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EndNote
-
1.
2009. Swine influenza A (H1N1) infection in two children–southern California, March–April 2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 58: 400–402.
-
2.
World Health Organization, 2009. Influenza-like illness in the United States and Mexico. Available at: http://www.who.int/csr/don/2009_04_24/en/index.html.
-
3.
Fraser C, Donnelly CA, Cauchemez S, Hanage WP, Van Kerkhove MD, Hollingsworth TD, Griffin J, Baggaley RF, Jenkins HE, Lyons EJ, Jombart T, Hinsley WR, Grassly NC, Balloux F, Ghani AC, Ferguson NM, Rambaut A, Pybus OG, Lopez-Gatell H, Alpuche-Aranda CM, Chapela IB, Zavala EP, Guevara DM, Checchi F, Garcia E, Hugonnet S, Roth C, 2009. Pandemic potential of a strain of influenza A (H1N1): early findings. Science 324: 1557–1561.
-
4.
Garten RJ, Davis CT, Russell CA, Shu B, Lindstrom S, Balish A, Sessions WM, Xu X, Skepner E, Deyde V, Okomo-Adhiambo M, Gubareva L, Barnes J, Smith CB, Emery SL, Hillman MJ, Rivailler P, Smagala J, de Graaf M, Burke DF, Fouchier RA, Pappas C, Alpuche-Aranda CM, Lopez-Gatell H, Olivera H, Lopez I, Myers CA, Faix D, Blair PJ, Yu C, Keene KM, Dotson PD Jr, Boxrud D, Sambol AR, Abid SH, St George K, Bannerman T, Moore AL, Stringer DJ, Blevins P, Demmler-Harrison GJ, Ginsberg M, Kriner P, Waterman S, Smole S, Guevara HF, Belongia EA, Clark PA, Beatrice ST, Donis R, Katz J, Finelli L, Bridges CB, Shaw M, Jernigan DB, Uyeki TM, Smith DJ, Klimov AI, Cox NJ, 2009. Antigenic and genetic characteristics of swine-origin 2009 A (H1N1) influenza viruses circulating in humans. Science 325: 197–201.
-
5.
PROMED-mail, 2009. Influenza A (H1N1)—worldwide (78): Tamiflu resistance, Denmark. Available at: http://www.promedmail.org/pls/otn/f?p=2400:1202:3285434049563252:NO:F2400_P1202_CHECK_DISPLAY,http://www.promedmail.org/pls/otn/f?p=2400:1202:3285434049563252:NO:F2400_P1202_PUB_MAIL_ID:X,78150.
-
6.
PROMED-mail, 2009. Influenza A (H1N1)—worldwide (85): Tamiflu resistance, Japan. Available at: http://www.promedmail.org/pls/otn/f?p=2400:1202:3285434049563252:NO:F2400_P1202_CHECK_DISPLAY,F2400_P1202_PUB_MAIL_ID:X,78237.
-
7.
Mandelboim M, Hindyieh M, Segman-Meningher T, Mendelson E, 2010. Possible transmission of pandemic (HIN1) 2009 virus with Oseltamivir resistance. Emerg Infect Dis 16: 873–874.
-
8.
World Health Organization, 2009. Human infection with pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus: updated interim WHO guidance on global surveillance. Available at: http://www.who.int/csr/disease/swineflu/guidance/surveillance/WHO_case_definition_swine_flu_2009_04_29.pdf.
-
9.
Laguna-Torres VA, Gomez J, Ocana V, Aguilar P, Saldarriaga T, Chavez E, Perez J, Zamalloa H, Forshey B, Paz I, Gomez E, Ore R, Chauca G, Ortiz E, Villaran M, Vilcarromero S, Rocha C, Chincha O, Jimenez G, Villanueva M, Pozo E, Aspajo J, Kochel T, 2009. Influenza-like illness sentinel surveillance in Peru. PLoS ONE 4: e6118.
-
10.
World Health Organization, 2009. CDC Realtime RTPCR (rRTPCR) Protocol for Detection and Characterization of Swine Influenza (version 2009). Available at: www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/swineflu/CDCRealtimeRTPCR_SwineH1Assay-2009_20090430.pdf.
-
11.
Hoffmann E, Stech J, Guan Y, Webster RG, Perez DR, 2001. Universal primer set for the full-length amplification of all influenza A viruses. Arch Virol 146: 2275–2289.
-
12.
Garcia J, Sovero M, Torres AL, Gomez J, Douce R, Barrantes M, Sanchez F, Jimenez M, Comach G, de Rivera I, Agudo R, Kochel T, 2009. Antiviral resistance in influenza viruses circulating in Central and South America based on the detection of established genetic markers. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 3: 69–74.
-
13.
McKimm-Breschkin J, Trivedi T, Hampson A, Hay A, Klimov A, Tashiro M, Hayden F, Zambon M, 2003. Neuraminidase sequence analysis and susceptibilities of influenza virus clinical isolates to zanamivir and oseltamivir. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 47: 2264–2272.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
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| Abstract Views | 96 | 68 | 3 |
| Full Text Views | 226 | 10 | 0 |
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Genetic Analysis of Influenza A/H1N1 of Swine Origin Virus (SOIV) Circulating in Central and South America
Merly Sovero
Merly Sovero
U.S. Naval Medical Research Center Detachment, Lima, Peru; Dirección General de Epidemiología, Ministerio de Salud, Lima, Perú; Hospital Vernaza, Ecuador; Hospital Vozandes, Quito, Ecuador; Hospital Solano, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Hospital Infantil Manuel de Jesus Rivera, Managua, Nicaragua; Hospital Santa Ana Metapan, El Salvador; LARDIDEV-Biomed-UC, Maracay, Venezuela; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras; ONG Rayos de Sol, Asuncion, Paraguay
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Josefina Garcia
Josefina Garcia
U.S. Naval Medical Research Center Detachment, Lima, Peru; Dirección General de Epidemiología, Ministerio de Salud, Lima, Perú; Hospital Vernaza, Ecuador; Hospital Vozandes, Quito, Ecuador; Hospital Solano, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Hospital Infantil Manuel de Jesus Rivera, Managua, Nicaragua; Hospital Santa Ana Metapan, El Salvador; LARDIDEV-Biomed-UC, Maracay, Venezuela; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras; ONG Rayos de Sol, Asuncion, Paraguay
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V. Alberto Laguna-Torres
V. Alberto Laguna-Torres
U.S. Naval Medical Research Center Detachment, Lima, Peru; Dirección General de Epidemiología, Ministerio de Salud, Lima, Perú; Hospital Vernaza, Ecuador; Hospital Vozandes, Quito, Ecuador; Hospital Solano, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Hospital Infantil Manuel de Jesus Rivera, Managua, Nicaragua; Hospital Santa Ana Metapan, El Salvador; LARDIDEV-Biomed-UC, Maracay, Venezuela; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras; ONG Rayos de Sol, Asuncion, Paraguay
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Jorge Gomez
Jorge Gomez
U.S. Naval Medical Research Center Detachment, Lima, Peru; Dirección General de Epidemiología, Ministerio de Salud, Lima, Perú; Hospital Vernaza, Ecuador; Hospital Vozandes, Quito, Ecuador; Hospital Solano, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Hospital Infantil Manuel de Jesus Rivera, Managua, Nicaragua; Hospital Santa Ana Metapan, El Salvador; LARDIDEV-Biomed-UC, Maracay, Venezuela; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras; ONG Rayos de Sol, Asuncion, Paraguay
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Washington Aleman
Washington Aleman
U.S. Naval Medical Research Center Detachment, Lima, Peru; Dirección General de Epidemiología, Ministerio de Salud, Lima, Perú; Hospital Vernaza, Ecuador; Hospital Vozandes, Quito, Ecuador; Hospital Solano, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Hospital Infantil Manuel de Jesus Rivera, Managua, Nicaragua; Hospital Santa Ana Metapan, El Salvador; LARDIDEV-Biomed-UC, Maracay, Venezuela; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras; ONG Rayos de Sol, Asuncion, Paraguay
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Wilson Chicaiza
Wilson Chicaiza
U.S. Naval Medical Research Center Detachment, Lima, Peru; Dirección General de Epidemiología, Ministerio de Salud, Lima, Perú; Hospital Vernaza, Ecuador; Hospital Vozandes, Quito, Ecuador; Hospital Solano, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Hospital Infantil Manuel de Jesus Rivera, Managua, Nicaragua; Hospital Santa Ana Metapan, El Salvador; LARDIDEV-Biomed-UC, Maracay, Venezuela; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras; ONG Rayos de Sol, Asuncion, Paraguay
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Melvin Barrantes
Melvin Barrantes
U.S. Naval Medical Research Center Detachment, Lima, Peru; Dirección General de Epidemiología, Ministerio de Salud, Lima, Perú; Hospital Vernaza, Ecuador; Hospital Vozandes, Quito, Ecuador; Hospital Solano, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Hospital Infantil Manuel de Jesus Rivera, Managua, Nicaragua; Hospital Santa Ana Metapan, El Salvador; LARDIDEV-Biomed-UC, Maracay, Venezuela; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras; ONG Rayos de Sol, Asuncion, Paraguay
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Felix Sanchez
Felix Sanchez
U.S. Naval Medical Research Center Detachment, Lima, Peru; Dirección General de Epidemiología, Ministerio de Salud, Lima, Perú; Hospital Vernaza, Ecuador; Hospital Vozandes, Quito, Ecuador; Hospital Solano, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Hospital Infantil Manuel de Jesus Rivera, Managua, Nicaragua; Hospital Santa Ana Metapan, El Salvador; LARDIDEV-Biomed-UC, Maracay, Venezuela; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras; ONG Rayos de Sol, Asuncion, Paraguay
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Mirna Jimenez
Mirna Jimenez
U.S. Naval Medical Research Center Detachment, Lima, Peru; Dirección General de Epidemiología, Ministerio de Salud, Lima, Perú; Hospital Vernaza, Ecuador; Hospital Vozandes, Quito, Ecuador; Hospital Solano, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Hospital Infantil Manuel de Jesus Rivera, Managua, Nicaragua; Hospital Santa Ana Metapan, El Salvador; LARDIDEV-Biomed-UC, Maracay, Venezuela; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras; ONG Rayos de Sol, Asuncion, Paraguay
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Guillermo Comach
Guillermo Comach
U.S. Naval Medical Research Center Detachment, Lima, Peru; Dirección General de Epidemiología, Ministerio de Salud, Lima, Perú; Hospital Vernaza, Ecuador; Hospital Vozandes, Quito, Ecuador; Hospital Solano, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Hospital Infantil Manuel de Jesus Rivera, Managua, Nicaragua; Hospital Santa Ana Metapan, El Salvador; LARDIDEV-Biomed-UC, Maracay, Venezuela; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras; ONG Rayos de Sol, Asuncion, Paraguay
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Ivette Lorenzana de Rivera
Ivette Lorenzana de Rivera
U.S. Naval Medical Research Center Detachment, Lima, Peru; Dirección General de Epidemiología, Ministerio de Salud, Lima, Perú; Hospital Vernaza, Ecuador; Hospital Vozandes, Quito, Ecuador; Hospital Solano, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Hospital Infantil Manuel de Jesus Rivera, Managua, Nicaragua; Hospital Santa Ana Metapan, El Salvador; LARDIDEV-Biomed-UC, Maracay, Venezuela; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras; ONG Rayos de Sol, Asuncion, Paraguay
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Alma Barboza
Alma Barboza
U.S. Naval Medical Research Center Detachment, Lima, Peru; Dirección General de Epidemiología, Ministerio de Salud, Lima, Perú; Hospital Vernaza, Ecuador; Hospital Vozandes, Quito, Ecuador; Hospital Solano, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Hospital Infantil Manuel de Jesus Rivera, Managua, Nicaragua; Hospital Santa Ana Metapan, El Salvador; LARDIDEV-Biomed-UC, Maracay, Venezuela; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras; ONG Rayos de Sol, Asuncion, Paraguay
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Nicolas Aguayo
Nicolas Aguayo
U.S. Naval Medical Research Center Detachment, Lima, Peru; Dirección General de Epidemiología, Ministerio de Salud, Lima, Perú; Hospital Vernaza, Ecuador; Hospital Vozandes, Quito, Ecuador; Hospital Solano, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Hospital Infantil Manuel de Jesus Rivera, Managua, Nicaragua; Hospital Santa Ana Metapan, El Salvador; LARDIDEV-Biomed-UC, Maracay, Venezuela; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras; ONG Rayos de Sol, Asuncion, Paraguay
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Tadeusz Kochel
Tadeusz Kochel
U.S. Naval Medical Research Center Detachment, Lima, Peru; Dirección General de Epidemiología, Ministerio de Salud, Lima, Perú; Hospital Vernaza, Ecuador; Hospital Vozandes, Quito, Ecuador; Hospital Solano, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Hospital Infantil Manuel de Jesus Rivera, Managua, Nicaragua; Hospital Santa Ana Metapan, El Salvador; LARDIDEV-Biomed-UC, Maracay, Venezuela; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras; ONG Rayos de Sol, Asuncion, Paraguay
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Since the first detection of swine origin virus (SOIV) on March 28, 2009, the virus has spread worldwide and oseltamivir-resistant strains have already been identified in the past months. Here, we show the phylogenetic analysis of 63 SOIV isolates from eight countries in Central and South America, and their sensitivity to oseltamivir.
Author Notes
Financial support: This study was funded by the U.S. Department of Defense Global Emerging Infections Surveillance and Response System (DoD-GEIS), a division of the Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center, WORK UNIT NUMBER: 847705.82000.25GB.B0016.
Disclosure: The study protocol was approved by the Naval Medical Research Center Institutional Review Board (Protocol NMRCD.2002.0019) in compliance with all applicable Federal regulations governing the protection of human subjects.
Copyright statement: Authors Tadeusz J. Kochel is a U.S. military service member; Merly Sovero and V. Alberto Laguna-Torres are employees of the U.S. Government. This work was prepared as part of their official duties. Title 17 U.S.C. § 105 provides that “Copyright protection under this title is not available for any work of the United States Government.” Title 17 U.S.C. § 101 defines U.S. Government work as a work prepared by a military service member or employees of the U.S. Government as part of those person's official duties.
Authors' addresses: Merly Sovero, Josefina Garcia, V. Alberto Laguna-Torres, and Tadeusz Kochel, U.S. Naval Medical Research Center Detachment, Lima, Peru, E-mail: josefina.garcia@med.navy.mil. Jorge Gomez, Dirección General de Epidemiología, Ministerio de Salud, Lima, Perú. Washington Aleman, Hospital Vernaza, Ecuador. Wilson Chicaiza, Hospital Vozandes, Quito, Ecuador. Melvin Barrantes, Hospital Solano, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Felix Sanchez, Hospital Infantil Manuel de Jesus Rivera, Managua, Nicaragua. Mirna Jimenez, Hospital Santa Ana Metapan, El Salvador. Guillermo Comach, LARDIDEV-Biomed-UC, Maracay, Venezuela. Ivette Lorenzana de Rivera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras. Alma Barboza and Nicolas Aguayo, ONG Rayos de Sol, Asuncion, Paraguay.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
2009. Swine influenza A (H1N1) infection in two children–southern California, March–April 2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 58: 400–402.
-
2.
World Health Organization, 2009. Influenza-like illness in the United States and Mexico. Available at: http://www.who.int/csr/don/2009_04_24/en/index.html.
-
3.
Fraser C, Donnelly CA, Cauchemez S, Hanage WP, Van Kerkhove MD, Hollingsworth TD, Griffin J, Baggaley RF, Jenkins HE, Lyons EJ, Jombart T, Hinsley WR, Grassly NC, Balloux F, Ghani AC, Ferguson NM, Rambaut A, Pybus OG, Lopez-Gatell H, Alpuche-Aranda CM, Chapela IB, Zavala EP, Guevara DM, Checchi F, Garcia E, Hugonnet S, Roth C, 2009. Pandemic potential of a strain of influenza A (H1N1): early findings. Science 324: 1557–1561.
-
4.
Garten RJ, Davis CT, Russell CA, Shu B, Lindstrom S, Balish A, Sessions WM, Xu X, Skepner E, Deyde V, Okomo-Adhiambo M, Gubareva L, Barnes J, Smith CB, Emery SL, Hillman MJ, Rivailler P, Smagala J, de Graaf M, Burke DF, Fouchier RA, Pappas C, Alpuche-Aranda CM, Lopez-Gatell H, Olivera H, Lopez I, Myers CA, Faix D, Blair PJ, Yu C, Keene KM, Dotson PD Jr, Boxrud D, Sambol AR, Abid SH, St George K, Bannerman T, Moore AL, Stringer DJ, Blevins P, Demmler-Harrison GJ, Ginsberg M, Kriner P, Waterman S, Smole S, Guevara HF, Belongia EA, Clark PA, Beatrice ST, Donis R, Katz J, Finelli L, Bridges CB, Shaw M, Jernigan DB, Uyeki TM, Smith DJ, Klimov AI, Cox NJ, 2009. Antigenic and genetic characteristics of swine-origin 2009 A (H1N1) influenza viruses circulating in humans. Science 325: 197–201.
-
5.
PROMED-mail, 2009. Influenza A (H1N1)—worldwide (78): Tamiflu resistance, Denmark. Available at: http://www.promedmail.org/pls/otn/f?p=2400:1202:3285434049563252:NO:F2400_P1202_CHECK_DISPLAY,http://www.promedmail.org/pls/otn/f?p=2400:1202:3285434049563252:NO:F2400_P1202_PUB_MAIL_ID:X,78150.
-
6.
PROMED-mail, 2009. Influenza A (H1N1)—worldwide (85): Tamiflu resistance, Japan. Available at: http://www.promedmail.org/pls/otn/f?p=2400:1202:3285434049563252:NO:F2400_P1202_CHECK_DISPLAY,F2400_P1202_PUB_MAIL_ID:X,78237.
-
7.
Mandelboim M, Hindyieh M, Segman-Meningher T, Mendelson E, 2010. Possible transmission of pandemic (HIN1) 2009 virus with Oseltamivir resistance. Emerg Infect Dis 16: 873–874.
-
8.
World Health Organization, 2009. Human infection with pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus: updated interim WHO guidance on global surveillance. Available at: http://www.who.int/csr/disease/swineflu/guidance/surveillance/WHO_case_definition_swine_flu_2009_04_29.pdf.
-
9.
Laguna-Torres VA, Gomez J, Ocana V, Aguilar P, Saldarriaga T, Chavez E, Perez J, Zamalloa H, Forshey B, Paz I, Gomez E, Ore R, Chauca G, Ortiz E, Villaran M, Vilcarromero S, Rocha C, Chincha O, Jimenez G, Villanueva M, Pozo E, Aspajo J, Kochel T, 2009. Influenza-like illness sentinel surveillance in Peru. PLoS ONE 4: e6118.
-
10.
World Health Organization, 2009. CDC Realtime RTPCR (rRTPCR) Protocol for Detection and Characterization of Swine Influenza (version 2009). Available at: www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/swineflu/CDCRealtimeRTPCR_SwineH1Assay-2009_20090430.pdf.
-
11.
Hoffmann E, Stech J, Guan Y, Webster RG, Perez DR, 2001. Universal primer set for the full-length amplification of all influenza A viruses. Arch Virol 146: 2275–2289.
-
12.
Garcia J, Sovero M, Torres AL, Gomez J, Douce R, Barrantes M, Sanchez F, Jimenez M, Comach G, de Rivera I, Agudo R, Kochel T, 2009. Antiviral resistance in influenza viruses circulating in Central and South America based on the detection of established genetic markers. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 3: 69–74.
-
13.
McKimm-Breschkin J, Trivedi T, Hampson A, Hay A, Klimov A, Tashiro M, Hayden F, Zambon M, 2003. Neuraminidase sequence analysis and susceptibilities of influenza virus clinical isolates to zanamivir and oseltamivir. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 47: 2264–2272.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 96 | 68 | 3 |
| Full Text Views | 226 | 10 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 66 | 8 | 0 |