Authors:
, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and
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-
1.
Dalton HR, Bendall R, Ijaz S, Banks M, 2008. Hepatitis E: an emerging infection in developed countries. Lancet Infect Dis 8: 698–709.
-
2.
Meng XJ, Purcell RH, Halbur PG, Lehman JR, Webb DM, Tsareva TS, Haynes JS, Thacker BJ, Emerson SU, 1997. A novel virus in swine is closely related to the human hepatitis E virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94: 9860–9865.
-
3.
Meng XJ, 2003. Swine hepatitis E virus: cross-species infection and risk in xenotransplantation. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 278: 185–216.
-
4.
Halbur PG, Kasorndorkbua C, Gilbert C, Guenette D, Potters MB, Purcell RH, Emerson SU, Toth TE, Meng XJ, 2001. Comparative pathogenesis of infection of pigs with hepatitis E viruses recovered from a pig and a human. J Clin Microbiol 39: 918–923.
-
5.
Meng XJ, Halbur PG, Shapiro MS, Govindarajan S, Bruna JD, Mushahwar IK, Purcell RH, Emerson SU, 1998. Genetic and experimental evidence for cross-species infection by swine hepatitis E virus. J Virol 72: 9714–9721.
-
6.
Meng XJ, Wiseman B, Elvinger F, Guenette DK, Toth TE, Engle RE, Emerson SU, Purcell RH, 2002. Prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis E virus in veterinarians working with swine and in normal blood donors in the United States and other countries. J Clin Microbiol 40: 117–122.
-
7.
Hsieh SY, Meng XJ, Wu YH, Liu ST, Tam AW, Lin DY, Liaw YF, 1999. Identity of a novel swine hepatitis E virus in Taiwan forming a monophyletic group with Taiwan isolates of human hepatitis E virus. J Clin Microbiol 37: 3828–3834.
-
8.
Nishizawa T, Takahashi M, Mizuo H, Miyajima H, Gotanda Y, Okamoto H, 2003. Characterization of Japanese swine and human hepatitis E virus isolates of genotype IV with 99% identity over the entire genome. J Gen Virol 84: 1245–1251.
-
9.
Wang YC, Zhang HY, Xia NS, Peng G, Lan HY, Zhuang H, Zhu YH, Li SW, Tian KG, Gu WJ, Lin JX, Wu X, Li HM, Harrison TJ, 2002. Prevalence, isolation, and partial sequence analysis of hepatitis E virus from domestic animals in China. J Med Virol 67: 516–521.
-
10.
Pina S, Buti M, Cotrina M, Piella J, Girones R, 2000. HEV identified in serum from humans with acute hepatitis and in sewage of animal origin in Spain. J Hepatol 33: 826–833.
-
11.
Arankalle VA, Chobe LP, Joshi MV, Chadha MS, Kundu B, Walimbe AM, 2002. Human and swine hepatitis E viruses from western India belong to different genotypes. J Hepatol 36: 417–425.
-
12.
Shukla P, Chauhan UK, Naik S, Anderson D, Aggarwal R, 2007. Hepatitis E virus infection among animals in northern India: an unlikely source of human disease. J Viral Hepat 14: 310–317.
-
13.
Zhai L, Dai X, Meng J, 2006. Hepatitis E virus genotyping based on full-length genome and partial genomic regions. Virus Res 120: 57–69.
-
14.
Bendall R, Ellis V, Ijaz S, Ali R, Dalton H, 2010. A comparison of two commercially available anti-HEV IgG kits and a re-evaluation of anti-HEV IgG seroprevalence data in developed countries. J Med Virol 82: 799–805.
-
15.
Vivek R, Chandy GM, Brown DW, Kang G, 2010. Seroprevalence of IgG antibodies to hepatitis E in urban and rural southern India. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 104: 307–308.
-
16.
Rolfe KJ, Curran MD, Mangrolia N, Gelson W, Alexander GJ, L'Estrange M, Vivek R, Tedder R, Ijaz S, 2010. First case of genotype 4 human hepatitis E virus infection acquired in India. J Clin Virol 48: 58–61.
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Hepatitis E Virus Infections in Swine and Swine Handlers in Vellore, Southern India
Rosario Vivek
Rosario Vivek
Department of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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Gagandeep Kang
Gagandeep Kang
Department of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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Hepatitis E virus (HEV) in industrialized countries is zoonotically transmitted, and swine act as a major reservoir of HEV. Serum samples from 102 swine and plasma from 34 swine handlers in Vellore, India were tested by using a reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction to detect and genotype HEV. We measured levels of IgG against HEV in swine handlers and in age and geographically matched controls from rural and urban populations in Vellore. HEV was amplified from two pigs and both viruses belonged to genotype 4. No HEV RNA was amplified from any swine handler, but 94.1% of swine handlers were positive for antibodies against HEV, a seroprevalence rate significantly higher than in rural and urban controls. The HEV genotype circulating in swine in India is different from that of humans, but the higher antibody levels in swine handlers support the possibility that zoonotic infections may occur.
Author Notes
Authors' addresses: Rosario Vivek and Gagandeep Kang, Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Department of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore 632004, India, E-mails: vivekm@cmcvellore.ac.in and gkang@cmcvellore.ac.in.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Dalton HR, Bendall R, Ijaz S, Banks M, 2008. Hepatitis E: an emerging infection in developed countries. Lancet Infect Dis 8: 698–709.
-
2.
Meng XJ, Purcell RH, Halbur PG, Lehman JR, Webb DM, Tsareva TS, Haynes JS, Thacker BJ, Emerson SU, 1997. A novel virus in swine is closely related to the human hepatitis E virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94: 9860–9865.
-
3.
Meng XJ, 2003. Swine hepatitis E virus: cross-species infection and risk in xenotransplantation. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 278: 185–216.
-
4.
Halbur PG, Kasorndorkbua C, Gilbert C, Guenette D, Potters MB, Purcell RH, Emerson SU, Toth TE, Meng XJ, 2001. Comparative pathogenesis of infection of pigs with hepatitis E viruses recovered from a pig and a human. J Clin Microbiol 39: 918–923.
-
5.
Meng XJ, Halbur PG, Shapiro MS, Govindarajan S, Bruna JD, Mushahwar IK, Purcell RH, Emerson SU, 1998. Genetic and experimental evidence for cross-species infection by swine hepatitis E virus. J Virol 72: 9714–9721.
-
6.
Meng XJ, Wiseman B, Elvinger F, Guenette DK, Toth TE, Engle RE, Emerson SU, Purcell RH, 2002. Prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis E virus in veterinarians working with swine and in normal blood donors in the United States and other countries. J Clin Microbiol 40: 117–122.
-
7.
Hsieh SY, Meng XJ, Wu YH, Liu ST, Tam AW, Lin DY, Liaw YF, 1999. Identity of a novel swine hepatitis E virus in Taiwan forming a monophyletic group with Taiwan isolates of human hepatitis E virus. J Clin Microbiol 37: 3828–3834.
-
8.
Nishizawa T, Takahashi M, Mizuo H, Miyajima H, Gotanda Y, Okamoto H, 2003. Characterization of Japanese swine and human hepatitis E virus isolates of genotype IV with 99% identity over the entire genome. J Gen Virol 84: 1245–1251.
-
9.
Wang YC, Zhang HY, Xia NS, Peng G, Lan HY, Zhuang H, Zhu YH, Li SW, Tian KG, Gu WJ, Lin JX, Wu X, Li HM, Harrison TJ, 2002. Prevalence, isolation, and partial sequence analysis of hepatitis E virus from domestic animals in China. J Med Virol 67: 516–521.
-
10.
Pina S, Buti M, Cotrina M, Piella J, Girones R, 2000. HEV identified in serum from humans with acute hepatitis and in sewage of animal origin in Spain. J Hepatol 33: 826–833.
-
11.
Arankalle VA, Chobe LP, Joshi MV, Chadha MS, Kundu B, Walimbe AM, 2002. Human and swine hepatitis E viruses from western India belong to different genotypes. J Hepatol 36: 417–425.
-
12.
Shukla P, Chauhan UK, Naik S, Anderson D, Aggarwal R, 2007. Hepatitis E virus infection among animals in northern India: an unlikely source of human disease. J Viral Hepat 14: 310–317.
-
13.
Zhai L, Dai X, Meng J, 2006. Hepatitis E virus genotyping based on full-length genome and partial genomic regions. Virus Res 120: 57–69.
-
14.
Bendall R, Ellis V, Ijaz S, Ali R, Dalton H, 2010. A comparison of two commercially available anti-HEV IgG kits and a re-evaluation of anti-HEV IgG seroprevalence data in developed countries. J Med Virol 82: 799–805.
-
15.
Vivek R, Chandy GM, Brown DW, Kang G, 2010. Seroprevalence of IgG antibodies to hepatitis E in urban and rural southern India. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 104: 307–308.
-
16.
Rolfe KJ, Curran MD, Mangrolia N, Gelson W, Alexander GJ, L'Estrange M, Vivek R, Tedder R, Ijaz S, 2010. First case of genotype 4 human hepatitis E virus infection acquired in India. J Clin Virol 48: 58–61.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 229 | 141 | 10 |
| Full Text Views | 343 | 14 | 2 |
| PDF Downloads | 77 | 15 | 2 |