Mendis KN, 2001. The neglected burden of P. vivax malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 164: 97– 106.
Price RN, Tjitra E, Guerra CA, Yeung S, White NJ, Anstey NM, 2007. Vivax malaria: neglected and not benign. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77: 79– 87.
Mueller I, Galinski MR, Baird JK, Carlton JM, Kochar DK, Alonso PL, del Portillo HA, 2009. Key gaps in the knowledge of Plasmodium vivax, a neglected human malaria parasite. Lancet Infect Dis 9: 555– 566.
Sinden RE, 1981. Sexual development of malarial parasites in their mosquito vectors. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 75: 171– 172.
Kaslow DC, 1997. Transmission-blocking vaccines: uses and current status of development. Int J Parasitol 27: 183– 189.
Poudel SS, Newman RA, Vaughan JA, 2008. Rodent Plasmodium: population dynamics of early sporogony within Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes. J Parasitol 94: 999– 1008.
Zollner GE, Ponsa N, Garman GW, Poudel GW, Bell JA, Sattabongkot J, Coleman RE, Vaughan JA, 2006. Population dynamics of sporogony for Plasmodium vivax parasites from western Thailand developing within three species of colonized Anopheles mosquitoes. Malar J 5: 68.
Suwanabun N, Sattabongkot J, Tsuboi T, Torii M, Maneechai N, Rachapaew N, Yim-amnuaychok N, Punkitchar V, Coleman RE, 2001. Development of a method for the in vitro production of Plasmodium vivax ookinetes. J Parasitol 87: 928– 930.
Hisaeda H, Stowers AW, Tsuboi T, Collins WE, Sattagongkot JS, Suwanabun N, Punkitchar V, Coleman RE, 2000. Antibodies to malaria vaccine candidates Pvs25 and Pvs28 completely block the ability of Plasmodium vivax to infect mosquitoes. Infect Immun 68: 6618– 6623.
Weinstein MP, Alcid DV, 1982. Occurrence of exflagellation and microgametes in peripheral blood of a patient with malaria. J Infect Dis 146: 448.
Ford JC, Wadsworth LD, 2003. Exflagellating Plasmodium vivax in peripheral blood. Arch Pathol Lab Med 127: 117– 118.
Hummert BA, 1994. Plasmodium vivax ookinetes in human peripheral blood. J Clin Microbiol 32: 2578– 2580.
Westenberger SJ, McClean CM, Chattopadhyay R, Dharia NV, Carlton JM, Barnwell JW, Collins WE, Hoffman SL, Zhou Y, Vinetz JM, Winzeler EA, 2010. A systems-based analysis of Plasmodium vivax lifecycle transcription from human to mosquito. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 4: e653.
Ihalamulla RL, Mendis KN, 1987. Plasmodium vivax: isolation of mature asexual stages and gametocytes from infected human blood by colloidal silica (Percoll) gradient centrifugation. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 81: 25– 28.
Knight A, Sinden RE, 1982. The purification of gametocytes of Plasmodium falciparum and P. yoelii nigeriensis by colloidal silica (Percoll) gradient centrifugation. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 76: 503– 509.
Kariuki MM, Kiaira JK, Mulaa FK, Mwangi JK, Wasunna MK, Martin SK, 1998. Plasmodium falciparum: purification of the various gametocyte developmental stages from in vitro-cultivated parasites. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59: 505– 508.
Patra KP, Johnson JR, Cantin GT, Yates JR 3rd, Vinetz JM, 2008. Proteomic analysis of zygote and ookinete stages of the avian malaria parasite Plasmodium gallinaceum delineates the homologous proteomes of the lethal human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Proteomics 8: 2492– 2499.
Zhou Y, Ramachandran V, Kumar KA, Westenberger S, Refour P, Zhou B, Li F, Young JA, Chen K, Plouffe D, Henson K, Nussenzweig V, Carlton J, Vinetz JM, Duraisingh MT, Winzeler EA, 2008. Evidence-based annotation of the malaria parasite's genome using comparative expression profiling. PLoS One 3: e1570.
Peiris JS, Premawansa S, Ranawaka MB, Udagama PV, Munasinghe YD, Nanayakkara MV, Gamage CP, Carter R, David PH, Mendis KN, 1988. Monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies both block and enhance transmission of human Plasmodium vivax malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 39: 26– 32.
Carter EH, Suhrbier A, Beckers PJ, Sinden RE, 1987. The in vitro cultivation of P. falciparum ookinetes, and their enrichment on Nycodenz density gradients. Parasitology 95: 25– 30.
Hurd H, Al-Olayan E, Butcher GA, 2003. In vitro methods for culturing vertebrate and mosquito stages of Plasmodium. Microbes Infect 5: 321– 327.
Udomsangpetch R, Kaneko O, Chotivanich K, Sattabongkot J, 2008. Cultivation of Plasmodium vivax. Trends Parasitol 24: 85– 88.
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Previous reports have described obtaining mature Plasmodium vivax ookinetes in vitro using blood from infected patients using a simplified, field-based protocol. Here, we report protocols that produce improved P. vivax ookinete yields and morphological development. Optimal conditions included induction of gametogenesis using 10 mM Tris, 170 mM NaCl, 10 mM glucose, 25 mM NaHCO3, and 100 μM xanthurenic acid for 90 minutes at pH 8.0–8.2, followed by culture in RPMI-1640, 50 mg/mL hypoxanthine, 25 mM HEPES, 29 mM NaHCO3, 2 mM L-glutamine, and 20% fetal bovine serum at pH 8.4 for 36 hours. Ookinetes were produced in 86% (18/21) of optimized in vitro cultures; yields ranged from 6.5 × 104 to 2.8 × 106; percent gametocyte conversion ranged from 1.4% to 4.7%. This improved method is suitable for preparation of P. vivax ookinetes in quantities sufficient for biochemical, molecular, and cell biological analysis where basic laboratory facilities are in proximity to patients with vivax malaria.
Financial support: This work was supported by U.S. Public Health Service grants 5RO1AI45999, 1D43TW007120, K24AI068903, and R01AI067727.
Authors' addresses: Colleen M. McClean, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA; current address: PCV, Peace Corps/TOGO, Lomé, Togo, E-mail: cmmcclean@gmail.com. Haydee Guerra Alvarado, Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Lima, Peru, E-mail: haydeeprisma@gmail.com. Victor Neyra and Alejandro Llanos-Cuentas, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Lima, Perú, E-mails: victor.neyra@upch.pe and elmer.llanos@upch.pe. Joseph M. Vinetz, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, E-mail: jvinetz@ucsd.edu.
Mendis KN, 2001. The neglected burden of P. vivax malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 164: 97– 106.
Price RN, Tjitra E, Guerra CA, Yeung S, White NJ, Anstey NM, 2007. Vivax malaria: neglected and not benign. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77: 79– 87.
Mueller I, Galinski MR, Baird JK, Carlton JM, Kochar DK, Alonso PL, del Portillo HA, 2009. Key gaps in the knowledge of Plasmodium vivax, a neglected human malaria parasite. Lancet Infect Dis 9: 555– 566.
Sinden RE, 1981. Sexual development of malarial parasites in their mosquito vectors. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 75: 171– 172.
Kaslow DC, 1997. Transmission-blocking vaccines: uses and current status of development. Int J Parasitol 27: 183– 189.
Poudel SS, Newman RA, Vaughan JA, 2008. Rodent Plasmodium: population dynamics of early sporogony within Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes. J Parasitol 94: 999– 1008.
Zollner GE, Ponsa N, Garman GW, Poudel GW, Bell JA, Sattabongkot J, Coleman RE, Vaughan JA, 2006. Population dynamics of sporogony for Plasmodium vivax parasites from western Thailand developing within three species of colonized Anopheles mosquitoes. Malar J 5: 68.
Suwanabun N, Sattabongkot J, Tsuboi T, Torii M, Maneechai N, Rachapaew N, Yim-amnuaychok N, Punkitchar V, Coleman RE, 2001. Development of a method for the in vitro production of Plasmodium vivax ookinetes. J Parasitol 87: 928– 930.
Hisaeda H, Stowers AW, Tsuboi T, Collins WE, Sattagongkot JS, Suwanabun N, Punkitchar V, Coleman RE, 2000. Antibodies to malaria vaccine candidates Pvs25 and Pvs28 completely block the ability of Plasmodium vivax to infect mosquitoes. Infect Immun 68: 6618– 6623.
Weinstein MP, Alcid DV, 1982. Occurrence of exflagellation and microgametes in peripheral blood of a patient with malaria. J Infect Dis 146: 448.
Ford JC, Wadsworth LD, 2003. Exflagellating Plasmodium vivax in peripheral blood. Arch Pathol Lab Med 127: 117– 118.
Hummert BA, 1994. Plasmodium vivax ookinetes in human peripheral blood. J Clin Microbiol 32: 2578– 2580.
Westenberger SJ, McClean CM, Chattopadhyay R, Dharia NV, Carlton JM, Barnwell JW, Collins WE, Hoffman SL, Zhou Y, Vinetz JM, Winzeler EA, 2010. A systems-based analysis of Plasmodium vivax lifecycle transcription from human to mosquito. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 4: e653.
Ihalamulla RL, Mendis KN, 1987. Plasmodium vivax: isolation of mature asexual stages and gametocytes from infected human blood by colloidal silica (Percoll) gradient centrifugation. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 81: 25– 28.
Knight A, Sinden RE, 1982. The purification of gametocytes of Plasmodium falciparum and P. yoelii nigeriensis by colloidal silica (Percoll) gradient centrifugation. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 76: 503– 509.
Kariuki MM, Kiaira JK, Mulaa FK, Mwangi JK, Wasunna MK, Martin SK, 1998. Plasmodium falciparum: purification of the various gametocyte developmental stages from in vitro-cultivated parasites. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59: 505– 508.
Patra KP, Johnson JR, Cantin GT, Yates JR 3rd, Vinetz JM, 2008. Proteomic analysis of zygote and ookinete stages of the avian malaria parasite Plasmodium gallinaceum delineates the homologous proteomes of the lethal human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Proteomics 8: 2492– 2499.
Zhou Y, Ramachandran V, Kumar KA, Westenberger S, Refour P, Zhou B, Li F, Young JA, Chen K, Plouffe D, Henson K, Nussenzweig V, Carlton J, Vinetz JM, Duraisingh MT, Winzeler EA, 2008. Evidence-based annotation of the malaria parasite's genome using comparative expression profiling. PLoS One 3: e1570.
Peiris JS, Premawansa S, Ranawaka MB, Udagama PV, Munasinghe YD, Nanayakkara MV, Gamage CP, Carter R, David PH, Mendis KN, 1988. Monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies both block and enhance transmission of human Plasmodium vivax malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 39: 26– 32.
Carter EH, Suhrbier A, Beckers PJ, Sinden RE, 1987. The in vitro cultivation of P. falciparum ookinetes, and their enrichment on Nycodenz density gradients. Parasitology 95: 25– 30.
Hurd H, Al-Olayan E, Butcher GA, 2003. In vitro methods for culturing vertebrate and mosquito stages of Plasmodium. Microbes Infect 5: 321– 327.
Udomsangpetch R, Kaneko O, Chotivanich K, Sattabongkot J, 2008. Cultivation of Plasmodium vivax. Trends Parasitol 24: 85– 88.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 319 | 262 | 29 |
Full Text Views | 412 | 13 | 0 |
PDF Downloads | 120 | 16 | 0 |