ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
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-
1.
Pion SDS, Kaiser C, Boutros-Toni F, Cournil A, Taylor MM, Meredith SEO, Stufe A, Bertocchi I, Kipp W, Preux P-M, Boussinesq M, 2009. Epilepsy in onchocerciasis endemic areas: systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based surveys. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 3: e461.
-
2.
Newell ED, Vyungimana F, Bradley JE, 1997. Epilepsy, retarded growth and onchocerciasis, in two areas of different endemicity of onchocerciasis in Burundi. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 91: 525–527.
-
3.
Boussinesq M, Pion SD, Demanga-Ngangue, Kamgno J, 2002. Relationship between onchocerciasis and epilepsy: a matched case-control study in the Mbam Valley, Republic of Cameroon. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 96: 537–541.
-
4.
Druet-Cabanac M, Preux PM, Bouteille B, Bernet-Bernady P, Dunand J, Hopkins A, Yaya G, Tabo A, Sartoris C, Macharia W, Dumas M, 1999. Onchocerciasis and epilepsy: a matched case-control study in the Central African Republic. Am J Epidemiol 149: 565–570.
-
5.
Druet-Cabanac M, Boussinesq M, Dongmo L, Farnarier G, Bouteille B, Preux PM, 2004. Review of epidemiological studies searching for a relationship between onchocerciasis and epilepsy. Neuroepidemiology 23: 144–149.
-
6.
Ovuga E, Kipp W, Mungherera M, Kasoro S, 1992. Epilepsy and retarded growth in a hyperendemic focus of onchocerciasis in rural western Uganda. East Afr Med J 69: 554–556.
-
7.
Fischer P, Kipp W, Bamuhiga J, Binta-Kahwa J, Kiefer A, Büttner DW, 1993. Parasitological and clinical characterization of Simulium neavei-transmitted onchocerciasis in western Uganda. Trop Med Parasitol 44: 311–321.
-
8.
Kipp W, Kasoro S, Burnham G, 1994. Onchocerciasis and epilepsy in Uganda. Lancet 343: 183–184.
-
9.
Kaiser C, Kipp W, Asaba G, Mugisa C, Kabagambe G, Rating D, Leichsenring M, 1996. The prevalence of epilepsy follows the distribution of onchocerciasis in a west Ugandan focus. Bull World Health Organ 74: 361–367.
-
10.
International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE), 1993. Guidelines for epidemiologic studies on epilepsy. Commission on Epidemiology and Prognosis. Epilepsia 34: 592–596.
-
11.
Kaiser C, Asaba G, Kasoro S, Rubaale T, Kabagambe G, Mbabazi M, 2007. Mortality from epilepsy in an onchocerciasis-endemic area in West Uganda. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 101: 48–55.
-
12.
Garms R, Lakwo TL, Ndyomugyenyi R, Kipp W, Rubaale T, Tukesiga E, Katamanywa J, Post RJ & Amazingo UV 2009. The elimination of the vector Simulium neavei from the Itwara onchocerciasis focus in Uganda by ground larviciding. Acta Trop 111: 203–210.
-
13.
Smith PG, Morrow RH, 1991. Methods for Field Trials of Interventions Against Tropical Diseases: A Toolbox. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 143–146.
-
14.
Raper AB, Ladkin RG, 1950. Endemic dwarfism in Uganda. East Afr Med J 27: 339–359.
-
15.
Kipp W, Burnham G, Bamuhiga J, Leichsenring M, 1996. The Nakalanga syndrome in Kabarole district, Western Uganda. Am J Trop Med Hyg 54: 80–83.
-
16.
Remme J, Ba O, Dadzie KY, Karam M, 1986. A force-of-infection model for onchocerciasis and its applications in the epidemiological evaluation of the Onchocerciasis Control Programme in Volta River basin area. Bull World Health Organ 64: 667–681.
-
17.
Taylor HR, Duke BOL, Munoz B, 1992. The selection of communities for treatment of infection with ivermectin. Trop Med Parasitol 43: 267–270.
-
18.
Kipp W, Bamhuhiiga J, 2002. Validity of nodule palpation in a Simulium neavei-transmitted onchocerciasis area in Uganda. Am J Trop Med Hyg 67: 128–131.
-
19.
Kaiser C, Asaba G, Leichsenring M, Kabagambe G, 1998. High incidence of epilepsy related to onchocerciasis in West Uganda. Epilepsy Res 30: 247–251.
-
20.
Rwiza HT, Kilonzo GP, Haule J, Matuja WBP, Mteza I, Mbena P, Kilima PM, Mwaluko G, Mwang'ombola R, Mwaijande F, Rweyemamu G, Matowo A, Jilek-Aall LM, 1992. Prevalence and incidence of epilepsy in Ulanga, a rural Tanzanian district: a community-based study. Epilepsia 33: 1051–1056.
-
21.
Kaiser C, Pion S, Preux P-M, Kipp W, Dozie I, Boussinesq M, 2008. Onchocerciasis, cysticercosis and epilepsy. Am J Trop Med Hyg 79: 643–644.
-
22.
Van der Waals FW, Asher DM, Goudsmit J, Pomeroy KL, Karabatsos N, Gajdusek DC, 1986. Post-encephalitic epilepsy and arbovirus infections in an isolated rainforest area of central Liberia. Trop Geogr Med 38: 203–208.
-
23.
Jilek-Aall L, Jilek W, Miller JR, 1979. Clinical and genetic aspects of seizure disorders prevalent in an isolated African population. Epilepsia 20: 613–622.
-
24.
Van der Waals FW, Goudsmit J, Gajdusek DC, 1983. See-ee: clinical characteristics of highly prevalent seizure disorders in the Gbawein and Wroughbarh clan region of Grand Bassa County, Liberia. Neuroepidemiology 2: 35–44.
-
25.
Kaiser C, Benninger C, Asaba G, Mugisa C, Kabagambe G, Kipp W, Rating D, 2000. Clinical and electro-clinical classification of epileptic seizures in West Uganda. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 93: 255–259.
-
26.
Lacey M, 2003. Nodding disease: mystery of southern Sudan. Lancet Neurol 2: 714.
-
27.
Winkler AS, Friedrich K, König R, Meindl M, Helbok R, Unterberger I, Gotwald T, Dharsee J, Velicheti S, Kidunda A, Jilek-Aall L, Matuja W, Schmutzhard E, 2008. The head nodding syndrome—clinical classification and possible causes. Epilepsia 49: 2008–2015.
-
28.
Nyungura JL, Akim T, Lako A, Gordon A, Lejeng L, William G, 2011. Investigation into the Nodding syndrome in Witto Payam, Western Equatoria State, 2010. Southern Sudan Med J 4: 3–6.
-
29.
König R, Nassri A, Meindl M, Matuja W, Kidunda AR, Siegmund V, Bretzel G, Löscher T, Jilek-Aall L, Schmutzhard E, Winkler AS, 2010. The role of Onchocerca volvulus in the development of epilepsy in a rural area of Tanzania. Parasitology 137: 1559–1568.
-
30.
Duke BOL, Vincelette J, Moore PJ, 1976. Microfilariae in the cerebrospinal fluid, and neurological complications, during treatment of onchocerciasis with diethylcarbamazine. Trop Med Parasitol 27: 123–132.
-
31.
Kaiser C, Pion S, Boussinesq M, 2009. Head nodding syndrome and river blindness: a parasitological perspective. Epilepsia 50: 2325–2326.
-
32.
Whithworth JA, Morgan D, Maude GH, Luta AJ, Taylor DW, 1992. A community trial of ivermectin for onchocerciasis in Sierra Leone: clinical and parasitological responses to four doses given at six-monthly intervals. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 86: 277–280.
-
33.
Quet F, Guerchet M, Pion SDS, Ngoungou EB, Nicoletti A, Preux P-M, 2010. Meta-analysis of the association between cysticercosis and epilepsy in Africa. Epilepsia 51: 830–837.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 310 | 263 | 92 |
| Full Text Views | 471 | 10 | 2 |
| PDF Downloads | 44 | 10 | 1 |
Association Between Onchocerciasis and Epilepsy in the Itwara Hyperendemic Focus, West Uganda: Controlling for Time and Intensity of Exposure
Christoph Kaiser
Christoph Kaiser
Basic Health Services, Kabarole and Bundibugyo Districts, Fort Portal, Uganda; Vector Control Unit, Ministry of Health, Fort Portal, Uganda; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Regional Centre for Quality of Health Care, Makarere School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
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Tom Rubaale
Tom Rubaale
Basic Health Services, Kabarole and Bundibugyo Districts, Fort Portal, Uganda; Vector Control Unit, Ministry of Health, Fort Portal, Uganda; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Regional Centre for Quality of Health Care, Makarere School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
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Ephraim Tukesiga
Ephraim Tukesiga
Basic Health Services, Kabarole and Bundibugyo Districts, Fort Portal, Uganda; Vector Control Unit, Ministry of Health, Fort Portal, Uganda; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Regional Centre for Quality of Health Care, Makarere School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
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Walter Kipp
Walter Kipp
Basic Health Services, Kabarole and Bundibugyo Districts, Fort Portal, Uganda; Vector Control Unit, Ministry of Health, Fort Portal, Uganda; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Regional Centre for Quality of Health Care, Makarere School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
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Geoffrey Kabagambe
Geoffrey Kabagambe
Basic Health Services, Kabarole and Bundibugyo Districts, Fort Portal, Uganda; Vector Control Unit, Ministry of Health, Fort Portal, Uganda; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Regional Centre for Quality of Health Care, Makarere School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
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Joa Okech Ojony
Joa Okech Ojony
Basic Health Services, Kabarole and Bundibugyo Districts, Fort Portal, Uganda; Vector Control Unit, Ministry of Health, Fort Portal, Uganda; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Regional Centre for Quality of Health Care, Makarere School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
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George Asaba
George Asaba
Basic Health Services, Kabarole and Bundibugyo Districts, Fort Portal, Uganda; Vector Control Unit, Ministry of Health, Fort Portal, Uganda; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Regional Centre for Quality of Health Care, Makarere School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
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In 38 pairs of epilepsy patients and controls matched for time and intensity of exposure to transmission of onchocerciasis, the presence of microfilariae in the skin of epilepsy patients was found insignificantly elevated compared with controls (odds ratio = 1.68; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.60–4.57; P = 0.31). This difference was more pronounced when detection of subcutaneous nodules was used as indication of infection with Onchocerca volvulus (odds ratio = 2.77; 95% CI = 0.92–8.33; P = 0.065). These findings from a patient group of limited size suggest that intensity of infection may play a substantial role in the development of onchocerciasis-associated epilepsy. Our results are in contrast to the results of two other independent studies from the identical endemic area; one case concluded a significant positive correlation between onchocerciasis and epilepsy, and the other case concluded a clearly negative correlation. Studies with a greater sample size are needed to confirm this possible relationship.
Author Notes
Authors' addresses: Christoph Kaiser, Tom Rubaale, Joa Okech Ojony, and George Asaba, Basic Health Services, Kabarole and Bundibugyo Districts, Fort Portal, Uganda, E-mails: drchkaiser@web.de, communitybased@utlonline.co.ug, joaokech@hotmail.com, and asaba_george@yahoo.com. Ephraim Tukesiga, Vector Control Unit, Ministry of Health, Fort Portal, Uganda, E-mail: etukesiga@yahoo.com. Walter Kipp, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, E-mail: walter.kipp@ualberta.ca. Geoffrey Kabagambe, Makarere School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda, E-mail: drkabagambe@yahoo.com.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Pion SDS, Kaiser C, Boutros-Toni F, Cournil A, Taylor MM, Meredith SEO, Stufe A, Bertocchi I, Kipp W, Preux P-M, Boussinesq M, 2009. Epilepsy in onchocerciasis endemic areas: systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based surveys. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 3: e461.
-
2.
Newell ED, Vyungimana F, Bradley JE, 1997. Epilepsy, retarded growth and onchocerciasis, in two areas of different endemicity of onchocerciasis in Burundi. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 91: 525–527.
-
3.
Boussinesq M, Pion SD, Demanga-Ngangue, Kamgno J, 2002. Relationship between onchocerciasis and epilepsy: a matched case-control study in the Mbam Valley, Republic of Cameroon. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 96: 537–541.
-
4.
Druet-Cabanac M, Preux PM, Bouteille B, Bernet-Bernady P, Dunand J, Hopkins A, Yaya G, Tabo A, Sartoris C, Macharia W, Dumas M, 1999. Onchocerciasis and epilepsy: a matched case-control study in the Central African Republic. Am J Epidemiol 149: 565–570.
-
5.
Druet-Cabanac M, Boussinesq M, Dongmo L, Farnarier G, Bouteille B, Preux PM, 2004. Review of epidemiological studies searching for a relationship between onchocerciasis and epilepsy. Neuroepidemiology 23: 144–149.
-
6.
Ovuga E, Kipp W, Mungherera M, Kasoro S, 1992. Epilepsy and retarded growth in a hyperendemic focus of onchocerciasis in rural western Uganda. East Afr Med J 69: 554–556.
-
7.
Fischer P, Kipp W, Bamuhiga J, Binta-Kahwa J, Kiefer A, Büttner DW, 1993. Parasitological and clinical characterization of Simulium neavei-transmitted onchocerciasis in western Uganda. Trop Med Parasitol 44: 311–321.
-
8.
Kipp W, Kasoro S, Burnham G, 1994. Onchocerciasis and epilepsy in Uganda. Lancet 343: 183–184.
-
9.
Kaiser C, Kipp W, Asaba G, Mugisa C, Kabagambe G, Rating D, Leichsenring M, 1996. The prevalence of epilepsy follows the distribution of onchocerciasis in a west Ugandan focus. Bull World Health Organ 74: 361–367.
-
10.
International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE), 1993. Guidelines for epidemiologic studies on epilepsy. Commission on Epidemiology and Prognosis. Epilepsia 34: 592–596.
-
11.
Kaiser C, Asaba G, Kasoro S, Rubaale T, Kabagambe G, Mbabazi M, 2007. Mortality from epilepsy in an onchocerciasis-endemic area in West Uganda. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 101: 48–55.
-
12.
Garms R, Lakwo TL, Ndyomugyenyi R, Kipp W, Rubaale T, Tukesiga E, Katamanywa J, Post RJ & Amazingo UV 2009. The elimination of the vector Simulium neavei from the Itwara onchocerciasis focus in Uganda by ground larviciding. Acta Trop 111: 203–210.
-
13.
Smith PG, Morrow RH, 1991. Methods for Field Trials of Interventions Against Tropical Diseases: A Toolbox. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 143–146.
-
14.
Raper AB, Ladkin RG, 1950. Endemic dwarfism in Uganda. East Afr Med J 27: 339–359.
-
15.
Kipp W, Burnham G, Bamuhiga J, Leichsenring M, 1996. The Nakalanga syndrome in Kabarole district, Western Uganda. Am J Trop Med Hyg 54: 80–83.
-
16.
Remme J, Ba O, Dadzie KY, Karam M, 1986. A force-of-infection model for onchocerciasis and its applications in the epidemiological evaluation of the Onchocerciasis Control Programme in Volta River basin area. Bull World Health Organ 64: 667–681.
-
17.
Taylor HR, Duke BOL, Munoz B, 1992. The selection of communities for treatment of infection with ivermectin. Trop Med Parasitol 43: 267–270.
-
18.
Kipp W, Bamhuhiiga J, 2002. Validity of nodule palpation in a Simulium neavei-transmitted onchocerciasis area in Uganda. Am J Trop Med Hyg 67: 128–131.
-
19.
Kaiser C, Asaba G, Leichsenring M, Kabagambe G, 1998. High incidence of epilepsy related to onchocerciasis in West Uganda. Epilepsy Res 30: 247–251.
-
20.
Rwiza HT, Kilonzo GP, Haule J, Matuja WBP, Mteza I, Mbena P, Kilima PM, Mwaluko G, Mwang'ombola R, Mwaijande F, Rweyemamu G, Matowo A, Jilek-Aall LM, 1992. Prevalence and incidence of epilepsy in Ulanga, a rural Tanzanian district: a community-based study. Epilepsia 33: 1051–1056.
-
21.
Kaiser C, Pion S, Preux P-M, Kipp W, Dozie I, Boussinesq M, 2008. Onchocerciasis, cysticercosis and epilepsy. Am J Trop Med Hyg 79: 643–644.
-
22.
Van der Waals FW, Asher DM, Goudsmit J, Pomeroy KL, Karabatsos N, Gajdusek DC, 1986. Post-encephalitic epilepsy and arbovirus infections in an isolated rainforest area of central Liberia. Trop Geogr Med 38: 203–208.
-
23.
Jilek-Aall L, Jilek W, Miller JR, 1979. Clinical and genetic aspects of seizure disorders prevalent in an isolated African population. Epilepsia 20: 613–622.
-
24.
Van der Waals FW, Goudsmit J, Gajdusek DC, 1983. See-ee: clinical characteristics of highly prevalent seizure disorders in the Gbawein and Wroughbarh clan region of Grand Bassa County, Liberia. Neuroepidemiology 2: 35–44.
-
25.
Kaiser C, Benninger C, Asaba G, Mugisa C, Kabagambe G, Kipp W, Rating D, 2000. Clinical and electro-clinical classification of epileptic seizures in West Uganda. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 93: 255–259.
-
26.
Lacey M, 2003. Nodding disease: mystery of southern Sudan. Lancet Neurol 2: 714.
-
27.
Winkler AS, Friedrich K, König R, Meindl M, Helbok R, Unterberger I, Gotwald T, Dharsee J, Velicheti S, Kidunda A, Jilek-Aall L, Matuja W, Schmutzhard E, 2008. The head nodding syndrome—clinical classification and possible causes. Epilepsia 49: 2008–2015.
-
28.
Nyungura JL, Akim T, Lako A, Gordon A, Lejeng L, William G, 2011. Investigation into the Nodding syndrome in Witto Payam, Western Equatoria State, 2010. Southern Sudan Med J 4: 3–6.
-
29.
König R, Nassri A, Meindl M, Matuja W, Kidunda AR, Siegmund V, Bretzel G, Löscher T, Jilek-Aall L, Schmutzhard E, Winkler AS, 2010. The role of Onchocerca volvulus in the development of epilepsy in a rural area of Tanzania. Parasitology 137: 1559–1568.
-
30.
Duke BOL, Vincelette J, Moore PJ, 1976. Microfilariae in the cerebrospinal fluid, and neurological complications, during treatment of onchocerciasis with diethylcarbamazine. Trop Med Parasitol 27: 123–132.
-
31.
Kaiser C, Pion S, Boussinesq M, 2009. Head nodding syndrome and river blindness: a parasitological perspective. Epilepsia 50: 2325–2326.
-
32.
Whithworth JA, Morgan D, Maude GH, Luta AJ, Taylor DW, 1992. A community trial of ivermectin for onchocerciasis in Sierra Leone: clinical and parasitological responses to four doses given at six-monthly intervals. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 86: 277–280.
-
33.
Quet F, Guerchet M, Pion SDS, Ngoungou EB, Nicoletti A, Preux P-M, 2010. Meta-analysis of the association between cysticercosis and epilepsy in Africa. Epilepsia 51: 830–837.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 310 | 263 | 92 |
| Full Text Views | 471 | 10 | 2 |
| PDF Downloads | 44 | 10 | 1 |