Anderson RC, 2000. Nematode parasites of vertebrates: their development and transmission. New York: CAB International, 417ā422.
Orihel TC, Eberhard ML, 1998. Zoonotic filariasis. Clin Microbiol Rev 11: 366ā381.
McCall JW, Genchi C, Kramer LH, Guerrero J, Venco L, 2008. Heartworm disease in animals and humans. Adv Parasitol 66: 193ā285.
Pampiglione S, Rivasi F, 2000. Human dirofilariasis due to Dirofilaria (Nochtiella) repens: an update of world literature from 1995 to 2000. Parassitologia 42: 231ā254.
Pampiglione S, Rivasi F, Angeli G, Boldorini R, Incensati RM, Pastormerlo M, Pavesi M, Ramponi A, 2001. Dirofilariasis due to Dirofilaria repens in Italy, an emergent zoonosis: report of 60 new cases. Histopathology 38: 344ā354.
Pampiglione S, Rivasi F, Gustinelli A, 2009. Dirofilarial human cases in the Old World, attributed to Dirofilaria immitis: a critical analysis. Histopathology 54: 192ā204.
Ferri E, Barbuto M, Bain O, Galimberti A, Uni S, Guerrero R, FertƩ H, Bandi C, Martin C, Casiraghi M, 2009. Integrated taxonomy: traditional approach and DNA barcoding for the identification of filarioid worms and related parasites (Nematoda). Front Zool 6: 1.
Otranto D, Sakru N, Testini G, Gürlü VP, Yakar K, Lia RP, Dantas-Torres F, Bain O, 2011. First evidence of human zoonotic infestation by Onchocerca lupi (Spirurida, Onchocercidae). Am J Trop Med Hyg 84: 55ā58.
Casiraghi M, Bazzocchi C, Mortarino M, Ottina E, Genchi C, 2006. A simple molecular method for discriminating common filarial nematodes of dogs (Canis familiaris). Vet Parasitol 141: 368ā372.
Anderson RC, Bain O, 1976. Diplotriaenoidea, Aproctoidea and Filarioidea. Anderson RC, Chabaud AG, Willmott S, eds. Keys to the Nematode Parasites of Vertebrates. New York: CAB International, 59ā116.
Pampiglione S, Azzaro S, Bongiorno A, Fioravanti ML, Garavelli PL, La Valle S, 1995. La dirofilariosi oculare umana in Italia: descrizione di 6 nuovi casi. Revisione della casistica Italiana. Ann Ottalmol Clin Ocul 121: 257ā277.
Pampiglione S, Canestri-Trotti G, Piro S, Maxia C, 1989. Dirofilariosi palpebrale nell'uomo: un caso in Sardegna. Pathologica 81: 57ā62.
Therizol-Ferly M, Bain O, Reynouard F, Aimard I, Raymond JM, Rossazza C, Richard-Lenoble D, 1996. Ocular dirofilariosis in a French woman living in Sologne (France). Vet Res Commun 20: 345ā349.
Addario C, 1885. Su di un nematode dell'occhio umano. Ann Oftalmol 14: 135ā147.
Pace A, 1886. Sopra un nuovo nematode. G Sci Nat Econ R Ist Tecn Palermo 2: 152ā154.
Otranto D, Diniz DG, Dantas-Torres F, Casiraghi M, de Almeida IN, de Almeida LN, Nascimento dos Santos J, Penha Furtado A, de Almeida Sobrinho AF, Bain O, 2011. Human intraocular filariasis caused by Dirofilaria sp., Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis 17: doi: 10.3201/eid1705.100916.
Furtado AP, Do Carmo ES, Giese EG, Vallinoto AC, Lanfredi RM, Santos JN, 2009. Detection of dog filariasis in Marajo Island, Brazil by classical and molecular methods. Parasitol Res 105: 1509ā1515.
Ciferri F, 1982. Human pulmonary dirofilariasis in the United States: a critical review. Am J Trop Med Hyg 31: 302ā308.
Milanez de Campos JR, Barbas CS, Filomeno LT, Fernandez A, Minamoto H, Filho JV, Jatene FB, 1997. Human pulmonary dirofilariasis: analysis of 24 cases from SĆ£o Paulo, Brazil. Chest 112: 729ā733.
Webber WAF, Hawking F, 1955. Experimental maintenance of Dirofilaria repens and D. immitis in dogs. Exp Parasitol 4: 143ā164.
Cancrini G, Pietrobelli M, Frangipane di Regalbono A, Tampieri MP, Della Torre A, 1995. Development of Dirofilaria and Setaria nematodes in Aedes albopictus. Parassitologia 37: 141ā145.
Otranto D, Capelli G, Genchi C, 2009. Changing distribution patterns of canine vector borne diseases in Italy: leishmaniosis vs dirofilariosis. Parasit Vectors 2: S2.
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Dirofilaria repens, which is usually found in canine subcutaneous tissues, is the main causative agent of human dirofilariasis in the Old Word. However, a relationship between animal and human cases of dirofilariasis caused by D. repens in a given area has never been demonstrated. The uneven distribution of D. repens in provinces in Sicily, Italy represented the foundation for this study. We report a human case of ocular infection with D. repens from Trapani Province, where canine dirofilariasis is endemic. The nematode was morphologically and molecularly identified and surgical removal of the parasite was documented. The relationship between the prevalence of D. repens in dogs and the occurrence of human cases of ocular dirofilariasis is discussed on the basis of a review of the historical literature.
Authors' addresses: Domenico Otranto and Filipe Dantas-Torres, Dipartimento di SanitĆ Pubblica e Zootecnia, UniversitĆ degli Studi di Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy, E-mails: d.otranto@veterinaria.uniba.it and f.dantastorres@veterinaria.uniba.it. Emanuele Brianti, Gabriella Gaglio, and Salvatore Giannetto, Dipartimento di SanitĆ Pubblica Veterinaria, FacoltĆ di Medicina Veterinaria, UniversitĆ degli Studi di Messina, Messina, Italy, E-mails: ebrianti@unime.it, ggaglio@unime.it, and sgiannetto@unime.it. Salvatore Azzaro, Divisione di Oculistica, Ospedale Civile di Vittoria, Vittoria (RG), Italy, E-mail: azzaro@ospedaleragusa.it.
Anderson RC, 2000. Nematode parasites of vertebrates: their development and transmission. New York: CAB International, 417ā422.
Orihel TC, Eberhard ML, 1998. Zoonotic filariasis. Clin Microbiol Rev 11: 366ā381.
McCall JW, Genchi C, Kramer LH, Guerrero J, Venco L, 2008. Heartworm disease in animals and humans. Adv Parasitol 66: 193ā285.
Pampiglione S, Rivasi F, 2000. Human dirofilariasis due to Dirofilaria (Nochtiella) repens: an update of world literature from 1995 to 2000. Parassitologia 42: 231ā254.
Pampiglione S, Rivasi F, Angeli G, Boldorini R, Incensati RM, Pastormerlo M, Pavesi M, Ramponi A, 2001. Dirofilariasis due to Dirofilaria repens in Italy, an emergent zoonosis: report of 60 new cases. Histopathology 38: 344ā354.
Pampiglione S, Rivasi F, Gustinelli A, 2009. Dirofilarial human cases in the Old World, attributed to Dirofilaria immitis: a critical analysis. Histopathology 54: 192ā204.
Ferri E, Barbuto M, Bain O, Galimberti A, Uni S, Guerrero R, FertƩ H, Bandi C, Martin C, Casiraghi M, 2009. Integrated taxonomy: traditional approach and DNA barcoding for the identification of filarioid worms and related parasites (Nematoda). Front Zool 6: 1.
Otranto D, Sakru N, Testini G, Gürlü VP, Yakar K, Lia RP, Dantas-Torres F, Bain O, 2011. First evidence of human zoonotic infestation by Onchocerca lupi (Spirurida, Onchocercidae). Am J Trop Med Hyg 84: 55ā58.
Casiraghi M, Bazzocchi C, Mortarino M, Ottina E, Genchi C, 2006. A simple molecular method for discriminating common filarial nematodes of dogs (Canis familiaris). Vet Parasitol 141: 368ā372.
Anderson RC, Bain O, 1976. Diplotriaenoidea, Aproctoidea and Filarioidea. Anderson RC, Chabaud AG, Willmott S, eds. Keys to the Nematode Parasites of Vertebrates. New York: CAB International, 59ā116.
Pampiglione S, Azzaro S, Bongiorno A, Fioravanti ML, Garavelli PL, La Valle S, 1995. La dirofilariosi oculare umana in Italia: descrizione di 6 nuovi casi. Revisione della casistica Italiana. Ann Ottalmol Clin Ocul 121: 257ā277.
Pampiglione S, Canestri-Trotti G, Piro S, Maxia C, 1989. Dirofilariosi palpebrale nell'uomo: un caso in Sardegna. Pathologica 81: 57ā62.
Therizol-Ferly M, Bain O, Reynouard F, Aimard I, Raymond JM, Rossazza C, Richard-Lenoble D, 1996. Ocular dirofilariosis in a French woman living in Sologne (France). Vet Res Commun 20: 345ā349.
Addario C, 1885. Su di un nematode dell'occhio umano. Ann Oftalmol 14: 135ā147.
Pace A, 1886. Sopra un nuovo nematode. G Sci Nat Econ R Ist Tecn Palermo 2: 152ā154.
Otranto D, Diniz DG, Dantas-Torres F, Casiraghi M, de Almeida IN, de Almeida LN, Nascimento dos Santos J, Penha Furtado A, de Almeida Sobrinho AF, Bain O, 2011. Human intraocular filariasis caused by Dirofilaria sp., Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis 17: doi: 10.3201/eid1705.100916.
Furtado AP, Do Carmo ES, Giese EG, Vallinoto AC, Lanfredi RM, Santos JN, 2009. Detection of dog filariasis in Marajo Island, Brazil by classical and molecular methods. Parasitol Res 105: 1509ā1515.
Ciferri F, 1982. Human pulmonary dirofilariasis in the United States: a critical review. Am J Trop Med Hyg 31: 302ā308.
Milanez de Campos JR, Barbas CS, Filomeno LT, Fernandez A, Minamoto H, Filho JV, Jatene FB, 1997. Human pulmonary dirofilariasis: analysis of 24 cases from SĆ£o Paulo, Brazil. Chest 112: 729ā733.
Webber WAF, Hawking F, 1955. Experimental maintenance of Dirofilaria repens and D. immitis in dogs. Exp Parasitol 4: 143ā164.
Cancrini G, Pietrobelli M, Frangipane di Regalbono A, Tampieri MP, Della Torre A, 1995. Development of Dirofilaria and Setaria nematodes in Aedes albopictus. Parassitologia 37: 141ā145.
Otranto D, Capelli G, Genchi C, 2009. Changing distribution patterns of canine vector borne diseases in Italy: leishmaniosis vs dirofilariosis. Parasit Vectors 2: S2.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 75 | 75 | 16 |
Full Text Views | 465 | 155 | 0 |
PDF Downloads | 117 | 27 | 0 |