Utzinger J, Bergquist R, Shu-Hua X, Singer BH, Tanner M, 2003. Sustainable schistosomiasis control–the way forward. Lancet 362: 1932–1934.
Steinmann P, Keiser J, Bos R, Tanner M, Utzinger J, 2006. Schistosomiasis and water resources development: systematic review, meta-analysis, and estimates of people at risk. Lancet Infect Dis 6: 411–425.
King CH, Dickman K, Tisch DJ, 2005. Reassessment of the cost of chronic helmintic infection: a meta-analysis of disability related outcomes in endemic schistosomiasis. Lancet 365: 1561–1569.
Ross AG, Sleigh AC, Li Y, Davis GM, Williams GM, Jiang Z, Feng Z, McManus DP, 2001. Schistosomiasis in the People's Republic of China: prospects and challenges for the 21st Century. Clin Microbiol Rev 14: 270–295.
Zhou XN, Guo JG, Wu XH, Jiang QW, Zheng J, Dang H, Wang XH, Xu J, Zhu HQ, Wu GL, Li YS, Xu XJ, Chen HG, Wang TP, Zhu YC, Qiu DC, Dong XQ, Zhao GM, Zhang SJ, Zhao NQ, Xia G, Wang LY, Zhang SQ, Lin DD, Chen MG, Hao Y, 2007. Epidemiology of schistosomiasis in the People's Republic of China, 2004. Emerg Infect Dis 13: 1470–1476.
Utzinger J, Zhou XN, Chen MG, Bergquist R, 2005. Conquering schistosomiasis in China: the long march. Acta Trop 96: 69–96.
World Bank Loan Program Completion Report on Infectious and Endemic Disease Control Project, 2002. Schistosomiasis Control Component (1992–2001). Beijing, People's Republic of China: Department of Diseases Control and Foreign Loan Office, Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China.
Zhou YB, Zhao GM, Jiang QW, 2007. Effects of the praziquantel-based control of schistosomiasis japonica in China. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 101: 695–703.
Yuan HC, Guo JG, Bergquist R, Tanner M, Chen XY, Wang HZ, 2000. The 1992–1999 World Bank schistosomiasis research initiative in China: outcome and perspectives. Parasitol Int 49: 195–207.
Yuan HC, Jiang QW, Zhao GM, He N, 2002. Achievements of schistosomiasis control in China. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 97 (Suppl 1): 187–189.
Jiang QW, Wang LY, Guo JG, Chen MG, Zhou XN, Engels D, 2002. Morbidity control of schistosomiasis in China. Acta Trop 82: 115–125.
Guo JG, Li YS, Gray DJ, Ning A, Hu GH, Chen HG, Davis GM, Sleigh AC, Feng Z, McManus DP, Williams GM, 2006. A drug-based intervention study on the importance of buffaloes for human Schistosoma japonicum infection around Poyang Lake, People's Republic of China. Am J Trop Med Hyg 74: 335–341.
Wang LD, Chen HG, Guo JG, Zeng XJ, Hong XL, Xiong JJ, Wu XH, Wang XH, Wang LY, Xia G, Hao Y, Chin DP, Zhou XN, 2009. A strategy to control transmission of Schistosoma japonicum in China. N Engl J Med 360: 121–128.
Wang LD, Guo JG, Wu XH, Chen HG, Wang TP, Zhu SP, Zhang ZH, Steinmann P, Yang GJ, Wang SP, Wu ZD, Wang LY, Hao Y, Bergquist R, Utzinger J, Zhou XN, 2009. China's new strategy to block Schistosoma japonicum transmission: experiences and impact beyond schistosomiasis. Trop Med Int Health 14: 1475–1483.
Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Health, China, 2000. Diagnosis of schistosomiasis. Handbook of Schistosomiasis Control. Third edition. Shanghai: Shanghai Press on Science and Technology.
Zhou YB, Yang MX, Wang QZ, Zhao GM, Wei JG, Peng WX, Jiang QW, 2007. Field comparison of immunodiagnostic and parasitological techniques for the detection of schistosomiasis japonica in the People's Republic of China. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76: 1138–1143.
Zhou YB, Yang MX, Tao P, Jiang QL, Zhao GM, Wei JG, Jiang QW, 2007. A longitudinal study of comparison of the Kato-Katz technique and indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA) for the detection of schistosomiasis japonica in China, 2001–2006. Acta Trop 107: 251–254.
World Health Organization, 2006. WHO Preventive Chemotherapy in Human Helminthiasis. Geneva: WHO.
Katz N, Chaves A, Pellegrino J, 1972. A simple device for quantitative stool thick smear technique in schistosomiasis mansoni. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 14: 397–400.
Chen MG, 1989. Schistosomiasis control program in the People's Republic of China: a review. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 20: 511–517.
Gray DJ, Williams GM, Li YS, Chen HG, Li RS, Forsyth SJ, Barnett AG, Guo JG, Feng Z, McManus DP, 2007. A cluster-randomized bovine intervention trial against Schistosoma japonicum in the People's Republic of China: design and baseline results. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77: 866–874.
Barbour AD, 1996. Modeling the transmission of schistosomiasis: an introductory view. Am J Trop Med Hyg 55 (Suppl): 135–143.
Williams GM, Sleigh AC, Li Y, Feng Z, Davis GM, Chen H, Ross AG, Bergquist R, McManus DP, 2002. Mathematical modeling of schistosomiasis japonica: comparison of control strategies in the People's Republic of China. Acta Trop 82: 253–262.
Yu JM, de Vlas SJ, Jiang QW, Gryseels B, 2007. Comparison of the Kato-Katz technique, hatching test and indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA) for the diagnosis of Schistosoma japonicum infection in China. Parasitol Int 56: 45–49.
Gray DJ, Williams GM, Li Y, McManus DP, 2008. Transmission dynamics of Schistosoma japonicum in the lakes and marshlands of China. PLoS ONE 3: e4058.
Wang TP, Vang Johansen M, Zhang SQ, Wang FF, Wu WD, Zhang GH, Pan XP, Ju Y, Ørnbjerg N, 2005. Transmission of Schistosoma japonicum by humans and domestic animals in the Yangtze River valley, Anhui province, China. Acta Trop 96: 198–204.
Lu DB, Wang TP, Rudge JW, Donnelly CA, Fang GR, Webster JP, 2010. Contrasting reservoirs for Schistosoma japonicum between marshland and hilly regions in Anhui, China–a two-year longitudinal parasitological survey. Parasitology 137: 99–110.
Liang S, Yang C, Zhong B, Qiu D, 2006. Re-emerging schistosomiasis in hilly and mountainous areas of Sichuan, China. Bull World Health Organ 84: 139–144.
Chen GX, Wang MS, Han SM, 2001. Analysis of schistosomiasis japonica epidemiology of migrant population in the endemic region of Guichi district. Chin J Schisto Control 13: 102–103.
Kumagai T, Furushima-Shimogawara R, Ohmae H, Wang TP, Lu SH, Chen R, Wen LY, Ohta N, 2010. Detection of early and single infections of Schistosoma japonicum in the intermediate host snail, Oncomelania hupensis, by PCR and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) Assay. Am J Trop Med Hyg 83: 542–548.
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In 2004 an aggressive plan was instituted aiming to achieve nationwide transmission control of schistosomiasis by 2015. Here, we report a longitudinal study on the control of schistosomiasis in Anhui province, China. Using a mathematical model, we compared the effects of different control strategies implemented in the study area. During the 5-year study period, a 60.8% reduction in human prevalence was observed from 2005 (7.95%) to 2009 (3.1%), and snail infection decreased from 0.063% in 2005 to zero in 2009. Results of the model agree well with the first 3-year field observations and suggest continuous decrease in human infections in the last 2 years, whereas the last 2-year field observations indicated that human infections appeared to be stable even with continuous control. Our findings showed that the integrated control strategy was effective, and we speculated that other factors besides bovines might contribute to the local transmission of the disease.
Financial support: This work received financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (no. 30590374), the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (no. 2006AA02Z402), the National S&T Major Program (grant no. 2008ZX10004-011), and Shanghai Leading Academic Discipline Project (project no. B118). SL is thankful for the support from the Public Health Preparedness for Infectious Disease (PHPID) of the Ohio State University.
Authors' addresses: Yi-Biao Zhou, Zhi-Jie Zhang, Jian-Guo Wei, Gen-Ming Zhao, and Qing-Wu Jiang, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, and Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, China, E-mails: z_yibiao@hotmail.com, epistat@gmail.com, jgwei@fudan.edu.cn, gmzhao@shmu.edu.cn, and jiangqw@fudan.edu.cn. Song Liang and Chris Rea, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, E-mails: ehs.liang@gmail.com and chrislrea@gmail.com. Geng-Xin Chen and Zong-Gui He, Guichi Anti-Schistosomiasis Station, Anhui, China, E-mails: cgx5611@163.com and gcxfz@yahoo.com.cn.
Reprint requests: Yi-biao Zhou, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, 138 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China, E-mail: z_yibiao@hotmail.com.
Utzinger J, Bergquist R, Shu-Hua X, Singer BH, Tanner M, 2003. Sustainable schistosomiasis control–the way forward. Lancet 362: 1932–1934.
Steinmann P, Keiser J, Bos R, Tanner M, Utzinger J, 2006. Schistosomiasis and water resources development: systematic review, meta-analysis, and estimates of people at risk. Lancet Infect Dis 6: 411–425.
King CH, Dickman K, Tisch DJ, 2005. Reassessment of the cost of chronic helmintic infection: a meta-analysis of disability related outcomes in endemic schistosomiasis. Lancet 365: 1561–1569.
Ross AG, Sleigh AC, Li Y, Davis GM, Williams GM, Jiang Z, Feng Z, McManus DP, 2001. Schistosomiasis in the People's Republic of China: prospects and challenges for the 21st Century. Clin Microbiol Rev 14: 270–295.
Zhou XN, Guo JG, Wu XH, Jiang QW, Zheng J, Dang H, Wang XH, Xu J, Zhu HQ, Wu GL, Li YS, Xu XJ, Chen HG, Wang TP, Zhu YC, Qiu DC, Dong XQ, Zhao GM, Zhang SJ, Zhao NQ, Xia G, Wang LY, Zhang SQ, Lin DD, Chen MG, Hao Y, 2007. Epidemiology of schistosomiasis in the People's Republic of China, 2004. Emerg Infect Dis 13: 1470–1476.
Utzinger J, Zhou XN, Chen MG, Bergquist R, 2005. Conquering schistosomiasis in China: the long march. Acta Trop 96: 69–96.
World Bank Loan Program Completion Report on Infectious and Endemic Disease Control Project, 2002. Schistosomiasis Control Component (1992–2001). Beijing, People's Republic of China: Department of Diseases Control and Foreign Loan Office, Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China.
Zhou YB, Zhao GM, Jiang QW, 2007. Effects of the praziquantel-based control of schistosomiasis japonica in China. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 101: 695–703.
Yuan HC, Guo JG, Bergquist R, Tanner M, Chen XY, Wang HZ, 2000. The 1992–1999 World Bank schistosomiasis research initiative in China: outcome and perspectives. Parasitol Int 49: 195–207.
Yuan HC, Jiang QW, Zhao GM, He N, 2002. Achievements of schistosomiasis control in China. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 97 (Suppl 1): 187–189.
Jiang QW, Wang LY, Guo JG, Chen MG, Zhou XN, Engels D, 2002. Morbidity control of schistosomiasis in China. Acta Trop 82: 115–125.
Guo JG, Li YS, Gray DJ, Ning A, Hu GH, Chen HG, Davis GM, Sleigh AC, Feng Z, McManus DP, Williams GM, 2006. A drug-based intervention study on the importance of buffaloes for human Schistosoma japonicum infection around Poyang Lake, People's Republic of China. Am J Trop Med Hyg 74: 335–341.
Wang LD, Chen HG, Guo JG, Zeng XJ, Hong XL, Xiong JJ, Wu XH, Wang XH, Wang LY, Xia G, Hao Y, Chin DP, Zhou XN, 2009. A strategy to control transmission of Schistosoma japonicum in China. N Engl J Med 360: 121–128.
Wang LD, Guo JG, Wu XH, Chen HG, Wang TP, Zhu SP, Zhang ZH, Steinmann P, Yang GJ, Wang SP, Wu ZD, Wang LY, Hao Y, Bergquist R, Utzinger J, Zhou XN, 2009. China's new strategy to block Schistosoma japonicum transmission: experiences and impact beyond schistosomiasis. Trop Med Int Health 14: 1475–1483.
Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Health, China, 2000. Diagnosis of schistosomiasis. Handbook of Schistosomiasis Control. Third edition. Shanghai: Shanghai Press on Science and Technology.
Zhou YB, Yang MX, Wang QZ, Zhao GM, Wei JG, Peng WX, Jiang QW, 2007. Field comparison of immunodiagnostic and parasitological techniques for the detection of schistosomiasis japonica in the People's Republic of China. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76: 1138–1143.
Zhou YB, Yang MX, Tao P, Jiang QL, Zhao GM, Wei JG, Jiang QW, 2007. A longitudinal study of comparison of the Kato-Katz technique and indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA) for the detection of schistosomiasis japonica in China, 2001–2006. Acta Trop 107: 251–254.
World Health Organization, 2006. WHO Preventive Chemotherapy in Human Helminthiasis. Geneva: WHO.
Katz N, Chaves A, Pellegrino J, 1972. A simple device for quantitative stool thick smear technique in schistosomiasis mansoni. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 14: 397–400.
Chen MG, 1989. Schistosomiasis control program in the People's Republic of China: a review. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 20: 511–517.
Gray DJ, Williams GM, Li YS, Chen HG, Li RS, Forsyth SJ, Barnett AG, Guo JG, Feng Z, McManus DP, 2007. A cluster-randomized bovine intervention trial against Schistosoma japonicum in the People's Republic of China: design and baseline results. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77: 866–874.
Barbour AD, 1996. Modeling the transmission of schistosomiasis: an introductory view. Am J Trop Med Hyg 55 (Suppl): 135–143.
Williams GM, Sleigh AC, Li Y, Feng Z, Davis GM, Chen H, Ross AG, Bergquist R, McManus DP, 2002. Mathematical modeling of schistosomiasis japonica: comparison of control strategies in the People's Republic of China. Acta Trop 82: 253–262.
Yu JM, de Vlas SJ, Jiang QW, Gryseels B, 2007. Comparison of the Kato-Katz technique, hatching test and indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA) for the diagnosis of Schistosoma japonicum infection in China. Parasitol Int 56: 45–49.
Gray DJ, Williams GM, Li Y, McManus DP, 2008. Transmission dynamics of Schistosoma japonicum in the lakes and marshlands of China. PLoS ONE 3: e4058.
Wang TP, Vang Johansen M, Zhang SQ, Wang FF, Wu WD, Zhang GH, Pan XP, Ju Y, Ørnbjerg N, 2005. Transmission of Schistosoma japonicum by humans and domestic animals in the Yangtze River valley, Anhui province, China. Acta Trop 96: 198–204.
Lu DB, Wang TP, Rudge JW, Donnelly CA, Fang GR, Webster JP, 2010. Contrasting reservoirs for Schistosoma japonicum between marshland and hilly regions in Anhui, China–a two-year longitudinal parasitological survey. Parasitology 137: 99–110.
Liang S, Yang C, Zhong B, Qiu D, 2006. Re-emerging schistosomiasis in hilly and mountainous areas of Sichuan, China. Bull World Health Organ 84: 139–144.
Chen GX, Wang MS, Han SM, 2001. Analysis of schistosomiasis japonica epidemiology of migrant population in the endemic region of Guichi district. Chin J Schisto Control 13: 102–103.
Kumagai T, Furushima-Shimogawara R, Ohmae H, Wang TP, Lu SH, Chen R, Wen LY, Ohta N, 2010. Detection of early and single infections of Schistosoma japonicum in the intermediate host snail, Oncomelania hupensis, by PCR and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) Assay. Am J Trop Med Hyg 83: 542–548.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 583 | 533 | 21 |
Full Text Views | 561 | 13 | 0 |
PDF Downloads | 78 | 9 | 0 |