- Introduction
- Materials and methods
- Cells.
- Virus.
- Titration.
- Calculation of reduction in viral titer.
- Disinfectants.
- Testing the effectiveness of disinfectants.
- Preparation of hard water.
- Control of cytotoxicity.
- Determination of active chlorine in a 1:4 bleach dilution.
- Titration of active chlorine subjected to light and presence of organic matter.
- Statistical design.
- Results
- Sensitivity of VACV-GP2 to iodophor-based disinfectants.
- Sensitivity of VACV-GP2 to quaternary ammonium compound-based disinfectants.
- Sensitivity of VACV-GP2 to a chlorhexidine gluconate and quaternary ammonium–based disinfectant.
- Sensitivity of VACV to a glutaraldehyde and quaternary ammonium–based disinfectant.
- Sensitivity of VACV-GP2 to bleach at a 1:4 dilution.
- Concentration of active chlorine in a bleach solution in the presence of light.
- Concentration of active chlorine in a bleach solution in the presence of organic matter (bovine feces).
- Discussion
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Damaso CA, Esposito JE, Condit RC, Moussatché N, 2000. An emergent poxvirus from humans and cattle in Rio de Janeiro state: Cantagalo virus may from Brazilian smallpox vaccine. Virology 27: 439–449.
-
2.
Schatzmayr HG, Lemos ER, Mazur C, Schubach A, Majerowicz S, Rozental T, Schubach TM, Bustamante MC, Barth OM, 2000. Detection of poxvirus in cattle associated with human cases in state of Rio de Janeiro: preliminary report. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 95: 625–627.
-
3.
De Souza Trindade G, da Fonseca FG, Marques JT, Nogueira ML, Mendes LC, Borges AS, Peiró JR, Pituco EM, Ferreira PC, Kroon EG, 2003. Aracatuba virus: a vaccinia like virus associated with infection in humans and cattle. Emerg Infect Dis 9: 155–160.
-
4.
Nagasse-Sugahara TK, Kiesielius JJ, Ueda-Ito M, Curti SP, Figueiredo CA, Cruz AS, 2004. Human vaccinia-like virus outbreaks in Sao Paulo and Goias States, Brazil: virus detection, isolation, and identification. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 46: 315–322.
-
5.
Leite JA, Drumond BP, Trindade GS, Lobato ZI, da Fonseca FG, dos Santos Junior J, Madureira MC, Guedes MI, Ferreira JM, Bonjardim CA, Ferreira PC, Kroon EG, 2005. Passatempo virus, a vaccinia virus strain, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis 11: 1935–1938.
-
6.
Lobato ZI, Trindade GS, Frois MC, Ribeiro EB, Dias GR, Teixeira BM, Lima FA, Almeida GM, Kroon EG, 2005. Surto de varíola bovina causada pelo vírus Vaccinia na região da Zona da Mata Mineira. Arquivo Brasileiro Med Veterinaria Zootecnia 57: 423–429.
-
7.
de Souza Trindade G, Drumond BP, Guedes MI, Leite JA, Mota BE, Campos MA, Da Fonseca FG, Nogueira ML, Lobato ZI, Bonjardim CA, Ferreira PC, Kroon EG, 2007. Zoonotic vaccinia virus infection in Brazil: clinical description and implications for health professionals. J Clin Microbiol 45: 1370–1372.
-
8.
Abrahão JS, Guedes MI, Trindade GS, Fonseca FG, Campos RK, Mota BF, Lobato ZI, Silva-Fernandes AT, Rodrigues GO, Lima LS, Ferreira PC, Bonjardim CA, Kroon EG, 2009. One more piece in the VACV ecological puzzle: could peridomestic rodents be the link between wildlife and bovine vaccinia outbreaks in Brazil? PLoS ONE 4: 7428.
-
9.
Abrahão JS, Silva-Fernandes AT, Lima LS, Campos RK, Guedes MI, Cota MM, Assis FL, Borges IA, Souza-Júnior MF, Lobato ZI, Bonjardim CA, Trindade GS, Ferreira PC, Kroon EG, 2010. Vaccinia virus infection in monkeys, Brazilian Amazon. Emerg Infect Dis 16: 976–979.
-
10.
Abrahão JS, Trindade GS, Ferreira JM, Campos RK, Bonjardim CA, Ferreira PC, Kroon EG, 2009. Long-lasting stability of vaccinia virus strains in murine feces: implications for virus circulation and environmental maintenance. Arch Virol 154: 1551–1553.
-
11.
Campos MA, Kroon EG, 1993. Critical period for irreversible block of vaccinia virus replication. Rev Microbiol 24: 104–110.
-
12.
Malik YS, Maherchandani S, Goyal SM, 2006. Comparative efficacy of ethanol and isopropanol against feline calicivirus, a norovirus surrogate. Am J Infect Control 34: 31–35.
-
13.
European Committee for Standardization, 2006. Disinfectants and Antiseptics: Quantitative Suspension Test for Evaluating the Virucidal Activity of Disinfectants and Antiseptics Used in Veterinary Medicine—Test Method and Prerequisites (Phase 2, Step 1). Paris: CEN EN14675.
-
14.
Oliveira JM, Silva LR, 2006. Informações Sobre a Determinação do Teor de Cloro Ativo em Água Sanitária ou Alvejantes. Resposta Técnica Produzida pelo Serviço Brasileiro de Respostas Técnicas/SBRT. SENAI, Rio Grande do Sul, 2006. Available at: http://www.sbrt.ibict.br. Accessed January 20, 2008.
-
15.
ANVISA (Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária), Brasil, 1994. Portaria no. 89, de 25 de Agosto de 1994. Determina Que o Registro dos Produtos Saneantes Domissanitários “Água Sanitária” e “Alvejante” Categoria Congênere a Detergente Alvejante e Desinfetante para Uso Geral Seja Procedido de Acordo com as Normas Regulamentares Anexas a Presente. Diário Oficial da União, [Brasília, DF], 26 de Agosto de 1994. Available at: http://elegis.anvisa.gov.br/leisref/public/showAct.php?id=329. Accessed October 23, 2007.
-
16.
McDonnel G, Russell D, 1999. Antiseptics and disinfectants: activity, action, and resistance. Clin Microbiol Rev 12: 147–179.
-
17.
Tanabe I, Hota S, 1976. Effect of disinfectants on Variola virus in cell culture. Appl Environ Microbiol 32: 209–211.
-
18.
Block SS, 2001. Disinfection, Sterilization and Preservation. Fifth edition. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
-
19.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2003. Guide F: Environmental Control of Smallpox Virus—Response Plan [s.l.]. Available at: http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/smallpox/response-plan/files/guide-f.doc. Accessed: August 2, 2008.
-
20.
Jones GM, 1998. Milking Practices Recommended to Assure Milk Quality and to Prevent Mastitis. Dairy Science—Virginia Cooperative Extension, 404–227. Available at: http://www.ext.vt.edu/pubs/dairy/404-227/404-227.pdf. Accessed September 18, 2008.
-
21.
Schümann K, Grossgebauer K, 1977. Experiments on disinfection of vaccinia virus embedded in scabs and/or at the hand [in German]. Zentralbl Bakteriol Orig B 164: 45–63.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 275 | 212 | 9 |
| Full Text Views | 499 | 16 | 2 |
| PDF Downloads | 235 | 17 | 3 |
Susceptibility of Vaccinia Virus to Chemical Disinfectants
Tércia Moreira Ludolfo de Oliveira
Tércia Moreira Ludolfo de Oliveira
Laboratório de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, e Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Izabelle Silva Rehfeld
Izabelle Silva Rehfeld
Laboratório de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, e Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Maria Isabel Maldonado Coelho Guedes
Maria Isabel Maldonado Coelho Guedes
Laboratório de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, e Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Jaqueline Maria Siqueira Ferreira
Jaqueline Maria Siqueira Ferreira
Laboratório de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, e Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Erna Geessien Kroon
Erna Geessien Kroon
Laboratório de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, e Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Zélia Inês Portela Lobato
Zélia Inês Portela Lobato
Laboratório de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, e Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Vaccinia virus (VACV) is the cause of bovine vaccinia (BV), an emerging zoonotic disease that affects dairy cows and milkers. Some chemical disinfectants have been used on farms affected by BV to disinfect cow teats and milkers' hands. To date, there is no information about the efficacy of disinfectants against VACV. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the virucidal activity of some active disinfectants commonly used in the field. Sodium hypochlorite, quaternary ammonium combined with chlorhexidine, and quaternary ammonium combined with glutaraldehyde were effective in inactivating the virus at all concentrations tested. Iodine and quaternary ammonium as the only active component were partially effective. The presence of bovine feces as organic matter and light decreased the effectiveness of sodium hypochlorite. These results show that an appropriated disinfection and asepsis of teats and hands may be helpful in the control and prevention of BV and other infections with VACV.
Author Notes
Financial support: This study was supported by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais, (FAPEMIG), and Pro-Reitoria de Pesquisa/ Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. E. G. Kroon and Z. I. P. Lobato were supported by fellowships from CNPq I. S. Rehfeld was supported by a fellowship from CNPq/Ministério de Agricultura, and M. I. M. C. Guedes was supported by a fellowship from FAPEMIG.
Authors' addresses: Tércia Moreira Ludolfo de Oliveira, Izabelle Silva Rehfeld, Maria Isabel Maldonado Coelho Guedes, and Zélia Inês Portela Lobato, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, E-mails: tercialud@gmail.com, izarehfeld@gmail.com, mariaisabel.guedes@gmail.com, and ziplobato@gmail.com. Jaqueline Maria Siqueira Ferreira, Laboratorio de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Sao Joao Del-Rei, Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu, Divinopolis, Brazil, E-mail: jackmaria4@gmail.com. Erna Geessien Kroon, Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, E-mail: kroone@icb.ufmg.br.
- Introduction
- Materials and methods
- Cells.
- Virus.
- Titration.
- Calculation of reduction in viral titer.
- Disinfectants.
- Testing the effectiveness of disinfectants.
- Preparation of hard water.
- Control of cytotoxicity.
- Determination of active chlorine in a 1:4 bleach dilution.
- Titration of active chlorine subjected to light and presence of organic matter.
- Statistical design.
- Results
- Sensitivity of VACV-GP2 to iodophor-based disinfectants.
- Sensitivity of VACV-GP2 to quaternary ammonium compound-based disinfectants.
- Sensitivity of VACV-GP2 to a chlorhexidine gluconate and quaternary ammonium–based disinfectant.
- Sensitivity of VACV to a glutaraldehyde and quaternary ammonium–based disinfectant.
- Sensitivity of VACV-GP2 to bleach at a 1:4 dilution.
- Concentration of active chlorine in a bleach solution in the presence of light.
- Concentration of active chlorine in a bleach solution in the presence of organic matter (bovine feces).
- Discussion
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Damaso CA, Esposito JE, Condit RC, Moussatché N, 2000. An emergent poxvirus from humans and cattle in Rio de Janeiro state: Cantagalo virus may from Brazilian smallpox vaccine. Virology 27: 439–449.
-
2.
Schatzmayr HG, Lemos ER, Mazur C, Schubach A, Majerowicz S, Rozental T, Schubach TM, Bustamante MC, Barth OM, 2000. Detection of poxvirus in cattle associated with human cases in state of Rio de Janeiro: preliminary report. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 95: 625–627.
-
3.
De Souza Trindade G, da Fonseca FG, Marques JT, Nogueira ML, Mendes LC, Borges AS, Peiró JR, Pituco EM, Ferreira PC, Kroon EG, 2003. Aracatuba virus: a vaccinia like virus associated with infection in humans and cattle. Emerg Infect Dis 9: 155–160.
-
4.
Nagasse-Sugahara TK, Kiesielius JJ, Ueda-Ito M, Curti SP, Figueiredo CA, Cruz AS, 2004. Human vaccinia-like virus outbreaks in Sao Paulo and Goias States, Brazil: virus detection, isolation, and identification. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 46: 315–322.
-
5.
Leite JA, Drumond BP, Trindade GS, Lobato ZI, da Fonseca FG, dos Santos Junior J, Madureira MC, Guedes MI, Ferreira JM, Bonjardim CA, Ferreira PC, Kroon EG, 2005. Passatempo virus, a vaccinia virus strain, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis 11: 1935–1938.
-
6.
Lobato ZI, Trindade GS, Frois MC, Ribeiro EB, Dias GR, Teixeira BM, Lima FA, Almeida GM, Kroon EG, 2005. Surto de varíola bovina causada pelo vírus Vaccinia na região da Zona da Mata Mineira. Arquivo Brasileiro Med Veterinaria Zootecnia 57: 423–429.
-
7.
de Souza Trindade G, Drumond BP, Guedes MI, Leite JA, Mota BE, Campos MA, Da Fonseca FG, Nogueira ML, Lobato ZI, Bonjardim CA, Ferreira PC, Kroon EG, 2007. Zoonotic vaccinia virus infection in Brazil: clinical description and implications for health professionals. J Clin Microbiol 45: 1370–1372.
-
8.
Abrahão JS, Guedes MI, Trindade GS, Fonseca FG, Campos RK, Mota BF, Lobato ZI, Silva-Fernandes AT, Rodrigues GO, Lima LS, Ferreira PC, Bonjardim CA, Kroon EG, 2009. One more piece in the VACV ecological puzzle: could peridomestic rodents be the link between wildlife and bovine vaccinia outbreaks in Brazil? PLoS ONE 4: 7428.
-
9.
Abrahão JS, Silva-Fernandes AT, Lima LS, Campos RK, Guedes MI, Cota MM, Assis FL, Borges IA, Souza-Júnior MF, Lobato ZI, Bonjardim CA, Trindade GS, Ferreira PC, Kroon EG, 2010. Vaccinia virus infection in monkeys, Brazilian Amazon. Emerg Infect Dis 16: 976–979.
-
10.
Abrahão JS, Trindade GS, Ferreira JM, Campos RK, Bonjardim CA, Ferreira PC, Kroon EG, 2009. Long-lasting stability of vaccinia virus strains in murine feces: implications for virus circulation and environmental maintenance. Arch Virol 154: 1551–1553.
-
11.
Campos MA, Kroon EG, 1993. Critical period for irreversible block of vaccinia virus replication. Rev Microbiol 24: 104–110.
-
12.
Malik YS, Maherchandani S, Goyal SM, 2006. Comparative efficacy of ethanol and isopropanol against feline calicivirus, a norovirus surrogate. Am J Infect Control 34: 31–35.
-
13.
European Committee for Standardization, 2006. Disinfectants and Antiseptics: Quantitative Suspension Test for Evaluating the Virucidal Activity of Disinfectants and Antiseptics Used in Veterinary Medicine—Test Method and Prerequisites (Phase 2, Step 1). Paris: CEN EN14675.
-
14.
Oliveira JM, Silva LR, 2006. Informações Sobre a Determinação do Teor de Cloro Ativo em Água Sanitária ou Alvejantes. Resposta Técnica Produzida pelo Serviço Brasileiro de Respostas Técnicas/SBRT. SENAI, Rio Grande do Sul, 2006. Available at: http://www.sbrt.ibict.br. Accessed January 20, 2008.
-
15.
ANVISA (Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária), Brasil, 1994. Portaria no. 89, de 25 de Agosto de 1994. Determina Que o Registro dos Produtos Saneantes Domissanitários “Água Sanitária” e “Alvejante” Categoria Congênere a Detergente Alvejante e Desinfetante para Uso Geral Seja Procedido de Acordo com as Normas Regulamentares Anexas a Presente. Diário Oficial da União, [Brasília, DF], 26 de Agosto de 1994. Available at: http://elegis.anvisa.gov.br/leisref/public/showAct.php?id=329. Accessed October 23, 2007.
-
16.
McDonnel G, Russell D, 1999. Antiseptics and disinfectants: activity, action, and resistance. Clin Microbiol Rev 12: 147–179.
-
17.
Tanabe I, Hota S, 1976. Effect of disinfectants on Variola virus in cell culture. Appl Environ Microbiol 32: 209–211.
-
18.
Block SS, 2001. Disinfection, Sterilization and Preservation. Fifth edition. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
-
19.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2003. Guide F: Environmental Control of Smallpox Virus—Response Plan [s.l.]. Available at: http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/smallpox/response-plan/files/guide-f.doc. Accessed: August 2, 2008.
-
20.
Jones GM, 1998. Milking Practices Recommended to Assure Milk Quality and to Prevent Mastitis. Dairy Science—Virginia Cooperative Extension, 404–227. Available at: http://www.ext.vt.edu/pubs/dairy/404-227/404-227.pdf. Accessed September 18, 2008.
-
21.
Schümann K, Grossgebauer K, 1977. Experiments on disinfection of vaccinia virus embedded in scabs and/or at the hand [in German]. Zentralbl Bakteriol Orig B 164: 45–63.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 275 | 212 | 9 |
| Full Text Views | 499 | 16 | 2 |
| PDF Downloads | 235 | 17 | 3 |