Author:
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
World Health Organization, 1997. Drancunculiasis and onchocerciasis. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 72: 297–301.
-
2.
Ensor H, 1908. The advent of craw-craw in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. J R Soc Trop Med Corp 10: 140–143.
-
3.
World Health Organization, 1995. Onchocerciasis and its control. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 852: 1–104.
-
4.
Mackenzie CD, Williams JF, O'Day J, Ghalal I, Flockhart HA, Sisley BM, 1987. Onchocerciasis in southwestern Sudan: parasitological and clinical characteristics. Am J Trop Med Hyg 36: 371–382.
-
5.
Mukhtar M, Khier M, Baraka O, Homeida M, 1998. The burden of Onchocerca volvulus in Sudan. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 92 (Suppl 1): S129–S131.
-
6.
Morgan H, 1958. Onchocerciasis in northern Sudan. J Trop Med Hyg 61: 145–147.
-
7.
Abdalla R, Baker EA, 1975. A new focus of onchoceriasis in the Sudan. Trop Geogr Med 27: 365–370.
-
8.
Williams JF, Abu Yousif AH, Ballard M, Awad R, el Tayeb M, Rasheed M, 1985. Onchocerciasis in Sudan: the Abu Hamed focus. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 79: 464–468.
-
9.
Ghalib H, Mackenzie C, Williams J, Elsheikh H, Kron M, 1987. Severe onchocercal dermatitis in Ethiopian border region of Sudan. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 81: 405–419.
-
10.
Baker RH, Abdelnur OM, 1986. Onchocerciasis in Sudan: the distribution of the disease and its vectors. Trop Med Parasitol 37: 341–355.
-
11.
Higazi TB, Boakye DA, Wilson MD, Mahmoud BM, Baraka OZ, Mukhtar MM, Unnasch TR, 2000. Cytotaxonomic and molecular analysis of Simulium (Edwardsellum) damnosum sensu lato (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Abu Hamed, Sudan. J Med Entomol 37: 547–553.
-
12.
Zimmerman PA, Dadzie KY, DeSole G, Remme J, Alley ES, Unnasch TR, 1992. Onchocerca volvulus: DNA probe classification correlates with epidemiological patterns of blindness. J Infect Dis 165: 964–968.
-
13.
Higazi TB, Katholi CR, Mahmoud BM, Baraka OZ, Mukhtar MM, Qubati YA, Unnasch TR, 2001. Onchocerca volvulus: genetic diversity of parasite isolates from Sudan. Exp Parasitol 97: 24–34.
-
14.
Walsh J, 1983. Sampling Simuliid black flies. Service AY, ed. Pest and Vector Management in the Tropics. Longman. London, 93–99.
-
15.
Rodríguez-Pérez MA, Lilley BG, Domínguez-Vázquez A, Segura-Arenas R, Lizarazo-Ortega C, Mendoza-Herrera A, Reyes-Villanueva F, Unnasch TR, 2004. Polymerase chain reaction monitoring of transmission of Onchocerca volvulus in two endemic states in Mexico. Am J Trop Med Hyg 70: 38–45.
-
16.
Rodríguez-Pérez MA, Katholi CR, Hassan HK, Unnasch TR, 2006. Large-scale entomologic assessment of Onchocerca volvulus transmission by poolscreen PCR in Mexico. Am J Trop Med Hyg 74: 1026–1033.
-
17.
Rodríguez-Pérez MA, Unnasch TR, Domínguez-Vázquez A, Morales-Castro AL, Richards F Jr, Peña-Flores GP, Orozco-Algarra ME, Prado-Velasco G, 2010. Lack of active Onchocerca volvulus transmission in the northern Chiapas focus of Mexico. Am J Trop Med Hyg 83: 15–20.
-
18.
Katholi CR, Toé L, Merriweather A, Unnasch TR, 1995. Determining the prevalence of Onchocerca volvulus infection in vector populations by polymerase chain reaction screening of pools of black flies. J Infect Dis 172: 1414–1417.
-
19.
Renz A, 1987. Studies on the dynamics of transmission of onchocerciasis in a Sudan-savanna area of North Cameroon II. Seasonal and diurnal changes in the biting densities and in the age-composition of the vector population. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 81: 229–237.
-
20.
Lindblade KA, Arana B, Zea-Flores G, Rizzo N, Porter CH, Dominguez A, Cruz-Ortiz N, Unnasch TR, Punkosdy GA, Richards J, Sauerbrey M, Castro J, Catú E, Oliva O, Richards FO Jr, 2007. Elimination of Onchocercia volvulus transmission in the Santa Rosa focus of Guatemala. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77: 334–341.
-
21.
Gonzalez RJ, Cruz-Ortiz N, Rizzo N, Richards J, Zea-Flores G, Domínguez A, Sauerbrey M, Catú E, Oliva O, Richards FO, Lindblade KA, 2009. Successful interruption of transmission of Onchocerca volvulus in the Escuintla-Guatemala focus, Guatemala. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 3: e404.
-
22.
Basanez MG, Rodriguez-Perez MA, Reyes-Villanueva F, Collins RC, Rodriguez MH, 1998. Determination of sample sizes for the estimation of Onchocerca volvulus (filarioidea: Onchocercidae) infection rates in biting populations of Simulium ochraceum s.l. (diptera: Simuliidae) and its application to ivermectin control programs. J Med Entomol 35: 745–757.
-
23.
World Health Organization, 2001. Certification of Elimination of Human Onchocerciariasis: Criteria and Procedures. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1–36.
-
24.
Plaisier AP, van Oortmarssen GJ, Remme J, Alley ES, Habbema JD, 1991. The risk and dynamics of onchocerciasis recrudescence after cessation of vector control. Bull World Health Organ 69: 169–178.
-
25.
Remme JH, 2004. Research for control: the onchocerciasis experience. Trop Med Int Health 9: 243–254.
-
26.
Katholi CR, Unnasch TR, 2006. Important experimental parameters for determining infection rates in arthropod vectors using pool screening approaches. Am J Trop Med Hyg 74: 779–785.
-
27.
Borsboom GJJM, Boatin BA, Nagelkerke NJ, Agoua H, Akpoboua KL, Alley AW, Yeriba Bissan Y, Renz A, Yameogo L, Remme JH, Habbema JD, 2003. Impact of vermectin on onchocerciasis transmission: assessing the empirical evidence that repeated ivermectin mass treatments may lead to elimination/eradication in West Africa. Filaria J 2: 8.
-
28.
Diawara L, Traoré MO, Badji A, Bissan Y, Doumbia K, Goita SF, Konaté L, Mounkoro K, Sarr MD, Seck AF, Toé L, Tourée S, Remme JH, 2009. Feasibility of onchocerciasis elimination with ivermectin treatment in endemic foci in Africa: first evidence from studies in Mali and Senegal. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 3: e497.
-
29.
Cupp EW, Sauerbrey M, Richards F, 2010. Elimination of human onchocerciasis: history of progress and current feasibility using ivermectin (Mectizan®) monotherapy. Acta Trop Aug 27: [Epub ahead of print].
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 40 | 40 | 5 |
| Full Text Views | 333 | 90 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 81 | 34 | 2 |
Polymerase Chain Reaction Pool Screening Used To Compare Prevalence of Infective Black Flies in Two Onchocerciasis Foci in Northern Sudan
Tarig B. Higazi
Tarig B. Higazi
Ohio University, Zanesville, Ohio; Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan; The Carter Center, Khartoum, Sudan; The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia; Global Health Infectious Diseases Research Program, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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Isam M. A. Zarroug
Isam M. A. Zarroug
Ohio University, Zanesville, Ohio; Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan; The Carter Center, Khartoum, Sudan; The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia; Global Health Infectious Diseases Research Program, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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Hanan A. Mohamed
Hanan A. Mohamed
Ohio University, Zanesville, Ohio; Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan; The Carter Center, Khartoum, Sudan; The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia; Global Health Infectious Diseases Research Program, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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Wigdan A. Mohamed
Wigdan A. Mohamed
Ohio University, Zanesville, Ohio; Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan; The Carter Center, Khartoum, Sudan; The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia; Global Health Infectious Diseases Research Program, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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Tong Chor M. Deran
Tong Chor M. Deran
Ohio University, Zanesville, Ohio; Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan; The Carter Center, Khartoum, Sudan; The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia; Global Health Infectious Diseases Research Program, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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Nabil Aziz
Nabil Aziz
Ohio University, Zanesville, Ohio; Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan; The Carter Center, Khartoum, Sudan; The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia; Global Health Infectious Diseases Research Program, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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Moses Katabarwa
Moses Katabarwa
Ohio University, Zanesville, Ohio; Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan; The Carter Center, Khartoum, Sudan; The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia; Global Health Infectious Diseases Research Program, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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Hassan K. Hassan
Hassan K. Hassan
Ohio University, Zanesville, Ohio; Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan; The Carter Center, Khartoum, Sudan; The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia; Global Health Infectious Diseases Research Program, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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Thomas R. Unnasch
Thomas R. Unnasch
Ohio University, Zanesville, Ohio; Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan; The Carter Center, Khartoum, Sudan; The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia; Global Health Infectious Diseases Research Program, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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Charles D. Mackenzie
Charles D. Mackenzie
Ohio University, Zanesville, Ohio; Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan; The Carter Center, Khartoum, Sudan; The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia; Global Health Infectious Diseases Research Program, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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Frank Richards
Frank Richards
Ohio University, Zanesville, Ohio; Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan; The Carter Center, Khartoum, Sudan; The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia; Global Health Infectious Diseases Research Program, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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Onchocerciasis remains an important debilitating disease in many areas of Africa, including Sudan. The status of infection transmission in 2007 was assessed in the vectors of two disease foci in Sudan: Abu Hamed in northern Sudan, which has received at least 10 years of annual treatment and Galabat focus in eastern Sudan, where only minor, largely undocumented treatment activity has occurred. Assessment of more than 30,000 black flies for Onchocerca volvulus infectious stage L3 larvae by using an O-150 polymerase chain reaction protocol showed that black fly infectivity rates were 0.84 (95% confidence interval = 0.0497–1.88) per 10,000 flies for Abu Hamed and 6.9 (95% confidence interval = 1.1–16.4) infective flies per 10,000 for Galabat. These results provide entomologic evidence for suppressed Onchocerca volvulus transmission in the Abu Hamed focus and a moderate transmission rate of the parasite in the Galabat focus.
Author Notes
Financial support: Field work and laboratory analysis were supported by the Lions Clubs SightFirst Program and The Carter Center.
Authors' addresses: Tarig B. Higazi, Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Zanesville Elson 249, 1425 Newark Road, Zanesville OH 43701. Isam M. A. Zarroug, Hanan A. Mohamed, Wigdan A. Mohamed, and Tong Chor M. Deran, Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan. Nabil Aziz, The Carter Center, Khartoum, Sudan. Moses Katabarwa and Frank Richards, The Carter Center, Atlanta, GA 30307. Hassan K. Hassan and Thomas R. Unnasch, Global Health Infectious Diseases Research Program, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612. Charles D. Mackenzie, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
World Health Organization, 1997. Drancunculiasis and onchocerciasis. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 72: 297–301.
-
2.
Ensor H, 1908. The advent of craw-craw in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. J R Soc Trop Med Corp 10: 140–143.
-
3.
World Health Organization, 1995. Onchocerciasis and its control. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 852: 1–104.
-
4.
Mackenzie CD, Williams JF, O'Day J, Ghalal I, Flockhart HA, Sisley BM, 1987. Onchocerciasis in southwestern Sudan: parasitological and clinical characteristics. Am J Trop Med Hyg 36: 371–382.
-
5.
Mukhtar M, Khier M, Baraka O, Homeida M, 1998. The burden of Onchocerca volvulus in Sudan. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 92 (Suppl 1): S129–S131.
-
6.
Morgan H, 1958. Onchocerciasis in northern Sudan. J Trop Med Hyg 61: 145–147.
-
7.
Abdalla R, Baker EA, 1975. A new focus of onchoceriasis in the Sudan. Trop Geogr Med 27: 365–370.
-
8.
Williams JF, Abu Yousif AH, Ballard M, Awad R, el Tayeb M, Rasheed M, 1985. Onchocerciasis in Sudan: the Abu Hamed focus. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 79: 464–468.
-
9.
Ghalib H, Mackenzie C, Williams J, Elsheikh H, Kron M, 1987. Severe onchocercal dermatitis in Ethiopian border region of Sudan. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 81: 405–419.
-
10.
Baker RH, Abdelnur OM, 1986. Onchocerciasis in Sudan: the distribution of the disease and its vectors. Trop Med Parasitol 37: 341–355.
-
11.
Higazi TB, Boakye DA, Wilson MD, Mahmoud BM, Baraka OZ, Mukhtar MM, Unnasch TR, 2000. Cytotaxonomic and molecular analysis of Simulium (Edwardsellum) damnosum sensu lato (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Abu Hamed, Sudan. J Med Entomol 37: 547–553.
-
12.
Zimmerman PA, Dadzie KY, DeSole G, Remme J, Alley ES, Unnasch TR, 1992. Onchocerca volvulus: DNA probe classification correlates with epidemiological patterns of blindness. J Infect Dis 165: 964–968.
-
13.
Higazi TB, Katholi CR, Mahmoud BM, Baraka OZ, Mukhtar MM, Qubati YA, Unnasch TR, 2001. Onchocerca volvulus: genetic diversity of parasite isolates from Sudan. Exp Parasitol 97: 24–34.
-
14.
Walsh J, 1983. Sampling Simuliid black flies. Service AY, ed. Pest and Vector Management in the Tropics. Longman. London, 93–99.
-
15.
Rodríguez-Pérez MA, Lilley BG, Domínguez-Vázquez A, Segura-Arenas R, Lizarazo-Ortega C, Mendoza-Herrera A, Reyes-Villanueva F, Unnasch TR, 2004. Polymerase chain reaction monitoring of transmission of Onchocerca volvulus in two endemic states in Mexico. Am J Trop Med Hyg 70: 38–45.
-
16.
Rodríguez-Pérez MA, Katholi CR, Hassan HK, Unnasch TR, 2006. Large-scale entomologic assessment of Onchocerca volvulus transmission by poolscreen PCR in Mexico. Am J Trop Med Hyg 74: 1026–1033.
-
17.
Rodríguez-Pérez MA, Unnasch TR, Domínguez-Vázquez A, Morales-Castro AL, Richards F Jr, Peña-Flores GP, Orozco-Algarra ME, Prado-Velasco G, 2010. Lack of active Onchocerca volvulus transmission in the northern Chiapas focus of Mexico. Am J Trop Med Hyg 83: 15–20.
-
18.
Katholi CR, Toé L, Merriweather A, Unnasch TR, 1995. Determining the prevalence of Onchocerca volvulus infection in vector populations by polymerase chain reaction screening of pools of black flies. J Infect Dis 172: 1414–1417.
-
19.
Renz A, 1987. Studies on the dynamics of transmission of onchocerciasis in a Sudan-savanna area of North Cameroon II. Seasonal and diurnal changes in the biting densities and in the age-composition of the vector population. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 81: 229–237.
-
20.
Lindblade KA, Arana B, Zea-Flores G, Rizzo N, Porter CH, Dominguez A, Cruz-Ortiz N, Unnasch TR, Punkosdy GA, Richards J, Sauerbrey M, Castro J, Catú E, Oliva O, Richards FO Jr, 2007. Elimination of Onchocercia volvulus transmission in the Santa Rosa focus of Guatemala. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77: 334–341.
-
21.
Gonzalez RJ, Cruz-Ortiz N, Rizzo N, Richards J, Zea-Flores G, Domínguez A, Sauerbrey M, Catú E, Oliva O, Richards FO, Lindblade KA, 2009. Successful interruption of transmission of Onchocerca volvulus in the Escuintla-Guatemala focus, Guatemala. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 3: e404.
-
22.
Basanez MG, Rodriguez-Perez MA, Reyes-Villanueva F, Collins RC, Rodriguez MH, 1998. Determination of sample sizes for the estimation of Onchocerca volvulus (filarioidea: Onchocercidae) infection rates in biting populations of Simulium ochraceum s.l. (diptera: Simuliidae) and its application to ivermectin control programs. J Med Entomol 35: 745–757.
-
23.
World Health Organization, 2001. Certification of Elimination of Human Onchocerciariasis: Criteria and Procedures. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1–36.
-
24.
Plaisier AP, van Oortmarssen GJ, Remme J, Alley ES, Habbema JD, 1991. The risk and dynamics of onchocerciasis recrudescence after cessation of vector control. Bull World Health Organ 69: 169–178.
-
25.
Remme JH, 2004. Research for control: the onchocerciasis experience. Trop Med Int Health 9: 243–254.
-
26.
Katholi CR, Unnasch TR, 2006. Important experimental parameters for determining infection rates in arthropod vectors using pool screening approaches. Am J Trop Med Hyg 74: 779–785.
-
27.
Borsboom GJJM, Boatin BA, Nagelkerke NJ, Agoua H, Akpoboua KL, Alley AW, Yeriba Bissan Y, Renz A, Yameogo L, Remme JH, Habbema JD, 2003. Impact of vermectin on onchocerciasis transmission: assessing the empirical evidence that repeated ivermectin mass treatments may lead to elimination/eradication in West Africa. Filaria J 2: 8.
-
28.
Diawara L, Traoré MO, Badji A, Bissan Y, Doumbia K, Goita SF, Konaté L, Mounkoro K, Sarr MD, Seck AF, Toé L, Tourée S, Remme JH, 2009. Feasibility of onchocerciasis elimination with ivermectin treatment in endemic foci in Africa: first evidence from studies in Mali and Senegal. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 3: e497.
-
29.
Cupp EW, Sauerbrey M, Richards F, 2010. Elimination of human onchocerciasis: history of progress and current feasibility using ivermectin (Mectizan®) monotherapy. Acta Trop Aug 27: [Epub ahead of print].
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 40 | 40 | 5 |
| Full Text Views | 333 | 90 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 81 | 34 | 2 |