ProCite
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Reference Manager
BibTeX
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-
1.
Lopez AD, Mathers CD, Ezzati M, Jamison DT, Murray CJ, 2006. Global and regional burden of disease and risk factors, 2001: systematic analysis of population health data. Lancet 367: 1747–1757.
-
2.
Maude RJ, Dondorp AM, Abu Sayeed A, Day NPJ, White NJ, Beare NAV, 2009. The eye in cerebral malaria: what can it teach us? Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 103: 661–664.
-
3.
Poncet F, 1878. De la retino-choroidite palustre. Ann Ocul (Paris) 79: 201–218.
-
4.
Lewallen S, Taylor TE, Molyneux ME, Wills BA, Courtright P, 1993. Ocular fundus findings in Malawian children with cerebral malaria. Ophthalmology 100: 857–861.
-
5.
Beare NA, Taylor TE, Harding SP, Lewallen S, Molyneux ME, 2006. Malarial retinopathy: a newly established diagnostic sign in severe malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75: 790–797.
-
6.
Beare NA, Southern C, Chalira C, Taylor TE, Molyneux ME, Harding SP, 2004. Prognostic significance and course of retinopathy in children with severe malaria. Arch Ophthalmol 122: 1141–1147.
-
7.
Maude RJ, Beare NA, Abu Sayeed A, Chang CC, Charunwatthana P, Faiz MA, Hossain A, Yunus EB, Hoque MG, Hasan MU, White NJ, Day NP, Dondorp AM, 2009. The spectrum of retinopathy in adults with Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 103: 665–671.
-
8.
Tran TH, Day NP, Nguyen HP, Nguyen TH, Tran TH, Pham PL, Dinh XS, Ly VC, Ha V, Waller D, Peto T, White NJ, 1996. A controlled trial of artemether or quinine in Vietnamese adults with severe falciparum malaria. N Engl J Med 335: 76–83.
-
9.
Beare NA, Southern C, Lochhead J, Molyneux ME, Lewallen S, Harding SP, 2002. Inter-observer concordance in grading retinopathy in cerebral malaria. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 96: 105–108.
-
10.
Harding SP, Lewallen S, Beare NA, Smith A, Taylor TE, Molyneux ME, 2006. Classifying and grading retinal signs in severe malaria. Trop Doct 36 (Suppl 1): 1–13.
-
11.
World Health Organization, 2006. Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria. Available at: http://www.who.int/malaria/docs/TreatmentGuidelines2006.pdf. Accessed January 23, 2008.
-
12.
Taylor TE, Fu WJ, Carr RA, Whitten RO, Mueller JS, Fosiko NG, Lewallen S, Liomba NG, Molyneux ME, 2004. Differentiating the pathologies of cerebral malaria by postmortem parasite counts. Nat Med 10: 143–145.
-
13.
Kochar DK, Shubhakaran, Kumawat BL, Thanvi I, Joshi A, Vyas SP, 1998. Ophthalmoscopic abnormalities in adults with falciparum malaria. QJM 91: 845–852.
-
14.
Looareesuwan S, Warrell DA, White NJ, Chanthavanich P, Warrell MJ, Chantaratherakitti S, Changswek S, Chongmankongcheep L, Kanchanaranya C, 1983. Retinal hemorrhage, a common sign of prognostic significance in cerebral malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 32: 911–915.
-
15.
Davis MW, Vaterlaws AL, Simes J, Torzillo P, 1982. Retinopathy in malaria. P N G Med J 25: 19–22.
-
16.
Haslett P, 1991. Retinal haemorrhages in Zambian children with cerebral malaria. J Trop Pediatr 37: 86–87.
-
17.
Newton CR, Winstanley PA, Marsh K, 1991. Retinal haemorrhages in falciparum malaria. Arch Dis Child 66: 753.
-
18.
Maude RJ, Hassan MU, Beare NA, 2009. Severe retinal whitening in an adult with cerebral malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 80: 881.
-
19.
Pongponratn E, Turner GD, Day NP, Phu NH, Simpson JA, Stepniewska K, Mai NT, Viriyavejakul P, Looareesuwan S, Hien TT, Ferguson DJ, White NJ, 2003. An ultrastructural study of the brain in fatal Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 69: 345–359.
-
20.
Hero M, Harding SP, Riva CE, Winstanley PA, Peshu N, Marsh K, 1997. Photographic and angiographic characterization of the retina of Kenyan children with severe malaria. Arch Ophthalmol 115: 997–1003.
-
21.
White VA, Lewallen S, Beare N, Kayira K, Carr RA, Taylor TE, 2001. Correlation of retinal haemorrhages with brain haemorrhages in children dying of cerebral malaria in Malawi. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 95: 618–621.
-
22.
Silamut K, Phu NH, Whitty C, Turner GDH, Louwrier K, Mai NHT, Simpson JA, Hien TT, White NJ, 1999. A quantitative analysis of the microvascular sequestration of malaria parasites in the human brain. Am J Pathol 155: 395–410.
-
23.
Newton CR, Kirkham FJ, Winstanley PA, Pasvol G, Peshu N, Warrell DA, Marsh K, 1991. Intracranial pressure in African children with cerebral malaria. Lancet 337: 573–576.
-
24.
Warrell DA, Looareesuwan S, Phillips RE, White NJ, Warrell MJ, Chapel HM, Areekul S, Tharavanij S, 1986. Function of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier in human cerebral malaria: rejection of the permeability hypothesis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 35: 882–889.
-
25.
Adams S, Brown H, Turner G, 2002. Breaking down the blood-brain barrier: signaling a path to cerebral malaria? Trends Parasitol 18: 360–366.
-
26.
Looareesuwan S, Warrell DA, White NJ, Sutharasamai P, Chanthavanich P, Sundaravej K, Juel-Jensen BE, Bunnag D, Harinasuta T, 1983. Do patients with cerebral malaria have cerebral oedema? A computed tomography study. Lancet 1: 434–437.
-
27.
Newton CR, Kirkham FJ, Winstanley PA, Pasvol G, Peshu N, Warrell DA, Marsh K, 1991. Intracranial pressure in African children with cerebral malaria. Lancet 337: 573–576.
-
28.
Namutangula B, Ndeezi G, Byarugaba JS, Tumwine JK, 2007. Mannitol as adjunctive therapy for childhood cerebral malaria in Uganda: a randomized clinical trial. Malar J 6: 138.
-
29.
Beare NA, Harding SP, Taylor TE, Lewallen S, Molyneux ME, 2009. Perfusion abnormalities in children with cerebral malaria and malarial retinopathy. J Infect Dis 199: 263–271.
-
30.
Lewallen S, White VA, Whitten RO, Gardiner J, Hoar B, Lindley J, Lochhead J, McCormick A, Wade K, Tembo M, Mwenechanyana J, Molyneux ME, Taylor TE, 2000. Clinical-histopathological correlation of the abnormal retinal vessels in cerebral malaria. Arch Ophthalmol 118: 924–928.
-
31.
White VA, Lewallen S, Beare NA, Molyneux ME, Taylor TE, 2009. Retinal pathology of pediatric cerebral malaria in Malawi. PLoS ONE 4: e4317.
-
32.
Newton CR, Hien TT, White N, 2000. Cerebral malaria. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 69: 433–441.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 864 | 789 | 10 |
| Full Text Views | 344 | 7 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 115 | 7 | 0 |
Malarial Retinopathy in Bangladeshi Adults
Abdullah Abu Sayeed
Abdullah Abu Sayeed
Chittagong Medical College Hospital, Chittagong, Bangladesh; Mahidol–Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; Sir Salimullah Medical College, Mitford, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Richard J. Maude
Richard J. Maude
Chittagong Medical College Hospital, Chittagong, Bangladesh; Mahidol–Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; Sir Salimullah Medical College, Mitford, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Mahtab Uddin Hasan
Mahtab Uddin Hasan
Chittagong Medical College Hospital, Chittagong, Bangladesh; Mahidol–Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; Sir Salimullah Medical College, Mitford, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Noor Mohammed
Noor Mohammed
Chittagong Medical College Hospital, Chittagong, Bangladesh; Mahidol–Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; Sir Salimullah Medical College, Mitford, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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M. Gofranul Hoque
M. Gofranul Hoque
Chittagong Medical College Hospital, Chittagong, Bangladesh; Mahidol–Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; Sir Salimullah Medical College, Mitford, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Arjen M. Dondorp
Arjen M. Dondorp
Chittagong Medical College Hospital, Chittagong, Bangladesh; Mahidol–Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; Sir Salimullah Medical College, Mitford, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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M. Abul Faiz
M. Abul Faiz
Chittagong Medical College Hospital, Chittagong, Bangladesh; Mahidol–Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; Sir Salimullah Medical College, Mitford, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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To establish if assessment of malarial retinopathy in adult malaria using ophthalmoscopy by non-ophthalmologists has clinical and prognostic significance, 210 Bangladeshi adults were assessed by both direct and indirect ophthalmoscopy; 20 of 20 healthy subjects and 20 of 20 patients with vivax malaria showed no retinal changes, whereas in patients with falciparum malaria, indirect ophthalmoscopy revealed malarial retinopathy (predominantly retinal hemorrhages) in 18 of 21 (86%) fatal, 31 of 75 (41%) cerebral, 16 of 64 (25%) non-cerebral but severe, and 1 of 31 (3%) uncomplicated cases. Direct ophthalmoscopy missed retinopathy in one of these cases and found fewer retinal hemorrhages (mean difference = 3.09; 95% confidence interval = 1.50–4.68; P < 0.0001). Severity of retinopathy increased with severity of disease (P for trend < 0.0001), and renal failure, acidosis, and moderate/severe retinopathy were independent predictors of mortality by both ophthalmoscopic techniques. Direct ophthalmoscopy by non-ophthalmologists is an important clinical tool to aid diagnosis and prognosis in adults with severe malaria, and indirect ophthalmoscopy by non-ophthalmologists, although more sensitive, provides minimal additional prognostic information.
Author Notes
Financial support: This study was funded by the Malaria Research Group of Chittagong, Bangladesh. Mahidol–Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit is funded by the Wellcome Trust of Great Britain. R.J.M. is also funded by a British Council Fellowship.
Authors' addresses: Abdullah Abu Sayeed, Mahtab Uddin Hasan, Noor Mohammed, and M. Gofranul Hoque, Chittagong Medical College Hospital, Chittagong, Bangladesh, E-mails: abdullahdr25@yahoo.com, mahtabnipu@yahoo.com, mnoor99@ymail.com, and gofranul2006@yahoo.com. Richard J. Maude and Arjen M. Dondorp, Mahidol–Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, E-mails: richardmaude@gmail.com and arjen@tropmedres.ac. M. Abul Faiz, Sir Salimullah Medical College, Mitford, Dhaka, Bangladesh, E-mail: drmafaiz@gmail.com.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Lopez AD, Mathers CD, Ezzati M, Jamison DT, Murray CJ, 2006. Global and regional burden of disease and risk factors, 2001: systematic analysis of population health data. Lancet 367: 1747–1757.
-
2.
Maude RJ, Dondorp AM, Abu Sayeed A, Day NPJ, White NJ, Beare NAV, 2009. The eye in cerebral malaria: what can it teach us? Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 103: 661–664.
-
3.
Poncet F, 1878. De la retino-choroidite palustre. Ann Ocul (Paris) 79: 201–218.
-
4.
Lewallen S, Taylor TE, Molyneux ME, Wills BA, Courtright P, 1993. Ocular fundus findings in Malawian children with cerebral malaria. Ophthalmology 100: 857–861.
-
5.
Beare NA, Taylor TE, Harding SP, Lewallen S, Molyneux ME, 2006. Malarial retinopathy: a newly established diagnostic sign in severe malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75: 790–797.
-
6.
Beare NA, Southern C, Chalira C, Taylor TE, Molyneux ME, Harding SP, 2004. Prognostic significance and course of retinopathy in children with severe malaria. Arch Ophthalmol 122: 1141–1147.
-
7.
Maude RJ, Beare NA, Abu Sayeed A, Chang CC, Charunwatthana P, Faiz MA, Hossain A, Yunus EB, Hoque MG, Hasan MU, White NJ, Day NP, Dondorp AM, 2009. The spectrum of retinopathy in adults with Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 103: 665–671.
-
8.
Tran TH, Day NP, Nguyen HP, Nguyen TH, Tran TH, Pham PL, Dinh XS, Ly VC, Ha V, Waller D, Peto T, White NJ, 1996. A controlled trial of artemether or quinine in Vietnamese adults with severe falciparum malaria. N Engl J Med 335: 76–83.
-
9.
Beare NA, Southern C, Lochhead J, Molyneux ME, Lewallen S, Harding SP, 2002. Inter-observer concordance in grading retinopathy in cerebral malaria. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 96: 105–108.
-
10.
Harding SP, Lewallen S, Beare NA, Smith A, Taylor TE, Molyneux ME, 2006. Classifying and grading retinal signs in severe malaria. Trop Doct 36 (Suppl 1): 1–13.
-
11.
World Health Organization, 2006. Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria. Available at: http://www.who.int/malaria/docs/TreatmentGuidelines2006.pdf. Accessed January 23, 2008.
-
12.
Taylor TE, Fu WJ, Carr RA, Whitten RO, Mueller JS, Fosiko NG, Lewallen S, Liomba NG, Molyneux ME, 2004. Differentiating the pathologies of cerebral malaria by postmortem parasite counts. Nat Med 10: 143–145.
-
13.
Kochar DK, Shubhakaran, Kumawat BL, Thanvi I, Joshi A, Vyas SP, 1998. Ophthalmoscopic abnormalities in adults with falciparum malaria. QJM 91: 845–852.
-
14.
Looareesuwan S, Warrell DA, White NJ, Chanthavanich P, Warrell MJ, Chantaratherakitti S, Changswek S, Chongmankongcheep L, Kanchanaranya C, 1983. Retinal hemorrhage, a common sign of prognostic significance in cerebral malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 32: 911–915.
-
15.
Davis MW, Vaterlaws AL, Simes J, Torzillo P, 1982. Retinopathy in malaria. P N G Med J 25: 19–22.
-
16.
Haslett P, 1991. Retinal haemorrhages in Zambian children with cerebral malaria. J Trop Pediatr 37: 86–87.
-
17.
Newton CR, Winstanley PA, Marsh K, 1991. Retinal haemorrhages in falciparum malaria. Arch Dis Child 66: 753.
-
18.
Maude RJ, Hassan MU, Beare NA, 2009. Severe retinal whitening in an adult with cerebral malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 80: 881.
-
19.
Pongponratn E, Turner GD, Day NP, Phu NH, Simpson JA, Stepniewska K, Mai NT, Viriyavejakul P, Looareesuwan S, Hien TT, Ferguson DJ, White NJ, 2003. An ultrastructural study of the brain in fatal Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 69: 345–359.
-
20.
Hero M, Harding SP, Riva CE, Winstanley PA, Peshu N, Marsh K, 1997. Photographic and angiographic characterization of the retina of Kenyan children with severe malaria. Arch Ophthalmol 115: 997–1003.
-
21.
White VA, Lewallen S, Beare N, Kayira K, Carr RA, Taylor TE, 2001. Correlation of retinal haemorrhages with brain haemorrhages in children dying of cerebral malaria in Malawi. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 95: 618–621.
-
22.
Silamut K, Phu NH, Whitty C, Turner GDH, Louwrier K, Mai NHT, Simpson JA, Hien TT, White NJ, 1999. A quantitative analysis of the microvascular sequestration of malaria parasites in the human brain. Am J Pathol 155: 395–410.
-
23.
Newton CR, Kirkham FJ, Winstanley PA, Pasvol G, Peshu N, Warrell DA, Marsh K, 1991. Intracranial pressure in African children with cerebral malaria. Lancet 337: 573–576.
-
24.
Warrell DA, Looareesuwan S, Phillips RE, White NJ, Warrell MJ, Chapel HM, Areekul S, Tharavanij S, 1986. Function of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier in human cerebral malaria: rejection of the permeability hypothesis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 35: 882–889.
-
25.
Adams S, Brown H, Turner G, 2002. Breaking down the blood-brain barrier: signaling a path to cerebral malaria? Trends Parasitol 18: 360–366.
-
26.
Looareesuwan S, Warrell DA, White NJ, Sutharasamai P, Chanthavanich P, Sundaravej K, Juel-Jensen BE, Bunnag D, Harinasuta T, 1983. Do patients with cerebral malaria have cerebral oedema? A computed tomography study. Lancet 1: 434–437.
-
27.
Newton CR, Kirkham FJ, Winstanley PA, Pasvol G, Peshu N, Warrell DA, Marsh K, 1991. Intracranial pressure in African children with cerebral malaria. Lancet 337: 573–576.
-
28.
Namutangula B, Ndeezi G, Byarugaba JS, Tumwine JK, 2007. Mannitol as adjunctive therapy for childhood cerebral malaria in Uganda: a randomized clinical trial. Malar J 6: 138.
-
29.
Beare NA, Harding SP, Taylor TE, Lewallen S, Molyneux ME, 2009. Perfusion abnormalities in children with cerebral malaria and malarial retinopathy. J Infect Dis 199: 263–271.
-
30.
Lewallen S, White VA, Whitten RO, Gardiner J, Hoar B, Lindley J, Lochhead J, McCormick A, Wade K, Tembo M, Mwenechanyana J, Molyneux ME, Taylor TE, 2000. Clinical-histopathological correlation of the abnormal retinal vessels in cerebral malaria. Arch Ophthalmol 118: 924–928.
-
31.
White VA, Lewallen S, Beare NA, Molyneux ME, Taylor TE, 2009. Retinal pathology of pediatric cerebral malaria in Malawi. PLoS ONE 4: e4317.
-
32.
Newton CR, Hien TT, White N, 2000. Cerebral malaria. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 69: 433–441.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 864 | 789 | 10 |
| Full Text Views | 344 | 7 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 115 | 7 | 0 |