Author:
- Introduction
- Material and Methods
- Results
- Entomological vectors and inoculation rates.
- Prevalence of malaria in Ngali II.
- Characteristics of the pregnant women enrolled in the study.
- Use of malaria prevention.
- Prevalence of slide positivity for malaria in women during pregnancy.
- Prevalence of PCR-detected and submicroscopic infections.
- Multiplicity of infectivity (MoI) during pregnancy.
- Total number of parasite genotypes detected during pregnancy.
- Clinical manifestations of P. falciparum infections.
- Pregnancy outcomes.
- Discussion
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Brabin BJ, 1983. An analysis of malaria in pregnancy in Africa. Bull World Health Organ 61: 1005–1016.
-
2.
McGregor IA, 1984. Epidemiology, malaria and pregnancy. Am J Trop Med Hyg 33: 517–525.
-
3.
Steketee RW, Nahlen BL, Parise ME, Menendez C, 2001. The burden of malaria in pregnancy in malaria-endemic areas. Am J Trop Med Hyg 64: 28–35.
-
4.
Mendendez C, 1995. Malaria during pregnancy: a priority area of malaria research and control. Parasitol Today 11: 178–183.
-
5.
Guyatt HL, Snow RW, 2001. The epidemiology and burden of Plasmodium falciparum-related anemia among pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 64: 36–44.
-
6.
Desai M, ter Kuile FO, Nosten F, McGready R, Asamoa K, Brabin B, Newman RD, 2007. Epidemiology and burden of malaria in pregnancy. Lancet Infect Dis 7: 93–104.
-
7.
Fried M, Duffy PE, 1996. Adherence of Plasmodium falciparum to chondroitin sulfate A in the human placenta. Science 272: 1502–1504.
-
8.
Duffy PE, Fried M, 2003. Antibodies that inhibit Plasmodium falciparum adhesion to chondroitin sulfate A are associated with increased birth weight and the gestational age of newborns. Infect Immun 71: 6620–6623.
-
9.
Staalsoe T, Shulman CE, Bulmer JN, Kawuondo K, Marsh K, Hviid L, 2004. Variant surface antigen-specific IgG and protection against clinical consequences of pregnancy-associated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Lancet 363: 283–289.
-
10.
Gilles HM, Lawson JB, Sibelas M, Voller A, Allan N, 1969. Malaria, anaemia and pregnancy. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 63: 245–260.
-
11.
Scott JA, 1993. Identification of single specimens of the Anopheles gambiae complex by the polymerase chain reaction. Am J Trop Med Hyg 49: 520–529.
-
12.
Favia GA, Della T, Bagayoko M, Lanfrncotti A, Sagnon NF, Tour YT, Coluzzi M, 1997. Molecular identification of sympatric chromosomal forms of Anopheles gambiae and further evidence of their reproductive isolation. Insect Mol Biol 6: 377–383.
-
13.
Wirtz RA, Zavala F, Charoenvit Y, Campbell GH, Burkot TR, Schneider I, Esser K, Beaudoin RL, Andre RG, 1987. Comparative testing of Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite monoclonal antibodies for ELISA development. Bull World Health Organ 65: 39–45.
-
14.
Basco LK, Ngane VF, Ndounga M, Same-Ekobo A, Youmba JC, Abodo RT, Soula G, 2006. Molecular epidemiology of malaria in Cameroon. XXI. Baseline therapeutic efficacy of chloroquine, amodiaquine, and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine monotherapies in children before national drug policy change. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75: 388–395.
-
15.
Basco LK, Ringwald P, 2007. Molecular epidemiology of malaria in Cameroon. XXIV. Trends of in vitro antimalarial drug responses in Yaounde, Cameroon. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76: 20–26.
-
16.
Bulmer JN, Rasheed FN, Francis N, Morrison L, Greenwood BM, 1993. Placental malaria. I. Pathological classification. Histopathol 22: 211–218.
-
17.
Ismail MR, Ordi J, Menendez C, Ventura PJ, Aponte JJ, Kahigwa E, Hirt R, Cardesa A, Alonso PL, 2000. Placental pathology in malaria: a histological, immunohistochemical, and quantitative study. Hum Pathol 31: 85–93.
-
18.
Snounou G, Viriyakosol S, Jarra W, Thaithong S, Brown KN, 1993. Identification of the four human malaria parasite species in field samples by the polymerase chain reaction and detection of a high prevalence of mixed infections. Mol Biochem Parasitol 58: 283–292.
-
19.
Walker-Abbey A, Djokam RR, Eno A, Leke RF, Titanji VP, Fogako J, Sama G, Thuita LH, Beardslee E, Snounou G, Zhou A, Taylor DW, 2005. Malaria in pregnant Cameroonian women: the effect of age and gravidity on submicroscopic and mixed-species infections and multiple parasite genotypes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 72: 229–235.
-
20.
Viriyakosol S, Siripoon N, Petcharapirat C, Petcharapirat P, Jarra W, Thaithong S, Brown KN, Snounou G, 1995. Genotyping of Plasmodium falciparum isolates by the polymerase chain reaction and potential uses in epidemiological studies. Bull World Health Organ 73: 85–95.
-
21.
Mockenhaupt FP, Rong B, Till H, Eggelte TA, Beck S, Gyasi-Sarpong C, Thompson WNA, Bienzle U, 2000. Submicroscopic Plasmodium falciparum infections in pregnancy in Ghana. Trop Med Int Health 5: 167–173.
-
22.
Mayengue PI, Rieth H, Khattab A, Issifou S, Kremsner PG, Klinkert MQ, Ntoumi F, 2004. Submicroscopic Plasmodium falciparum infections and multiplicity of infection in matched peripheral, placental and umbilical cord blood samples from Gabonese women. Trop Med Int Health 9: 949–958.
-
23.
Schleiermacher D, Rogier C, Spiegel A, Tall A, Trape JF, Mercereau-Puijalon O, 2001. Increased multiplicity of Plasmodium falciparum infections and skewed distribution of individual msp1 and msp2 alleles during pregnancy in Ndiop, a Senegalese village with seasonal, mesoendemic malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 64: 303–309.
-
24.
Beck S, Mockenhaupt FP, Bienzle U, Eggelte TA, Thompson WN, Stark K, 2001. Multiplicity of Plasmodium falciparum infection in pregnancy. Am J Trop Med Hyg 65: 631–636.
-
25.
Saute F, Menendez C, Mayor A, Aponte J, Gomez-Olive X, Dgedge M, Alonso P, 2002. Malaria in pregnancy in rural Mozambique: the role of parity, submicroscopic and multiple Plasmodium falciparum infections. Trop Med Int Health 7: 19–28.
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26.
Qair SH, Shi PY, Goldman IF, Nahlen BL, Tibayrenc M, Lal AA, 1998. Predicted and observed alleles of Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP-1), a potential malaria vaccine antigen. Mol Biochem Parasitol 92: 241–252.
-
27.
Ferreira MU, Ribeiro WL, Tonon AP, Kawamoto F, Rich SM, 2003. Sequence diversity and evolution of the malaria vaccine candidate merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP-1) of Plasmodium falciparum. Gene 304: 65–75.
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Johnson AH, Leke RG, Mendell NR, Shon D, Suh YJ, Bomba-Nkolo D, Tchinda V, Kouontchou S, Thuita LW, van der Wel AM, Thomas A, Stowers A, Saul A, Zhou A, Taylor DW, Quakyi IA, 2004. Human leukocyte antigen class II alleles influence levels of antibodies to the Plasmodium falciparum asexual-stage apical membrane antigen 1 but not to merozoite surface antigen 2 and merozoite surface protein. Infect Immun 72: 2762–2771.
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Longitudinal Studies of Plasmodium falciparum Malaria in Pregnant Women Living in a Rural Cameroonian Village with High Perennial Transmission
Rose F. G. Leke
Rose F. G. Leke
Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Research, The Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC; Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology, and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii
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Jude D. Bioga
Jude D. Bioga
Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Research, The Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC; Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology, and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii
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James Zhou
James Zhou
Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Research, The Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC; Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology, and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii
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Genevieve G. Fouda
Genevieve G. Fouda
Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Research, The Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC; Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology, and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii
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Robert J. I. Leke
Robert J. I. Leke
Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Research, The Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC; Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology, and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii
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Viviane Tchinda
Viviane Tchinda
Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Research, The Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC; Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology, and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii
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Rosette Megnekou
Rosette Megnekou
Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Research, The Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC; Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology, and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii
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Josephine Fogako
Josephine Fogako
Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Research, The Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC; Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology, and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii
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Grace Sama
Grace Sama
Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Research, The Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC; Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology, and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii
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Philomina Gwanmesia
Philomina Gwanmesia
Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Research, The Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC; Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology, and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii
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Germaine Bomback
Germaine Bomback
Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Research, The Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC; Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology, and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii
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Charles Nama
Charles Nama
Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Research, The Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC; Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology, and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii
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Ababacar Diouf
Ababacar Diouf
Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Research, The Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC; Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology, and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii
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Naveen Bobbili
Naveen Bobbili
Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Research, The Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC; Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology, and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii
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Diane Wallace Taylor
Diane Wallace Taylor
Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Research, The Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC; Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology, and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii
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A prospective longitudinal study of Plasmodium falciparum in pregnant women was conducted in the rural village of Ngali II, where malaria is hyperendemic and individuals receive ~0.7 infectious mosquito bites/person/day throughout the year. Pregnant women (N = 60; 19 primigravidae, 41 multigravidae) were enrolled early in pregnancy (median 14 wk) and were followed monthly, with 38 women followed through term (5.7 ± 1.1 prenatal visits and delivery). The total number of times primigravidae were slide-positive during pregnancy was higher than multigravidae (3.3 ± 1.1 versus 1.3 ± 1.3 times; P < 0.001), but no difference in the number of polymerase chain reaction-positive cases (4.6 ± 1.7 and 3.4 ± 1.7 times, P = 0.106) or total genotypes they harbored (8.9 ± 3.2 and 7.0 ± 2.9) was found. Only 7.9% women developed symptomatic infections. All primigravidae and 38% multigravidae were placental malaria-positive at delivery (P = 0.009). Genotyping showed that 77% of placental parasites were acquired ≥ 30 wks in pregnancy. These results help identify the extent of malaria-associated changes women experience during pregnancy.
Author Notes
Financial support: This study was supported by the NIAID grant no. UO1 AI43888.
Authors' addresses: Rose F. G. Leke, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Research, Jude D. Bigoga, Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry, Robert J. I. Leke, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yaoundé Central Hospital, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon, E-mails: roseleke@yahoo.com, judebigoga@yahoo.com, and robertjleker@yahoo.fr. Viviane Tchinda, Rosette Megnekou, Josephine Fogako, Grace Sama, Philomina Gwanmesia, and Germaine Bomback, The Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon, E-mails: vtchinda1@yahoo.com, megnekor@yahoo.com, fogakoj@yahoo.com, menyensg@yahoo.com, and wanp2003@yahoo.com. James Zhou, AZ DataClinic, Inc., Rockville, MD, E-mail: jameszhou7@gmail.com. Genevieve G. Fouda, Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine and Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, E-mail: ginyfouda@yahoo.com. Ababacar Diouf, Malaria Immunology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID, NIH, Rockville, MD, E-mail: dioufa@niaid.nih.gov. Naveen Bobbili and Diane Wallace Taylor, Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, E-mails: bobbili@hawaii and dwtaylor@hawaii.edu.edu.
- Introduction
- Material and Methods
- Results
- Entomological vectors and inoculation rates.
- Prevalence of malaria in Ngali II.
- Characteristics of the pregnant women enrolled in the study.
- Use of malaria prevention.
- Prevalence of slide positivity for malaria in women during pregnancy.
- Prevalence of PCR-detected and submicroscopic infections.
- Multiplicity of infectivity (MoI) during pregnancy.
- Total number of parasite genotypes detected during pregnancy.
- Clinical manifestations of P. falciparum infections.
- Pregnancy outcomes.
- Discussion
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Brabin BJ, 1983. An analysis of malaria in pregnancy in Africa. Bull World Health Organ 61: 1005–1016.
-
2.
McGregor IA, 1984. Epidemiology, malaria and pregnancy. Am J Trop Med Hyg 33: 517–525.
-
3.
Steketee RW, Nahlen BL, Parise ME, Menendez C, 2001. The burden of malaria in pregnancy in malaria-endemic areas. Am J Trop Med Hyg 64: 28–35.
-
4.
Mendendez C, 1995. Malaria during pregnancy: a priority area of malaria research and control. Parasitol Today 11: 178–183.
-
5.
Guyatt HL, Snow RW, 2001. The epidemiology and burden of Plasmodium falciparum-related anemia among pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 64: 36–44.
-
6.
Desai M, ter Kuile FO, Nosten F, McGready R, Asamoa K, Brabin B, Newman RD, 2007. Epidemiology and burden of malaria in pregnancy. Lancet Infect Dis 7: 93–104.
-
7.
Fried M, Duffy PE, 1996. Adherence of Plasmodium falciparum to chondroitin sulfate A in the human placenta. Science 272: 1502–1504.
-
8.
Duffy PE, Fried M, 2003. Antibodies that inhibit Plasmodium falciparum adhesion to chondroitin sulfate A are associated with increased birth weight and the gestational age of newborns. Infect Immun 71: 6620–6623.
-
9.
Staalsoe T, Shulman CE, Bulmer JN, Kawuondo K, Marsh K, Hviid L, 2004. Variant surface antigen-specific IgG and protection against clinical consequences of pregnancy-associated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Lancet 363: 283–289.
-
10.
Gilles HM, Lawson JB, Sibelas M, Voller A, Allan N, 1969. Malaria, anaemia and pregnancy. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 63: 245–260.
-
11.
Scott JA, 1993. Identification of single specimens of the Anopheles gambiae complex by the polymerase chain reaction. Am J Trop Med Hyg 49: 520–529.
-
12.
Favia GA, Della T, Bagayoko M, Lanfrncotti A, Sagnon NF, Tour YT, Coluzzi M, 1997. Molecular identification of sympatric chromosomal forms of Anopheles gambiae and further evidence of their reproductive isolation. Insect Mol Biol 6: 377–383.
-
13.
Wirtz RA, Zavala F, Charoenvit Y, Campbell GH, Burkot TR, Schneider I, Esser K, Beaudoin RL, Andre RG, 1987. Comparative testing of Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite monoclonal antibodies for ELISA development. Bull World Health Organ 65: 39–45.
-
14.
Basco LK, Ngane VF, Ndounga M, Same-Ekobo A, Youmba JC, Abodo RT, Soula G, 2006. Molecular epidemiology of malaria in Cameroon. XXI. Baseline therapeutic efficacy of chloroquine, amodiaquine, and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine monotherapies in children before national drug policy change. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75: 388–395.
-
15.
Basco LK, Ringwald P, 2007. Molecular epidemiology of malaria in Cameroon. XXIV. Trends of in vitro antimalarial drug responses in Yaounde, Cameroon. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76: 20–26.
-
16.
Bulmer JN, Rasheed FN, Francis N, Morrison L, Greenwood BM, 1993. Placental malaria. I. Pathological classification. Histopathol 22: 211–218.
-
17.
Ismail MR, Ordi J, Menendez C, Ventura PJ, Aponte JJ, Kahigwa E, Hirt R, Cardesa A, Alonso PL, 2000. Placental pathology in malaria: a histological, immunohistochemical, and quantitative study. Hum Pathol 31: 85–93.
-
18.
Snounou G, Viriyakosol S, Jarra W, Thaithong S, Brown KN, 1993. Identification of the four human malaria parasite species in field samples by the polymerase chain reaction and detection of a high prevalence of mixed infections. Mol Biochem Parasitol 58: 283–292.
-
19.
Walker-Abbey A, Djokam RR, Eno A, Leke RF, Titanji VP, Fogako J, Sama G, Thuita LH, Beardslee E, Snounou G, Zhou A, Taylor DW, 2005. Malaria in pregnant Cameroonian women: the effect of age and gravidity on submicroscopic and mixed-species infections and multiple parasite genotypes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 72: 229–235.
-
20.
Viriyakosol S, Siripoon N, Petcharapirat C, Petcharapirat P, Jarra W, Thaithong S, Brown KN, Snounou G, 1995. Genotyping of Plasmodium falciparum isolates by the polymerase chain reaction and potential uses in epidemiological studies. Bull World Health Organ 73: 85–95.
-
21.
Mockenhaupt FP, Rong B, Till H, Eggelte TA, Beck S, Gyasi-Sarpong C, Thompson WNA, Bienzle U, 2000. Submicroscopic Plasmodium falciparum infections in pregnancy in Ghana. Trop Med Int Health 5: 167–173.
-
22.
Mayengue PI, Rieth H, Khattab A, Issifou S, Kremsner PG, Klinkert MQ, Ntoumi F, 2004. Submicroscopic Plasmodium falciparum infections and multiplicity of infection in matched peripheral, placental and umbilical cord blood samples from Gabonese women. Trop Med Int Health 9: 949–958.
-
23.
Schleiermacher D, Rogier C, Spiegel A, Tall A, Trape JF, Mercereau-Puijalon O, 2001. Increased multiplicity of Plasmodium falciparum infections and skewed distribution of individual msp1 and msp2 alleles during pregnancy in Ndiop, a Senegalese village with seasonal, mesoendemic malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 64: 303–309.
-
24.
Beck S, Mockenhaupt FP, Bienzle U, Eggelte TA, Thompson WN, Stark K, 2001. Multiplicity of Plasmodium falciparum infection in pregnancy. Am J Trop Med Hyg 65: 631–636.
-
25.
Saute F, Menendez C, Mayor A, Aponte J, Gomez-Olive X, Dgedge M, Alonso P, 2002. Malaria in pregnancy in rural Mozambique: the role of parity, submicroscopic and multiple Plasmodium falciparum infections. Trop Med Int Health 7: 19–28.
-
26.
Qair SH, Shi PY, Goldman IF, Nahlen BL, Tibayrenc M, Lal AA, 1998. Predicted and observed alleles of Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP-1), a potential malaria vaccine antigen. Mol Biochem Parasitol 92: 241–252.
-
27.
Ferreira MU, Ribeiro WL, Tonon AP, Kawamoto F, Rich SM, 2003. Sequence diversity and evolution of the malaria vaccine candidate merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP-1) of Plasmodium falciparum. Gene 304: 65–75.
-
28.
Metselaar D, Van Thiel PM, 1959. Classification of malaria. Trop Geogr Med 11: 157–161. Available at: http://www.rollbackmalaria.org/.
-
29.
Shi YP, Sayed U, Qari SH, Roberts JM, Udhayakumar A, Oloo AJ, Hawley WA, Kaslow DC, Nahlen BL, Lal AA, 1996. Natural immune response to the C-terminal 19-kilodalton domain of Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein 1. Infect Immun 64: 2716–2723.
-
30.
Johnson AH, Leke RG, Mendell NR, Shon D, Suh YJ, Bomba-Nkolo D, Tchinda V, Kouontchou S, Thuita LW, van der Wel AM, Thomas A, Stowers A, Saul A, Zhou A, Taylor DW, Quakyi IA, 2004. Human leukocyte antigen class II alleles influence levels of antibodies to the Plasmodium falciparum asexual-stage apical membrane antigen 1 but not to merozoite surface antigen 2 and merozoite surface protein. Infect Immun 72: 2762–2771.
-
31.
Polley SD, Mwangi T, Kocken CH, Thomas AW, Dutta S, Lanar DE, Remarrque E, Ross A, Williams TN, Mwambingu G, Lowe B, Conway DJ, Marsh K, 2004. Human antibodies to recombinant protein constructs of Plasmodium falciparum apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1) and their associations with protection from malaria. Vaccine 23: 718–728.
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