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1.
Roll Back Malaria Partnership, 2000. The African Summit on Roll Back Malaria, Abuja, 25 April 2000. Available at: http://www.rbm.who.int/docs/abuja_declaration.pdf. Accessed August 3, 2008.
-
2.
Roll Back Malaria Partnership, 2008. The Global Malaria Action Plan. Available at: http://www.rbm.who.int/gmap/gmap.pdf. Accessed March 12, 2009.
-
3.
Lengeler C, 2000. Insecticide-treated bednets and curtains for preventing malaria. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD000363.
-
4.
Noor AM, Amin AA, Akhwale WS, Snow RW, 2007. Increasing coverage and decreasing inequity in insecticide-treated bed net use among rural Kenyan children. PLoS Med 4: e255.
-
5.
World Health Organization, 2004. The World Health Report, Statistical Annex. Available at: http://www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/en/index.html. Accessed August 3, 2008.
-
6.
Eliades MJ, Wolkon A, Morgah K, Crawford SB, Dorkenoo A, Sodahlon Y, Hawley WA, Hightower AW, Kuile FO, Terlouw DJ, 2006. Burden of malaria at community level in children less than 5 years of age in Togo. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75: 622–629.
-
7.
Grabowsky M, Nobiya T, Ahun M, Donna R, Lengor M, Zimmerman D, Ladd H, Hoekstra E, Bello A, Baffoe-Wilmot A, Amofah G, 2005. Distributing insecticide-treated bednets during measles vaccination: a low-cost means of achieving high and equitable coverage. Bull World Health Organ 83: 195–201.
-
8.
Grabowsky M, Farrell N, Hawley W, Chimumbwa J, Hoyer S, Wolkon A, Selanikio J, 2005. Integrating insecticide-treated bednets into a measles vaccination campaign achieves high, rapid and equitable coverage with direct and voucher-based methods. Trop Med Int Health 10: 1151–1160.
-
9.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2005. Distribution of insecticide-treated bednets during an integrated nationwide immunization campaign–Togo, West Africa, December 2004. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 54: 994–996.
-
10.
Vanden Eng JL, Wolkon A, Frolov AS, Terlouw DJ, Eliades MJ, Morgah K, Takpa V, Dare A, Sodahlon YK, Doumanou Y, Hawley WA, Hightower AW, 2007. Use of handheld computers with global positioning systems for probability sampling and data entry in household surveys. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77: 393–399.
-
11.
World Bank, 2000. African Development Indicators 2000. Available at: http://go.worldbank.org/QKQMQQBO70. Accessed August 3, 2008.
-
12.
Thwing J, Hochberg N, Vanden Eng J, Issifi S, Eliades MJ, Minkoulou E, Wolkon A, Gado H, Ibrahim O, Newman RD, Lama M, 2008. Insecticide-treated net ownership and usage in Niger after a nationwide integrated campaign. Trop Med Int Health 13: 827–834.
-
13.
Korenromp EL, Miller J, Cibulskis RE, Kabir Cham M, Alnwick D, Dye C, 2003. Monitoring mosquito net coverage for malaria control in Africa: possession vs. use by children under 5 years. Trop Med Int Health 8: 693–703.
-
14.
Phillips-Howard PA, Nahlen BL, Kolczak MS, Hightower AW, ter Kuile FO, Alaii JA, Gimnig JE, Arudo J, Vulule JM, Odhacha A, Kachur SP, Schoute E, Rosen DH, Sexton JD, Oloo AJ, Hawley WA, 2003. Efficacy of permethrin-treated bed nets in the prevention of mortality in young children in an area of high perennial malaria transmission in western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68: 23–29.
-
15.
Phillips-Howard PA, ter Kuile FO, Nahlen BL, Alaii JA, Gimnig JE, Kolczak MS, Terlouw DJ, Kariuki SK, Shi YP, Kachur SP, Hightower AW, Vulule JM, Hawley WA, 2003. The efficacy of permethrin-treated bed nets on child mortality and morbidity in western Kenya II. Study design and methods. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68: 10–15.
-
16.
Programme National de Lutte contre le Paludisme (PNLP), Togolese Ministry of Health, 2003. Rapport: Collecte Dynamique des Donnees de Moridite et de Mortalite sure le Paludisme pour le Suivi et l'Evaluation de RRP au Togo.
-
17.
Mueller DH, Wiseman V, Bakusa D, Morgah K, Dare A, Tchamdja P, 2008. Cost-effectiveness analysis of insecticide-treated net distribution as part of the Togo Integrated Child Health Campaign. Malar J 7: 73.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
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Rapid Scale-Up of Long-Lasting Insecticide-Treated Bed Nets through Integration into the National Immunization Program during Child Health Week in Togo, 2004
Adam Wolkon
Adam Wolkon
National Center for Infectious Diseases, Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Togolese Ministry of Health, Lomé, Togo; World Health Organization, Africa Regional Office, Harare, Zimbabwe; Canadian Red Cross, Ottawa, Canada
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Jodi L. Vanden Eng
Jodi L. Vanden Eng
National Center for Infectious Diseases, Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Togolese Ministry of Health, Lomé, Togo; World Health Organization, Africa Regional Office, Harare, Zimbabwe; Canadian Red Cross, Ottawa, Canada
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Kodjo Morgah
Kodjo Morgah
National Center for Infectious Diseases, Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Togolese Ministry of Health, Lomé, Togo; World Health Organization, Africa Regional Office, Harare, Zimbabwe; Canadian Red Cross, Ottawa, Canada
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M. James Eliades
M. James Eliades
National Center for Infectious Diseases, Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Togolese Ministry of Health, Lomé, Togo; World Health Organization, Africa Regional Office, Harare, Zimbabwe; Canadian Red Cross, Ottawa, Canada
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Julie Thwing
Julie Thwing
National Center for Infectious Diseases, Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Togolese Ministry of Health, Lomé, Togo; World Health Organization, Africa Regional Office, Harare, Zimbabwe; Canadian Red Cross, Ottawa, Canada
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Dianne J. Terlouw
Dianne J. Terlouw
National Center for Infectious Diseases, Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Togolese Ministry of Health, Lomé, Togo; World Health Organization, Africa Regional Office, Harare, Zimbabwe; Canadian Red Cross, Ottawa, Canada
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Vincent Takpa
Vincent Takpa
National Center for Infectious Diseases, Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Togolese Ministry of Health, Lomé, Togo; World Health Organization, Africa Regional Office, Harare, Zimbabwe; Canadian Red Cross, Ottawa, Canada
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Aboudou Dare
Aboudou Dare
National Center for Infectious Diseases, Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Togolese Ministry of Health, Lomé, Togo; World Health Organization, Africa Regional Office, Harare, Zimbabwe; Canadian Red Cross, Ottawa, Canada
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Yao K. Sodahlon
Yao K. Sodahlon
National Center for Infectious Diseases, Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Togolese Ministry of Health, Lomé, Togo; World Health Organization, Africa Regional Office, Harare, Zimbabwe; Canadian Red Cross, Ottawa, Canada
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Yao Doumanou
Yao Doumanou
National Center for Infectious Diseases, Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Togolese Ministry of Health, Lomé, Togo; World Health Organization, Africa Regional Office, Harare, Zimbabwe; Canadian Red Cross, Ottawa, Canada
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Allen W. Hightower
Allen W. Hightower
National Center for Infectious Diseases, Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Togolese Ministry of Health, Lomé, Togo; World Health Organization, Africa Regional Office, Harare, Zimbabwe; Canadian Red Cross, Ottawa, Canada
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Marcel Lama
Marcel Lama
National Center for Infectious Diseases, Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Togolese Ministry of Health, Lomé, Togo; World Health Organization, Africa Regional Office, Harare, Zimbabwe; Canadian Red Cross, Ottawa, Canada
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Neeta Thawani
Neeta Thawani
National Center for Infectious Diseases, Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Togolese Ministry of Health, Lomé, Togo; World Health Organization, Africa Regional Office, Harare, Zimbabwe; Canadian Red Cross, Ottawa, Canada
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Laurence Slutsker
Laurence Slutsker
National Center for Infectious Diseases, Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Togolese Ministry of Health, Lomé, Togo; World Health Organization, Africa Regional Office, Harare, Zimbabwe; Canadian Red Cross, Ottawa, Canada
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William A. Hawley
William A. Hawley
National Center for Infectious Diseases, Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Togolese Ministry of Health, Lomé, Togo; World Health Organization, Africa Regional Office, Harare, Zimbabwe; Canadian Red Cross, Ottawa, Canada
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In December 2004, Togo was the first country to conduct a nationwide free insecticide-treated net (ITN) distribution as part of its National Integrated Child Health Campaign. Community-based cross-sectional surveys were conducted one and nine months post-campaign as part of a multidisciplinary evaluation of the nationwide distribution of ITNs to children 9–59 months of age to evaluate ITN ownership, equity, and use. Our results demonstrated that at one month post-campaign, 93.1% of all eligible children received an ITN. Household ITN ownership and equity increased significantly post-campaign. Nine months post-campaign, 78.6% of households with a child eligible to participate in the campaign retained at least one campaign net. Use by eligible children was 43.5% at one month post-campaign (during the dry season) and 52.9% at nine months post-campaign (during the rainy season). Household ownership of at least one ITN increased from 8.0% pre-campaign to 62.5% one month post-campaign. Together, these findings demonstrate that in this setting, increased household ITN ownership, equity, and retention can be achieved on a national scale through free ITN distribution during an integrated campaign.
Author Notes
Financial support: This work was supported by the Canadian International Development Agency, through the Canadian Red Cross.
Authors' addresses: Adam Wolkon, Jodi L. Vanden Eng, M. James Eliades, Julie Thwing, Allen W. Hightower, Laurence Slutsker, and William A. Hawley, Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA. Dianne J. Terlouw, Child and Reproductive Health Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, United Kingdom. Kodjo Morgah, Vincent Takpa, Aboudou Dare, Yao K. Sodahlon, and Yao Doumanou, Togolese Ministry of Health, Lomé, Togo. Marcel Lama, World Health Organization, Africa Regional Office, Harare, Zimbabwe. Neeta Thawani, Canadian Red Cross, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
ProCite
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Reference Manager
BibTeX
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-
1.
Roll Back Malaria Partnership, 2000. The African Summit on Roll Back Malaria, Abuja, 25 April 2000. Available at: http://www.rbm.who.int/docs/abuja_declaration.pdf. Accessed August 3, 2008.
-
2.
Roll Back Malaria Partnership, 2008. The Global Malaria Action Plan. Available at: http://www.rbm.who.int/gmap/gmap.pdf. Accessed March 12, 2009.
-
3.
Lengeler C, 2000. Insecticide-treated bednets and curtains for preventing malaria. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD000363.
-
4.
Noor AM, Amin AA, Akhwale WS, Snow RW, 2007. Increasing coverage and decreasing inequity in insecticide-treated bed net use among rural Kenyan children. PLoS Med 4: e255.
-
5.
World Health Organization, 2004. The World Health Report, Statistical Annex. Available at: http://www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/en/index.html. Accessed August 3, 2008.
-
6.
Eliades MJ, Wolkon A, Morgah K, Crawford SB, Dorkenoo A, Sodahlon Y, Hawley WA, Hightower AW, Kuile FO, Terlouw DJ, 2006. Burden of malaria at community level in children less than 5 years of age in Togo. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75: 622–629.
-
7.
Grabowsky M, Nobiya T, Ahun M, Donna R, Lengor M, Zimmerman D, Ladd H, Hoekstra E, Bello A, Baffoe-Wilmot A, Amofah G, 2005. Distributing insecticide-treated bednets during measles vaccination: a low-cost means of achieving high and equitable coverage. Bull World Health Organ 83: 195–201.
-
8.
Grabowsky M, Farrell N, Hawley W, Chimumbwa J, Hoyer S, Wolkon A, Selanikio J, 2005. Integrating insecticide-treated bednets into a measles vaccination campaign achieves high, rapid and equitable coverage with direct and voucher-based methods. Trop Med Int Health 10: 1151–1160.
-
9.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2005. Distribution of insecticide-treated bednets during an integrated nationwide immunization campaign–Togo, West Africa, December 2004. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 54: 994–996.
-
10.
Vanden Eng JL, Wolkon A, Frolov AS, Terlouw DJ, Eliades MJ, Morgah K, Takpa V, Dare A, Sodahlon YK, Doumanou Y, Hawley WA, Hightower AW, 2007. Use of handheld computers with global positioning systems for probability sampling and data entry in household surveys. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77: 393–399.
-
11.
World Bank, 2000. African Development Indicators 2000. Available at: http://go.worldbank.org/QKQMQQBO70. Accessed August 3, 2008.
-
12.
Thwing J, Hochberg N, Vanden Eng J, Issifi S, Eliades MJ, Minkoulou E, Wolkon A, Gado H, Ibrahim O, Newman RD, Lama M, 2008. Insecticide-treated net ownership and usage in Niger after a nationwide integrated campaign. Trop Med Int Health 13: 827–834.
-
13.
Korenromp EL, Miller J, Cibulskis RE, Kabir Cham M, Alnwick D, Dye C, 2003. Monitoring mosquito net coverage for malaria control in Africa: possession vs. use by children under 5 years. Trop Med Int Health 8: 693–703.
-
14.
Phillips-Howard PA, Nahlen BL, Kolczak MS, Hightower AW, ter Kuile FO, Alaii JA, Gimnig JE, Arudo J, Vulule JM, Odhacha A, Kachur SP, Schoute E, Rosen DH, Sexton JD, Oloo AJ, Hawley WA, 2003. Efficacy of permethrin-treated bed nets in the prevention of mortality in young children in an area of high perennial malaria transmission in western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68: 23–29.
-
15.
Phillips-Howard PA, ter Kuile FO, Nahlen BL, Alaii JA, Gimnig JE, Kolczak MS, Terlouw DJ, Kariuki SK, Shi YP, Kachur SP, Hightower AW, Vulule JM, Hawley WA, 2003. The efficacy of permethrin-treated bed nets on child mortality and morbidity in western Kenya II. Study design and methods. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68: 10–15.
-
16.
Programme National de Lutte contre le Paludisme (PNLP), Togolese Ministry of Health, 2003. Rapport: Collecte Dynamique des Donnees de Moridite et de Mortalite sure le Paludisme pour le Suivi et l'Evaluation de RRP au Togo.
-
17.
Mueller DH, Wiseman V, Bakusa D, Morgah K, Dare A, Tchamdja P, 2008. Cost-effectiveness analysis of insecticide-treated net distribution as part of the Togo Integrated Child Health Campaign. Malar J 7: 73.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 3039 | 2858 | 648 |
| Full Text Views | 438 | 14 | 2 |
| PDF Downloads | 77 | 12 | 1 |