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A Species-Specific Approach to the Use of Non-Antimony Treatments for Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
Roshan Ramanathan
Roshan Ramanathan
Clinical Parasitology Unit and Helminth Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Center for Immunization Research, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Gastrointestinal Parasites Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Kawsar R. Talaat
Kawsar R. Talaat
Clinical Parasitology Unit and Helminth Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Center for Immunization Research, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Gastrointestinal Parasites Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Daniel P. Fedorko
Daniel P. Fedorko
Clinical Parasitology Unit and Helminth Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Center for Immunization Research, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Gastrointestinal Parasites Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Siddhartha Mahanty
Siddhartha Mahanty
Clinical Parasitology Unit and Helminth Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Center for Immunization Research, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Gastrointestinal Parasites Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Theodore E. Nash
Theodore E. Nash
Clinical Parasitology Unit and Helminth Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Center for Immunization Research, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Gastrointestinal Parasites Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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We used a species-specific approach to treat 10 patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis diagnosed using polymerase chain reaction. Non-antimony treatments (oral miltefosine, ketoconazole, and liposomal amphotericin B) were chosen as an alternative to pentavalent antimony drugs based on likely or proven drug efficacy against the infecting species. Leishmania Viannia panamensis was diagnosed in three patients and treated successfully with oral ketoconazole. Miltefosine treatment cured two patients with L. infantum chagasi. A wide variety of Leishmania responded to liposomal amphotericin B administered for 5–7 days. Three patients with L. V. braziliensis, one patient with L. tropica, and two patients with L. infantum chagasi were treated successfully. One person with L. V. braziliensis healed slowly because of a resistant bacterial superinfection, and a second patient with L. infantum chagasi relapsed and was retreated with miltefosine. These drugs were reasonably well-tolerated. In this limited case series, alternative non-antimony–based regimens were convenient, safe, and effective.
Author Notes
Authors' addresses: Roshan Ramanathan, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, E-mail: ramanathanr@niaid.nih.gov. Kawsar R. Talaat, International Health Center for Immunization Research, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, E-mail: ktalaat@jhsph.edu. Daniel P. Fedorko, Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, E-mail: dfedorko@mail.nih.gov. Siddhartha Mahanty, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, E-mail: smahanty@niaid.nih.gov. Theodore E. Nash, Gastrointestinal Parasites Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, E-mail: tnash@niaid.nih.gov.
Reprint requests: Roshan Ramanathan, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 4 Center Drive, Room 4/B1-05, Bethesda, MD 20892, E-mail: ramanathanr@niaid.nih.gov.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
David CV, Craft N, 2009. Cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. Dermatol Ther 22: 491–502.
-
2.
Herwaldt BL, Berman JD, 1992. Recommendations for treating leishmaniasis with sodium stibogluconate (Pentostam) and review of pertinent clinical studies. Am J Trop Med Hyg 46: 296–306.
-
3.
Herwaldt BL, 1999. Leishmaniasis. Lancet 354: 1191–1199.
-
4.
Murray HW, Berman JD, Davies CR, Saravia NG, 2005. Advances in leishmaniasis. Lancet 366: 1561–1577.
-
5.
Wortmann G, Miller RS, Oster C, Jackson J, Aronson N, 2002. A randomized, double-blind study of the efficacy of a 10- or 20-day course of sodium stibogluconate for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis in United States military personnel. Clin Infect Dis 35: 261–267.
-
6.
Tuon FF, Amato VS, Graf ME, Siqueira AM, Nicodemo AC, Amano Neto V, 2008. Treatment of New World cutaneous leishmaniasis—a systematic review with a meta-analysis. Int J Dermatol 47: 109–124.
-
7.
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-
8.
Schwartz E, Hatz C, Blum J, 2006. New World cutaneous leishmaniasis in travelers. Lancet Infect Dis 6: 342–349.
-
9.
Kreutzer RD, Christensen HA, 1980. Characterization of Leishmania spp. by isozyme electrophoresis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 29: 199–208.
-
10.
Karamian M, Motazedian MH, Fakhar M, Pakshir K, Jowkar F, Rezanezhad H, 2008. Atypical presentation of Old-World cutaneous leishmaniasis, diagnosis and species identification by PCR. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 22: 958–962.
-
11.
Wortmann G, Hochberg L, Houng H, Sweeney C, Zapor M, Aronson N, Weina P, Ockenhouse C, 2005. Rapid identification of Leishmania complexes by a real-time PCR assay. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73: 999–1004.
-
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-
14.
el Tai NO, Osman OF, el Fari M, Presber W, Schonian G, 2000. Genetic heterogeneity of ribosomal internal transcribed spacer in clinical samples of Leishmania donovani spotted on filter paper as revealed by single-strand conformation polymorphisms and sequencing. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94: 575–579.
-
15.
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-
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Sindermann H, Engel K, Fischer C, Bommer W, 2004. Oral miltefosine for leishmaniasis in immunocompromised patients: compassionate use in 39 patients with HIV infection. Clin Infect Dis 39: 1520–1523.
-
17.
Ritmeijer K, Dejenie A, Assefa Y, Hundie TB, Mesure J, Boots G, den Boer M, Davidson RN, 2006. A comparison of miltefosine and sodium stibogluconate for treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in an Ethiopian population with high prevalence of HIV infection. Clin Infect Dis 43: 357–364.
-
18.
Saenz RE, Paz H, Berman JD, 1990. Efficacy of ketoconazole against Leishmania braziliensis panamensis cutaneous leishmaniasis. Am J Med 89: 147–155.
-
19.
Solomon M, Baum S, Barzilai A, Scope A, Trau H, Schwartz E, 2007. Liposomal amphotericin B in comparison to sodium stibogluconate for cutaneous infection due to Leishmania braziliensis. J Am Acad Dermatol 56: 612–661.
-
20.
Keynan Y, Larios OE, Wiseman MC, Plourde M, Ouellette M, Rubinstein E, 2008. Use of oral miltefosine for cutaneous leishmaniasis in Canadian soldiers returning from Afghanistan. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol 19: 394–396.
-
21.
Killingley B, Lamb LE, Davidson RN, 2009. Miltefosine to treat cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania tropica. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 103: 171–175.
-
22.
Alborzi A, Pouladfar GR, Fakhar M, Motazedian MH, Hatam GR, Kadivar MR, 2008. Isolation of Leishmania tropica from a patient with visceral leishmaniasis and disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis, southern Iran. Am J Trop Med Hyg 79: 435–437.
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