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Epidemiology of Hookworm Infection in Kintampo North Municipality, Ghana: Patterns of Malaria Coinfection, Anemia, and Albendazole Treatment Failure
Debbie Humphries
Debbie Humphries
School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Pediatrics and Program in International Child Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana; Jordan Institute for Families, School of Social Work, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Kintampo Rural Health Training School, Kintampo, Ghana; Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
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Emily Mosites
Emily Mosites
School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Pediatrics and Program in International Child Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana; Jordan Institute for Families, School of Social Work, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Kintampo Rural Health Training School, Kintampo, Ghana; Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
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Joseph Otchere
Joseph Otchere
School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Pediatrics and Program in International Child Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana; Jordan Institute for Families, School of Social Work, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Kintampo Rural Health Training School, Kintampo, Ghana; Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
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Welbeck Amoani Twum
Welbeck Amoani Twum
School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Pediatrics and Program in International Child Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana; Jordan Institute for Families, School of Social Work, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Kintampo Rural Health Training School, Kintampo, Ghana; Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
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Lauren Woo
Lauren Woo
School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Pediatrics and Program in International Child Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana; Jordan Institute for Families, School of Social Work, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Kintampo Rural Health Training School, Kintampo, Ghana; Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
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Hinckley Jones-Sanpei
Hinckley Jones-Sanpei
School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Pediatrics and Program in International Child Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana; Jordan Institute for Families, School of Social Work, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Kintampo Rural Health Training School, Kintampo, Ghana; Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
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Lisa M. Harrison
Lisa M. Harrison
School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Pediatrics and Program in International Child Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana; Jordan Institute for Families, School of Social Work, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Kintampo Rural Health Training School, Kintampo, Ghana; Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
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Richard D. Bungiro
Richard D. Bungiro
School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Pediatrics and Program in International Child Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana; Jordan Institute for Families, School of Social Work, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Kintampo Rural Health Training School, Kintampo, Ghana; Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
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Blair Benham-Pyle
Blair Benham-Pyle
School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Pediatrics and Program in International Child Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana; Jordan Institute for Families, School of Social Work, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Kintampo Rural Health Training School, Kintampo, Ghana; Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
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Langbong Bimi
Langbong Bimi
School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Pediatrics and Program in International Child Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana; Jordan Institute for Families, School of Social Work, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Kintampo Rural Health Training School, Kintampo, Ghana; Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
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Dominic Edoh
Dominic Edoh
School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Pediatrics and Program in International Child Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana; Jordan Institute for Families, School of Social Work, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Kintampo Rural Health Training School, Kintampo, Ghana; Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
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Kwabena Bosompem
Kwabena Bosompem
School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Pediatrics and Program in International Child Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana; Jordan Institute for Families, School of Social Work, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Kintampo Rural Health Training School, Kintampo, Ghana; Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
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Michael Wilson
Michael Wilson
School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Pediatrics and Program in International Child Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana; Jordan Institute for Families, School of Social Work, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Kintampo Rural Health Training School, Kintampo, Ghana; Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
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Michael Cappello
Michael Cappello
School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Pediatrics and Program in International Child Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana; Jordan Institute for Families, School of Social Work, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Kintampo Rural Health Training School, Kintampo, Ghana; Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
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A cross-sectional pilot study of hookworm infection was carried out among 292 subjects from 62 households in Kintampo North, Ghana. The overall prevalence of hookworm infection was 45%, peaking in those 11–20 years old (58.5%). In children, risk factors for hookworm infection included coinfection with malaria and increased serum immunoglobulin G reactivity to hookworm secretory antigens. Risk factors for infection in adults included poor nutritional status, not using a latrine, not wearing shoes, and occupation (farming). Although albendazole therapy was associated with an overall egg reduction rate of 82%, 37 subjects (39%) remained infected. Among those who failed therapy, treatment was not associated with a significant reduction in egg excretion, and nearly one-third had higher counts on repeat examination. These data confirm a high prevalence of low-intensity hookworm infection in central Ghana and its association with poor nutritional status. The high rate of albendazole failure raises concern about emerging resistance.
Author Notes
Authors' addresses: Debbie Humphries, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, E-mail: debbie.humphries@yale.edu. Emily Mosites, Tennessee Department of Health, Communicable and Environmental Disease Services, Nashville, TN, E-mail: Emily.Mosites@tn.gov. Joseph Otchere, Kwabena Bosompem, and Michael Wilson, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana, E-mails: JOtchere@noguchi.mimcom.org, KBosompem@noguchi.mimcom.org, and wilsonmi@who.int. Welbeck Amoani Twum, Rural Health Training School, Ministry of Health, Kintampo B/A, Ghana, E-mail: watbeckat@yahoo.com. Lauren Woo, Lisa M. Harrison, Blair Benham-Pyle, and Michael Cappello, Yale Child Health Research Center, New Haven, CT, E-mails: laurenwoo13@gmail.com, lisa.harrison@yale.edu, bbenhampyle2010@gmail.com, and michael.cappello@yale.edu. Hinckley Jones-Sanpei, School of Social Work, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, E-mail: jonessan@email.unc.edu. Richard D. Bungiro, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Providence, RI, E-mail: Richard_Bungiro@Brown.edu. Langbong Bimi and Dominic Edoh, Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana, E-mails: lbimi@ug.edu.gh and dedoh@ug.edu.gh.
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