ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Komar N, 2003. West Nile virus: epidemiology and ecology in North America. Adv Virus Res 61: 185–234.
-
2.
Sampson BA, Ambrosi C, Charlot A, Reiber K, Verses JF, Armbrustmacher V, 2000. The pathology of human West Nile virus infection. Hum Pathol 31: 527–531.
-
3.
Garmendia AE, Van Kruiningen HJ, French RA, 2001. The West Nile virus: its recent emergence in North America. Microbes Infect 3: 223–229.
-
4.
Platonov AE, Shipulin GA, Shipulina OY, Tyutyunnik EN, Frolochkina TI, Lanciotti RS, Yazyshina S, Platonova OV, Obukhow IL, Zhukov AN, Vengerov YY, Pokrovskii VI, 2001. Outbreak of West Nile virus infection, Volgograd Region, Russia. Emerg Infect Dis 7: 128–132.
-
5.
Platonov AE, 2001. West Nile encephalitis in Russia 1999–2001: were we ready? Are we ready? Ann N Y Acad Sci 951: 102–116.
-
6.
Ternovoĭ VA, Protopopova EV, Surmach SG, Gazetdinov MV, Zolotykh SI, Shestopalov AM, Pavlenko EV, Leonova GN, Loktev VB, 2006. The genotyping of the West Nile virus in birds in the far eastern region of Russia in 2002–2004. Mol Gen Mikrobiol Virusol 4: 30–35.
-
7.
Martin DA, Muth DA, Brown T, Johnson AJ, Karabatsos N, Roehrig JT, 2000. Standardization of immunoglobulin M capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for routine diagnosis of arboviral infections. J Clin Microbiol 38: 1823–1826.
-
8.
Kuno G, 2003. Serodiagnosis of flaviviral infections and vaccinations in humans. Adv Virus Res 61: 3–65.
-
9.
Shirato K, Miyoshi H, Goto A, Ako Y, Ueki T, Kariwa H, Takashima I, 2004. Viral envelope protein glycosylation is a molecular determinant of the neuroinvasiveness of the New York strain of West Nile virus. J Gen Virol 85: 3637–3645.
-
10.
Yoshii K, Ikawa A, Chiba Y, Omori Y, Maeda J, Murata R, Kariwa H, Takashima I, 2009. Establishment of a neutralization test involving reporter gene-expressing virus-like particles of tick-borne encephalitis virus. J Virol Methods 161: 173–176.
-
11.
Higuchi H, Ozaki K, Fujita G, Minton J, Ueta M, Soma M, 1996. Satellite tracking of white-naped crane migration and the importance of the Korean demilitarized zone conservation biology. Conserv Biol 10: 806–812.
-
12.
Higuchi H, Pierre PJ, Krever V, Androvov V, Fujita G, Ozaki K, 2004. Using a remote technology in conservation: satellite tracking white-naped cranes in Russia and Asia. Conserv Biol 18: 136–147.
-
13.
Shirato K, Miyoshi H, Kariwa H, Takashima I, 2005. Detection of West Nile virus and Japanese encephalitis virus using real-time PCR with a probe common to both viruses. J Virol Methods 126: 119–125.
-
14.
Komar N, Langevin S, Hinten S, Nemeth N, Edwards E, Hettler D, Davis B, Bowen R, Bunning M, 2003. Experimental infection of North American birds with the New York 1999 strain of West Nile virus. Emerg Infect Dis 9: 311–322.
-
15.
Senne DA, Pedersen JC, Hutto DL, Taylor WD, Schmitt BJ, Panigrahy B, 2000. Pathogenicity of West Nile virus in chickens. Avian Dis 44: 642–649.
-
16.
Langevin SA, Bunning M, Davis B, Komar N, 2001. Experimental infection of chickens as candidate sentinels for West Nile virus. Emerg Infect Dis 7: 726–729.
-
17.
Phipps LP, Gough RE, Ceeraz V, Cox WJ, Brown IH, 2007. Detection of West Nile virus in the tissues of specific pathogen free chickens and serological response to laboratory infection: a comparative study. Avian Pathol 36: 301–305.
-
18.
Miyamoto T, Nakamura J, 1969. Experimental infection of Japanese encephalitis virus in chicken embryos and chickens. NIBS Bull Res 8: 50–58.
-
19.
Hasegawa T, Takehara Y, Takahashi K, 1975. Natural and experimental infections of Japanese tree sparrows with Japanese encephalitis virus. Arch Virol 49: 373–376.
-
20.
Styer LM, Bernard KA, Kramer LD, 2006. Enhanced early West Nile virus infection in young chickens infected by mosquito bite: effect of viral dose. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75: 337–345.
-
21.
Nemeth NM, Bowen RA, 2007. Dynamics of passive immunity to West Nile virus in domestic chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus). Am J Trop Med Hyg 76: 310–317.
-
22.
Tesh RB, Travassos da Rosa AP, Guzman H, Araujo TP, Xiao SY, 2002. Immunization with heterologous flaviviruses protective against fatal West Nile encephalitis. Emerg Infect Dis 8: 245–251.
-
23.
Fang Y, Reisen WK, 2006. Previous infection with West Nile or St. Louis encephalitis viruses provides cross protection during reinfection in house finches. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75: 480–485.
-
24.
Patiris PJ, Oceguera LF 3rd, Peck GW, Chiles RE, Reisen WK, Hanson CV, 2008. Serologic diagnosis of West Nile and St. Louis encephalitis virus infections in domestic chickens. Am J Trop Med Hyg 78: 434–441.
-
25.
Asia-Pacific Waterbird Conservation Committee, 2000. Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Strategy: 2001–2005. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Waterlands International-Asia Pacific, 6.
-
26.
Yamaguchi N, Hiraoka E, Fujita M, Hijikata N, Ueta M, Takagi K, Konno S, Okuyama M, Watanabe Y, Osa Y, Morishita E, Tokita K, Umada K, Fujita G, Higuchi H, 2008. Spring migration routes of mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) that winter in Japan, determined from satellite telemetry. Zoolog Sci 25: 875–881.
-
27.
Tabei Y, Hasegawa M, Iwasaki N, Okazaki T, Yoshida Y, Yano K, 2007. Surveillance of mosquitoes and crows for West Nile virus in Tokyo metropolitan area. Jpn J Infect Dis 60: 414–416.
Seroprevalence of West Nile Virus in Wild Birds in Far Eastern Russia Using a Focus Reduction Neutralization Test
West Nile (WN) virus has been spreading geographically to non-endemic areas in various parts of the world. However, little is known about the extent of WN virus infection in Russia. Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus, which is closely related to WN virus, is prevalent throughout East Asia. We evaluated the effectiveness of a focus reduction neutralization test in young chicks inoculated with JE and WN viruses, and conducted a survey of WN infection among wild birds in Far Eastern Russia. Following single virus infection, only neutralizing antibodies specific to the homologous virus were detected in chicks. The neutralization test was then applied to serum samples from 145 wild birds for WN and JE virus. Twenty-one samples were positive for neutralizing antibodies to WN. These results suggest that WN virus is prevalent among wild birds in the Far Eastern region of Russia.
Author Notes
Financial support: This study was supported by the Global COE Program “Establishment of International Collaboration Centers for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University” from the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports, and Culture of Japan.
Authors' addresses: Ryo Murata, Kazuaki Hashiguchi, Kentaro Yoshii, Hiroaki Kariwa, and Ikuo Takashima, Laboratory of Public Health, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan, E-mails: murata-r@vetmed.hokudai.ac.jp, hashy@ac.bb-east.ne.jp, kyoshii@vetmed.hokudai.ac.jp, kariwa@vetmed.hokudai.ac.jp, and takasima@vetmed.hokudai.ac.jp. Kensuke Nakajima, Division of International Cooperation, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan, E-mail: nakajima-kensuke@mhlw.go.jp. Leonid I. Ivanov, Khavarovsk Antiplague Station of Federal Service for Surveillance in Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-being, Khabarovsk, Russia, E-mail: chum@chum.khv.ru. Galina N. Leonova, Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Academy of Medical Sciences, Siberian Branch, Vladivostok, Russia, E-mail: galinaleon@mail.primorye.ru.