ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Scott TW, Wright SA, Eldridge BF, Brown DA, 2001. Cost effectiveness of three arbovirus surveillance methods in northern California. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 17: 118–123.
-
2.
Senne DA, Pedersen JC, Hutto DL, Taylor WD, Schmitt BJ, Panigrahy B, 2000. Pathogenicity of West Nile virus in chickens. Avian Dis 44: 642–649.
-
3.
Bowen RA, Nemeth NM, 2007. Experimental infections with West Nile virus. Curr Opin Infect Dis 20: 293–297.
-
4.
Reisen WK, Barker CM, Fang Y, Martinez VM, 2008. Does variation in Culex (Diptera: Culicidae) vector competence enable outbreaks of West Nile virus in California? J Med Entomol 45: 1126–1138.
-
5.
Reisen WK, Fang Y, Martinez VM, 2005. Avian host and mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) vector competence determine the efficiency of West Nile and St. Louis encephalitis virus transmission. J Med Entomol 42: 367–375.
-
6.
Reisen WK, Barker CM, Carney R, Lothrop HD, Wheeler SS, Wilson JL, Madon MB, Takahashi R, Carroll B, Garcia S, Fang Y, Shafii M, Kahl N, Ashtari S, Kramer V, Glaser C, Jean C, 2006. Role of corvids in epidemiology of West Nile virus in southern California. J Med Entomol 43: 356–367.
-
7.
Theophilides CN, Ahearn SC, Grady S, Merlino M, 2003. Identifying West Nile virus risk areas: the dynamic continuous-area space-time system. Am J Epi 157: 843–854.
-
8.
Theophilides CN, Ahearn SC, Binkowski ES, Paul WS, Gibbs K, 2006. First evidence of West Nile virus amplification and relationship to human infections. Int J Geogr Inf Sci 20: 103–115.
-
9.
Reisen WK, Milby MM, Meyer RP, Pfuntner AR, Spoehel J, Hazelrigg JE, Webb JP Jr, 1991. Mark-release-recapture studies with Culex mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in southern California. J Med Entomol 28: 357–371.
-
10.
Reisen WK, Lothrop HD, 1995. Population ecology and dispersal of Culex tarsalis (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Coachella Valley of California. J Med Entomol 32: 490–502.
-
11.
Unlu I, Roy AF, Yates M, Garrett D, Bell H, Harden T, Foil LD, 2009. Evaluation of surveillance methods for detection of West Nile Virus activity in East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana, 2004–2006. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 25: 126–133.
-
12.
Patnaik JL, Juliusson L, Vogt RL, 2007. Environmental predictors of human west nile virus infections, Colorado. Emerg Infect Dis 13: 1788–1790.
-
13.
Reisen WK, Carroll BD, Takahashi R, Fang Y, Garcia S, Martinez VM, Quiring R, 2009. Repeated West Nile virus epidemic transmission in Kern County, California, 2004–2007. J Med Entomol 46: 139–157.
-
14.
Cherry B, Trock SC, Glaser A, Kramer L, Ebel GD, Glaser C, Miller JR, 2001. Sentinel chickens as a surveillance tool for West Nile virus in New York City, 2000. Ann N Y Acad Sci 951: 343–346.
-
15.
Gleiser RM, Mackay AJ, Roy A, Yates MM, Vaeth RH, Faget GM, Folsom AE, Augustine WF, Wells RA, Perich MJ, 2007. West Nile virus surveillance in East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 23: 29–36.
-
16.
Kwan J, Kluh S, Madon MB, Reisen WK, 2010. West Nile virus emergence and persistence in greater Los Angeles, California, 2003–2008. Am J Trop Med Hyg 83: 400–412.
-
17.
Komar N, 2001. West Nile virus surveillance using sentinel birds. Ann N Y Acad Sci 951: 58–73.
-
18.
Blackmore CG, Stark LM, Jeter WC, Oliveri RL, Brooks RG, Conti LA, Wiersma ST, 2003. Surveillance results from the first West Nile virus transmission season in Florida, 2001. Am J Trop Med Hyg 69: 141–150.
-
19.
Emmons RW, Milby MM, Walsh JD, Reeves WC, Bayer EV, Hui LT, Woodie JD, Murray RA, 1986. Surveillance for arthropod-borne viral activity and disease in California during 1985. Proc Calif Mosq Vector Control Assoc 54: 1–8.
-
20.
Godsey MS, Blackmore MS, Panella NA, Burkhalter K, Gottfried K, Halsey LA, Rutledge R, Langevin SA, Gates R, Lamonte KM, Lambert A, Lanciotti RS, Blackmore CG, Loyless T, Stark L, Oliveri R, Conti L, Komar N, 2005. West Nile virus epizootiology in the Southeastern United States, 2001. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 5: 82–89.
-
21.
Day JF, Stark LM, 2000. Frequency of Saint Louis encephalitis virus in humans from Florida, USA: 1990–1999. J Med Entomol 37: 626–633.
-
22.
Broom AK, Sturrock K, Van Huezen B, Lindsay MD, Smith D, 2001. Seroconversions in sentinel chickens provide an early warning of Murray Valley encephalitis virus activity in Western Australia. Arbo Res Aust 8: 43–47.
-
23.
Buckley A, Dawson A, Moss SR, Hinsley SA, Bellamy PE, Gould EA, 2003. Serological evidence of West Nile virus, Usutu virus and Sindbis virus infection of birds in the UK. J Gen Virol 84: 2807–2817.
-
24.
Reisen WK, Lin J, Presser SB, Enge B, Hardy JL, 1993. Evaluation of new methods for sampling sentinel chickens for antibodies to WEE and SLE viruses. Proc Calif Mosq Vector Control Assoc 61: 33–36.
-
25.
Patiris PJ, Peck GW, Chiles RE, Reisen WK, Hanson CV, 2008. Serological diagnosis of West Nile and St. Louis encephalitis virus infections in domestic chickens. Am J Trop Med Hyg 78: 434–441.
-
26.
Langevin SA, Bunning M, Davis B, Komar N, 2001. Experimental infection of chickens as candidate sentinels for West Nile virus. Emerg Infect Dis 7: 726–729.
-
27.
Patiris PJ, Oceguera LF, Peck GW, Chiles RE, Reisen WK, Hanson CV, 2008. Serologic diagnosis of West Nile and St. Louis encephalitis virus infections in domestic chickens. Am J Trop Med Hyg 78: 434–441.
-
28.
Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2009. West Nile Virus: Clinical Description. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/clinicians/clindesc.htm. Accessed December 2009.
-
29.
McCaughey K, Miles SQ, Woods L, Chiles RE, Hom A, Kramer VL, Jay-Russel M, Sun B, Reisen WK, Scott TW, Hui LT, Steinlein DB, Castro M, Houchin A, Husted S, 2003. The California West Nile virus dead bird surveillance program. Proc Mosq Vector Control Assoc Calif 71: 38–43.
-
30.
McClure HE, 1984. Bird Banding. Pacific Grove, CA: Boxwood Press.
-
31.
Zalom FG, Goodell PB, Wilson LT, Barnett WW, Bentley WJ, 1983. Degree days: the calculation and use of heat units in pest management. Berkeley, CA: University of California, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources.
-
32.
Reisen WK, Fang Y, Martinez VM, 2006. Effects of temperature on the transmission of West Nile virus by Culex tarsalis (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol 43: 309–317.
-
33.
Tempelis CH, 1964. Current knowledge of the feeding habits of California mosquitoes. Proc Calif Mosq Control Assoc 32: 39–42.
-
34.
Tempelis CH, Washino RK, 1967. Host-feeding patterns of Culex tarsalis in the Sacramento Valley, California, with notes on other species. J Med Entomol 4: 315–318.
-
35.
Reisen WK, Pfuntner AR, Milby MM, Tempelis CH, Presser SB, 1990. Mosquito bionomics and the lack of arbovirus activity in the Chino area of San Bernardino County, California. J Med Entomol 27: 811–818.
-
36.
Wagenmakers EJ, Farrell S, 2004. AIC model selection using Akaike weights. Psychon Bull Rev 11: 192–196.
-
37.
Palmisano CT, Taylor V, Caillouet K, Byrd B, Wesson DM, 2005. Impact of West Nile virus outbreak upon St. Tammany Parish Mosquito Abatement District. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 21: 33–38.
-
38.
Barker CM, Eldridge BF, Johnson WO, Park BK, Reisen WK, 2010. Temporal associations between Culex tarsalis abundance and western equine encephalomyelitis virus transmission. Am J Trop Med Hyg 81: 282.
-
39.
Allen JC, 1976. A modified sine wave method for calculating degree days. Environ Entomol 5: 388–396.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 231 | 168 | 8 |
| Full Text Views | 400 | 12 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 112 | 14 | 0 |
Sentinel Chicken Seroconversions Track Tangential Transmission of West Nile Virus to Humans in the Greater Los Angeles Area of California
Jennifer L. Kwan
Jennifer L. Kwan
Center for Vectorborne Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California; Greater Los Angeles County Vector Control District, Los Angeles, California; Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
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Susanne Kluh
Susanne Kluh
Center for Vectorborne Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California; Greater Los Angeles County Vector Control District, Los Angeles, California; Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
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Minoo B. Madon
Minoo B. Madon
Center for Vectorborne Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California; Greater Los Angeles County Vector Control District, Los Angeles, California; Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
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Danh V. Nguyen
Danh V. Nguyen
Center for Vectorborne Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California; Greater Los Angeles County Vector Control District, Los Angeles, California; Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
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Christopher M. Barker
Christopher M. Barker
Center for Vectorborne Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California; Greater Los Angeles County Vector Control District, Los Angeles, California; Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
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William K. Reisen
William K. Reisen
Center for Vectorborne Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California; Greater Los Angeles County Vector Control District, Los Angeles, California; Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
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In Los Angeles, California, West Nile virus (WNV) has followed a pattern of emergence, amplification, subsidence, and resurgence. A time series cross-correlation analysis of human case counts and sentinel chicken seroconversions revealed temporal concordance indicating that chicken seroconversions tracked tangential transmission of WNV from the basic passeriform-Culex amplification cycle to humans rather than antecedent enzootic amplification. Sentinel seroconversions provided the location and time of transmission as opposed to human cases, which frequently were reported late and were assumed to be acquired 2–14 days before disease onset at their residence. Cox models revealed that warming degree-days were associated with the increased risk of seroconversion, whereas elevated herd immunity in peridomestic birds dampened seroconversion risk. Spatially, surveillance data collected within a 5 km radius of flock locations 15–28 days before the bleed date were most predictive of a seroconversion. In urban Los Angeles, sentinel chicken seroconversions could be used as an outcome measure in decision support for emergency intervention.
Author Notes
Financial support: This research was supported, in part, by grant R01-AI055607-01 from the National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, and grant RM08-6044 from the National Air and Space Administration NASA Applied Sciences Program Decision Support through Earth Science Research Results. WKR acknowledges funding support from the RAPIDD program of the Science & Technology Directorate, Department of Homeland Security, and the Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health. DVN acknowledges support from grant RR024146 from the National Center for Research Resources. Additional funding and resources were provided by the Greater Los Angeles County Vector Control District and supplemental funds for surveillance by the ELC program of the CDC and the California Department of Public Health.
Disclosure: The collection, banding, and bleeding of wild birds was done under protocols 11184 and 12889 and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the University of California, Davis; Master Station Federal Bird Banding permit 22763 issued by the U.S. Geological Survey, California; Resident Scientific Collection permits by the State of California Department of Fish and Game, and Federal Fish and Wildlife permit no. MB082812-0. The husbandry and bleeding of sentinel chickens was done under protocols 11186 and 12878 approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the University of California, Davis. Use of arboviruses was approved under Biological Use Authorizations #0554 and #0873 issued by the Environmental Health and Safety Committee of the University of California, Davis, and USDA permit #47901.
Authors' addresses: Jennifer L. Kwan, Christopher M. Barker, and William K. Reisen, Center for Vectorborne Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, E-mails: jnwilson@ucdavis.edu, cmbarker@ucdavis.edu, and wkreisen@ucdavis.edu. Susanne Kluh and Minoo B. Madon, Greater Los Angeles County Vector Control District, Santa Fe Springs, CA, E-mails: skluh@glacvcd.org and minoovecterminator@yahoo.com. Danh V. Nguyen, Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, E-mail: ucdnguyen@ucdavis.edu.
Reprint requests: W. K. Reisen, Center for Vectorborne Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Old Davis Road, Davis, CA 95616, E-mail: wkreisen@ucdavis.edu.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Scott TW, Wright SA, Eldridge BF, Brown DA, 2001. Cost effectiveness of three arbovirus surveillance methods in northern California. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 17: 118–123.
-
2.
Senne DA, Pedersen JC, Hutto DL, Taylor WD, Schmitt BJ, Panigrahy B, 2000. Pathogenicity of West Nile virus in chickens. Avian Dis 44: 642–649.
-
3.
Bowen RA, Nemeth NM, 2007. Experimental infections with West Nile virus. Curr Opin Infect Dis 20: 293–297.
-
4.
Reisen WK, Barker CM, Fang Y, Martinez VM, 2008. Does variation in Culex (Diptera: Culicidae) vector competence enable outbreaks of West Nile virus in California? J Med Entomol 45: 1126–1138.
-
5.
Reisen WK, Fang Y, Martinez VM, 2005. Avian host and mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) vector competence determine the efficiency of West Nile and St. Louis encephalitis virus transmission. J Med Entomol 42: 367–375.
-
6.
Reisen WK, Barker CM, Carney R, Lothrop HD, Wheeler SS, Wilson JL, Madon MB, Takahashi R, Carroll B, Garcia S, Fang Y, Shafii M, Kahl N, Ashtari S, Kramer V, Glaser C, Jean C, 2006. Role of corvids in epidemiology of West Nile virus in southern California. J Med Entomol 43: 356–367.
-
7.
Theophilides CN, Ahearn SC, Grady S, Merlino M, 2003. Identifying West Nile virus risk areas: the dynamic continuous-area space-time system. Am J Epi 157: 843–854.
-
8.
Theophilides CN, Ahearn SC, Binkowski ES, Paul WS, Gibbs K, 2006. First evidence of West Nile virus amplification and relationship to human infections. Int J Geogr Inf Sci 20: 103–115.
-
9.
Reisen WK, Milby MM, Meyer RP, Pfuntner AR, Spoehel J, Hazelrigg JE, Webb JP Jr, 1991. Mark-release-recapture studies with Culex mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in southern California. J Med Entomol 28: 357–371.
-
10.
Reisen WK, Lothrop HD, 1995. Population ecology and dispersal of Culex tarsalis (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Coachella Valley of California. J Med Entomol 32: 490–502.
-
11.
Unlu I, Roy AF, Yates M, Garrett D, Bell H, Harden T, Foil LD, 2009. Evaluation of surveillance methods for detection of West Nile Virus activity in East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana, 2004–2006. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 25: 126–133.
-
12.
Patnaik JL, Juliusson L, Vogt RL, 2007. Environmental predictors of human west nile virus infections, Colorado. Emerg Infect Dis 13: 1788–1790.
-
13.
Reisen WK, Carroll BD, Takahashi R, Fang Y, Garcia S, Martinez VM, Quiring R, 2009. Repeated West Nile virus epidemic transmission in Kern County, California, 2004–2007. J Med Entomol 46: 139–157.
-
14.
Cherry B, Trock SC, Glaser A, Kramer L, Ebel GD, Glaser C, Miller JR, 2001. Sentinel chickens as a surveillance tool for West Nile virus in New York City, 2000. Ann N Y Acad Sci 951: 343–346.
-
15.
Gleiser RM, Mackay AJ, Roy A, Yates MM, Vaeth RH, Faget GM, Folsom AE, Augustine WF, Wells RA, Perich MJ, 2007. West Nile virus surveillance in East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 23: 29–36.
-
16.
Kwan J, Kluh S, Madon MB, Reisen WK, 2010. West Nile virus emergence and persistence in greater Los Angeles, California, 2003–2008. Am J Trop Med Hyg 83: 400–412.
-
17.
Komar N, 2001. West Nile virus surveillance using sentinel birds. Ann N Y Acad Sci 951: 58–73.
-
18.
Blackmore CG, Stark LM, Jeter WC, Oliveri RL, Brooks RG, Conti LA, Wiersma ST, 2003. Surveillance results from the first West Nile virus transmission season in Florida, 2001. Am J Trop Med Hyg 69: 141–150.
-
19.
Emmons RW, Milby MM, Walsh JD, Reeves WC, Bayer EV, Hui LT, Woodie JD, Murray RA, 1986. Surveillance for arthropod-borne viral activity and disease in California during 1985. Proc Calif Mosq Vector Control Assoc 54: 1–8.
-
20.
Godsey MS, Blackmore MS, Panella NA, Burkhalter K, Gottfried K, Halsey LA, Rutledge R, Langevin SA, Gates R, Lamonte KM, Lambert A, Lanciotti RS, Blackmore CG, Loyless T, Stark L, Oliveri R, Conti L, Komar N, 2005. West Nile virus epizootiology in the Southeastern United States, 2001. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 5: 82–89.
-
21.
Day JF, Stark LM, 2000. Frequency of Saint Louis encephalitis virus in humans from Florida, USA: 1990–1999. J Med Entomol 37: 626–633.
-
22.
Broom AK, Sturrock K, Van Huezen B, Lindsay MD, Smith D, 2001. Seroconversions in sentinel chickens provide an early warning of Murray Valley encephalitis virus activity in Western Australia. Arbo Res Aust 8: 43–47.
-
23.
Buckley A, Dawson A, Moss SR, Hinsley SA, Bellamy PE, Gould EA, 2003. Serological evidence of West Nile virus, Usutu virus and Sindbis virus infection of birds in the UK. J Gen Virol 84: 2807–2817.
-
24.
Reisen WK, Lin J, Presser SB, Enge B, Hardy JL, 1993. Evaluation of new methods for sampling sentinel chickens for antibodies to WEE and SLE viruses. Proc Calif Mosq Vector Control Assoc 61: 33–36.
-
25.
Patiris PJ, Peck GW, Chiles RE, Reisen WK, Hanson CV, 2008. Serological diagnosis of West Nile and St. Louis encephalitis virus infections in domestic chickens. Am J Trop Med Hyg 78: 434–441.
-
26.
Langevin SA, Bunning M, Davis B, Komar N, 2001. Experimental infection of chickens as candidate sentinels for West Nile virus. Emerg Infect Dis 7: 726–729.
-
27.
Patiris PJ, Oceguera LF, Peck GW, Chiles RE, Reisen WK, Hanson CV, 2008. Serologic diagnosis of West Nile and St. Louis encephalitis virus infections in domestic chickens. Am J Trop Med Hyg 78: 434–441.
-
28.
Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2009. West Nile Virus: Clinical Description. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/clinicians/clindesc.htm. Accessed December 2009.
-
29.
McCaughey K, Miles SQ, Woods L, Chiles RE, Hom A, Kramer VL, Jay-Russel M, Sun B, Reisen WK, Scott TW, Hui LT, Steinlein DB, Castro M, Houchin A, Husted S, 2003. The California West Nile virus dead bird surveillance program. Proc Mosq Vector Control Assoc Calif 71: 38–43.
-
30.
McClure HE, 1984. Bird Banding. Pacific Grove, CA: Boxwood Press.
-
31.
Zalom FG, Goodell PB, Wilson LT, Barnett WW, Bentley WJ, 1983. Degree days: the calculation and use of heat units in pest management. Berkeley, CA: University of California, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources.
-
32.
Reisen WK, Fang Y, Martinez VM, 2006. Effects of temperature on the transmission of West Nile virus by Culex tarsalis (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol 43: 309–317.
-
33.
Tempelis CH, 1964. Current knowledge of the feeding habits of California mosquitoes. Proc Calif Mosq Control Assoc 32: 39–42.
-
34.
Tempelis CH, Washino RK, 1967. Host-feeding patterns of Culex tarsalis in the Sacramento Valley, California, with notes on other species. J Med Entomol 4: 315–318.
-
35.
Reisen WK, Pfuntner AR, Milby MM, Tempelis CH, Presser SB, 1990. Mosquito bionomics and the lack of arbovirus activity in the Chino area of San Bernardino County, California. J Med Entomol 27: 811–818.
-
36.
Wagenmakers EJ, Farrell S, 2004. AIC model selection using Akaike weights. Psychon Bull Rev 11: 192–196.
-
37.
Palmisano CT, Taylor V, Caillouet K, Byrd B, Wesson DM, 2005. Impact of West Nile virus outbreak upon St. Tammany Parish Mosquito Abatement District. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 21: 33–38.
-
38.
Barker CM, Eldridge BF, Johnson WO, Park BK, Reisen WK, 2010. Temporal associations between Culex tarsalis abundance and western equine encephalomyelitis virus transmission. Am J Trop Med Hyg 81: 282.
-
39.
Allen JC, 1976. A modified sine wave method for calculating degree days. Environ Entomol 5: 388–396.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 231 | 168 | 8 |
| Full Text Views | 400 | 12 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 112 | 14 | 0 |