weil GJ, 2006. Effect of yearly mass drug administration with diethylcarbamazine and albendazole on bancroftian filariasis in Egypt: a comprehensive assessment. Lancet 367: 992–999.
-
28.
Weil GJ, Ramzy RM, El Setouhy M, Kandil AM, Ahmed ES, Faris R, 1999. A longitudinal study of Bancroftian filariasis in the Nile Delta of Egypt: baseline data and one-year follow-up. Am J Trop Med Hyg 61: 53–58.
-
29.
Yamagata GR, Gershwin LJ, Wong MM, 1995. Diethylcarbamazine-induced Dirofilaria immitis larval death, as indicated by immunoglobulin E concentration, in dogs with concurrent Ancylostoma caninum infection. Am J Vet Res 56: 174–178.
-
30.
Fujimaki Y, Sakamoto M, Shimada M, Kimura E, Aoki Y, 1989. Diethylcarbamazine: inhibitory effect on acetylcholinesterase of Dirofilaria immitis and Brugia pahangi. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 20: 179–182.
-
31.
Grieve RB, Mika-Johnson M, Jacobson RH, Cypess RH, 1981. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for measurement of antibody responses to Dirofilaria immitis in experimentally infected dogs. Am J Vet Res 42: 66–69.
-
32.
Grover JK, Vats V, Uppal G, Yadav S, 2001. Anthelmintics: a review. Trop Gastroenterol 22: 180–189.
-
33.
Klion AD, Ottesen EA, Nutman TB, 1994. Effectiveness of diethylcarbamazine in treating loiasis acquired by expatriate visitors to endemic regions: long-term follow-up. J Infect Dis 169: 604–610.
-
34.
Winkler S, Paiha S, Winkler H, Graninger W, Marberger M, Steiner GE, 1996. Microfilarial clearance in loiasis involves elevation of Th1 and Th2 products and emergence of a specific pattern of T-cell populations. Parasite Immunol 18: 479–482.
-
35.
Scott AL, Ghedin E, 2009. The genome of Brugia malayi—all worms are not created equal. Parasitol Int 58: 6–11.
-
36.
Frank GR, Mondesire RR, Brandt KS, Wisnewski N, 1998. Antibody to the Dirofilaria immitis aspartyl protease inhibitor homologue is a diagnostic marker for feline heartworm infections. J Parasitol 84: 1231–1236.
-
37.
Mejia JS, Nkenfou C, Southworth MW, Perler FB, Carlow CK, 1994. Expression of an Onchocerca volvulus Ov 33 homologue in Dirofilaria immitis: potential in immunodiagnosis of heartworm infection. Parasite Immunol 16: 297–303.
-
38.
Krushna NS, Shiny C, Dharanya S, Sindhu A, Aishwarya S, Narayanan RB, 2009. Immunolocalization and serum antibody responses to Brugia malayi pepsin inhibitor homolog (Bm-33). Microbiol Immunol 53: 173–183.
-
39.
Hussein O, El Setouhy M, Ahmed ES, Kandil AM, Ramzy RM, Helmy H, Weil GJ, 2004. Duplex Doppler sonographic assessment of the effects of diethylcarbamazine and albendazole therapy on adult filarial worms and adjacent host tissues in Bancroftian filariasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71: 471–477.
-
40.
Tremoulet AH, Avila-Aguero ML, Paris MM, Canas-Coto A, Ulloa-Gutierrez R, Faingezicht I, 2004. Albendazole therapy for Microsporidium diarrhea in immunocompetent Costa Rican children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 23: 915–918.
-
41.
Fournier S, Liguory O, Sarfati C, David-Ouaknine F, Derouin F, Decazes JM, Molina JM, 2000. Disseminated infection due to Encephalitozoon cuniculi in a patient with AIDS: case report and review. HIV Med 1: 155–161.
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