Endy TP, Chunsuttiwat S, Nisalak A, Libraty DH, Green S, Rothman AL, Vaughn DW, Ennis FA, 2002. Epidemiology of inapparent and symptomatice acute dengue virus infection: a prospective study of primary school children in Kamphaeng Phet, Thailand. Am J Epidemiol 156: 40–51.
Thein S, Aung MM, Shwe TN, Aye M, Zaw A, Aye K, Aye KM, Aaskov J, 1997. Risk factors in dengue shock syndrome. Am J Trop Med Hyg 56: 566–572.
Burke DS, Nisalak A, Johnson DE, Scott RM, 1988. A prospective study of dengue infections in Bangkok. Am J Trop Med Hyg 38: 172–180.
Balmaseda A, Hammond SN, Tellez Y, Imhoff L, Rodriguez Y, Saborio S, Mercado JC, Perez L, Videa E, Almanza E, Kuan G, Reyes M, Saenz L, Amador JJ, Harris E, 2006. High seroprevalence of antibodies against dengue virus in a prospective study of schoolchildren in Managua, Nicaragua. Trop Med Int Health 11: 935–942.
Balmaseda A, Mercado JC, Matute JC, Tellez Y, Saborío S, Hammond SN, Standish K, Nuñez A, Henn MR, Holmes EC, Gordon A, Coloma J, Kuan G, Harris E, 2010. Trends in patterns of dengue transmission in a pediatric cohort study in Nicaragua. J Infect Dis 201: 5–14.
Mammen MP, Pimgate C, Koenraadt CJ, Rothman AL, Aldstadt J, Nisalak A, Jarman RG, Jones JW, Srikiatkhachorn A, Ypil-Butac CA, Getis A, Thammapalo S, Morrison AC, Libraty DH, Green S, Scott TW, 2008. Spatial and temporal clustering of dengue virus transmission in Thai villages. PLoS Med 5: e205.
Beckett CG, Kosasih H, Faisal I, Nurhayati, Tan R, Widjaja S, Listiyaningsih E, Ma'roef C, Wuryadi S, Bangs MJ, Samsi TK, Yuwono D, Hayes CG, Porter KR, 2005. Early detection of dengue infections using cluster sampling around index cases. Am J Trop Med Hyg 72: 777–782.
Halstead SB, 2006. Dengue in the Americas and southeast Asia: do they differ? Rev Panam Salud Publica 20: 407–415.
Anonymous, 2008. Managua en Cifras. Instituto Nacional de Información de Desarrollo. Managua, Nicaragua.
Kuan G, Gordon A, Avilés W, Ortega O, Hammond SN, Elizondo D, Nuñez A, Coloma J, Balmaseda A, Harris E, 2009. The Nicaraguan Pediatric Dengue Cohort Study: study design, methods, use of information technology, and extension to other infectious diseases. Am J Epidemiol 170: 120–129.
Kuno G, 1997. Factors influencing the tranmsission of dengue viruses. Gubler DJ, Kuno G, eds. Dengue and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever. New York: CAB International, 61–88.
Getis A, Morrison AC, Gray K, Scott TW, 2003. Characteristics of the spatial pattern of the dengue vector, Aedes aegypti, in Iquitos, Peru. Am J Trop Med Hyg 69: 494–505.
Balmaseda A, Guzman MG, Hammond S, Robleto G, Flores C, Tellez Y, Videa E, Saborio S, Perez L, Sandoval E, Rodriguez Y, Harris E, 2003. Diagnosis of dengue virus infection by detection of specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgA antibodies in serum and saliva. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 10: 317–322.
Fernandez R, Vasquez S, 1990. Serological diagnosis of dengue by an ELISA Inhibition method. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 85: 347–351.
Harris E, Videa E, Perez L, Sandoval E, Tellez Y, Perez ML, Cuadra R, Rocha J, Idiaquez W, Alonso RE, Delgado MA, Campo LA, Acevedo F, Gonzalez A, Amador JJ, Balmaseda A, 2000. Clinical, epidemiologic, and virologic features of dengue in the 1998 epidemic in Nicaragua. Am J Trop Med Hyg 63: 5–11.
Reed LJ, Muench H, 1938. A simple method of estimating fifty percent endpoints. Am J Hyg 27: 493–497.
Lanciotti R, Calisher C, Gubler D, Chang G, Vorndam A, 1992. Rapid detection and typing of dengue viruses from clinical samples by using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. J Clin Microbiol 30: 545–551.
Balmaseda A, Sandoval E, Pérez L, Gutiérrez CM, Harris E, 1999. Application of molecular typing techniques in the 1998 dengue epidemic in Nicaragua. Am J Trop Med Hyg 61: 893–897.
Edgar RC, 2004. MUSCLE: multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput. Nucleic Acids Res 32: 1792–1797.
Posada D, Crandall KA, 1998. MODELTEST: testing the model of DNA substitution. Bioinformatics 14: 817–818.
Hordijk W, Gascuel O, 2005. Improving the efficiency of SPR moves in phylogenetic tree search methods based on maximum likelihood. Bioinformatics 21: 4338–4347.
Hammond SN, Balmaseda A, Perez L, Tellez Y, Saboría SI, Mercado JC, Videa E, Rodríguez Y, Perez MA, Cuadra R, Solano S, Rocha J, Idiaquez W, Gonzalez A, Harris E, 2005. Differences in dengue severity in infants, children, and adults in a three-year hospital-based study in Nicaragua. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73: 1063–1070.
Halstead SB, Scanlon JE, Umpaivit P, Udomsakdi S, 1969. Dengue and chikungunya virus infection in man in Thailand, 1962–1964. IV. Epidemiologic studies in the Bangkok metropolitan area. Am J Trop Med Hyg 18: 997–1021.
Morrison AC, Getis A, Santiago M, Rigau-Perez JG, Reiter P, 1998. Exploratory space-time analysis of reported dengue cases during an outbreak in Florida, Puerto Rico, 1991–1992. Am J Trop Med Hyg 58: 287–298.
Neff JM, Morris L, Gonzalez-Alcover R, Coleman PH, Lyss SB, Negron H, 1967. Dengue fever in a Puerto Rican community. Am J Epidemiol 86: 162–184.
Schreiber MJ, Holmes EC, Ong SH, Soh HS, Liu W, Tanner L, Aw PP, Tan HC, Ng LC, Leo YS, Low JG, Ong A, Ooi EE, Vasudevan SG, Hibberd ML, 2009. Genomic epidemiology of a dengue virus epidemic in urban Singapore. J Virol 83: 4163–4173.
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Traditional study designs do not identify acute asymptomatic or pre-symptomatic dengue virus (DENV) infections, thus limiting our understanding of immunologic and viral factors that modulate infection outcome. In the 2006 and 2007 dengue seasons, we conducted a pilot index cluster study in Managua, Nicaragua, in which 442 persons living within 50 meters of 22 index cases identified through an ongoing pediatric cohort study were evaluated for DENV infection. Post-enrollment and pre-enrollment DENV infections were confirmed in 12 (2.7%) and 19 (4.3%) contacts, respectively. Five (42%) post-enrollment infections were asymptomatic, and DENV-2 was identified in 9 (75%) infections. Phylogenetic analysis with full-length DENV genomic sequence from contacts, index cases, and cohort dengue cases indicated focal transmission and infection outside the local area. We demonstrate the feasibility of identification of acute asymptomatic and pre-symptomatic cases in urban Latin America, the first report of such a study in the Americas, and identify age and concomitant immunity to DENV of contacts as a key factor in index cluster study design.
Financial support: This study was supported by the Pediatric Dengue Vaccine Initiative (grant #VE-1) and was supported in part with federal funds from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, under contracts HHSN266200400001C (Broad) and HHSN272200900006C (Broad).
Authors' addresses: Miguel Reyes and Guillermina Kuan, Centro de Salud Sócrates Flores Vivas, Barrio Monseñor Lezcano, Managua, Nicaragua. Juan Carlos Mercado, Juan Carlos Matute, Berman Moraga, and Angel Balmaseda, Departamento de Virología, Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico y Referencia, Ministerio de Salud, Complejo de Salud Dra. Concepcion Palacios, Primero de Mayo, Managua, Nicaragua. Katherine Standish, Oscar Ortega, and William Avilés, Sustainable Sciences Institute, c/o Centro de Salud Sócrates Flores Vivas, Barrio Monseñor Lezcano, Managua, Nicaragua. Matthew R. Henn, The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA. Eva Harris, Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA.
Endy TP, Chunsuttiwat S, Nisalak A, Libraty DH, Green S, Rothman AL, Vaughn DW, Ennis FA, 2002. Epidemiology of inapparent and symptomatice acute dengue virus infection: a prospective study of primary school children in Kamphaeng Phet, Thailand. Am J Epidemiol 156: 40–51.
Thein S, Aung MM, Shwe TN, Aye M, Zaw A, Aye K, Aye KM, Aaskov J, 1997. Risk factors in dengue shock syndrome. Am J Trop Med Hyg 56: 566–572.
Burke DS, Nisalak A, Johnson DE, Scott RM, 1988. A prospective study of dengue infections in Bangkok. Am J Trop Med Hyg 38: 172–180.
Balmaseda A, Hammond SN, Tellez Y, Imhoff L, Rodriguez Y, Saborio S, Mercado JC, Perez L, Videa E, Almanza E, Kuan G, Reyes M, Saenz L, Amador JJ, Harris E, 2006. High seroprevalence of antibodies against dengue virus in a prospective study of schoolchildren in Managua, Nicaragua. Trop Med Int Health 11: 935–942.
Balmaseda A, Mercado JC, Matute JC, Tellez Y, Saborío S, Hammond SN, Standish K, Nuñez A, Henn MR, Holmes EC, Gordon A, Coloma J, Kuan G, Harris E, 2010. Trends in patterns of dengue transmission in a pediatric cohort study in Nicaragua. J Infect Dis 201: 5–14.
Mammen MP, Pimgate C, Koenraadt CJ, Rothman AL, Aldstadt J, Nisalak A, Jarman RG, Jones JW, Srikiatkhachorn A, Ypil-Butac CA, Getis A, Thammapalo S, Morrison AC, Libraty DH, Green S, Scott TW, 2008. Spatial and temporal clustering of dengue virus transmission in Thai villages. PLoS Med 5: e205.
Beckett CG, Kosasih H, Faisal I, Nurhayati, Tan R, Widjaja S, Listiyaningsih E, Ma'roef C, Wuryadi S, Bangs MJ, Samsi TK, Yuwono D, Hayes CG, Porter KR, 2005. Early detection of dengue infections using cluster sampling around index cases. Am J Trop Med Hyg 72: 777–782.
Halstead SB, 2006. Dengue in the Americas and southeast Asia: do they differ? Rev Panam Salud Publica 20: 407–415.
Anonymous, 2008. Managua en Cifras. Instituto Nacional de Información de Desarrollo. Managua, Nicaragua.
Kuan G, Gordon A, Avilés W, Ortega O, Hammond SN, Elizondo D, Nuñez A, Coloma J, Balmaseda A, Harris E, 2009. The Nicaraguan Pediatric Dengue Cohort Study: study design, methods, use of information technology, and extension to other infectious diseases. Am J Epidemiol 170: 120–129.
Kuno G, 1997. Factors influencing the tranmsission of dengue viruses. Gubler DJ, Kuno G, eds. Dengue and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever. New York: CAB International, 61–88.
Getis A, Morrison AC, Gray K, Scott TW, 2003. Characteristics of the spatial pattern of the dengue vector, Aedes aegypti, in Iquitos, Peru. Am J Trop Med Hyg 69: 494–505.
Balmaseda A, Guzman MG, Hammond S, Robleto G, Flores C, Tellez Y, Videa E, Saborio S, Perez L, Sandoval E, Rodriguez Y, Harris E, 2003. Diagnosis of dengue virus infection by detection of specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgA antibodies in serum and saliva. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 10: 317–322.
Fernandez R, Vasquez S, 1990. Serological diagnosis of dengue by an ELISA Inhibition method. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 85: 347–351.
Harris E, Videa E, Perez L, Sandoval E, Tellez Y, Perez ML, Cuadra R, Rocha J, Idiaquez W, Alonso RE, Delgado MA, Campo LA, Acevedo F, Gonzalez A, Amador JJ, Balmaseda A, 2000. Clinical, epidemiologic, and virologic features of dengue in the 1998 epidemic in Nicaragua. Am J Trop Med Hyg 63: 5–11.
Reed LJ, Muench H, 1938. A simple method of estimating fifty percent endpoints. Am J Hyg 27: 493–497.
Lanciotti R, Calisher C, Gubler D, Chang G, Vorndam A, 1992. Rapid detection and typing of dengue viruses from clinical samples by using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. J Clin Microbiol 30: 545–551.
Balmaseda A, Sandoval E, Pérez L, Gutiérrez CM, Harris E, 1999. Application of molecular typing techniques in the 1998 dengue epidemic in Nicaragua. Am J Trop Med Hyg 61: 893–897.
Edgar RC, 2004. MUSCLE: multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput. Nucleic Acids Res 32: 1792–1797.
Posada D, Crandall KA, 1998. MODELTEST: testing the model of DNA substitution. Bioinformatics 14: 817–818.
Hordijk W, Gascuel O, 2005. Improving the efficiency of SPR moves in phylogenetic tree search methods based on maximum likelihood. Bioinformatics 21: 4338–4347.
Hammond SN, Balmaseda A, Perez L, Tellez Y, Saboría SI, Mercado JC, Videa E, Rodríguez Y, Perez MA, Cuadra R, Solano S, Rocha J, Idiaquez W, Gonzalez A, Harris E, 2005. Differences in dengue severity in infants, children, and adults in a three-year hospital-based study in Nicaragua. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73: 1063–1070.
Halstead SB, Scanlon JE, Umpaivit P, Udomsakdi S, 1969. Dengue and chikungunya virus infection in man in Thailand, 1962–1964. IV. Epidemiologic studies in the Bangkok metropolitan area. Am J Trop Med Hyg 18: 997–1021.
Morrison AC, Getis A, Santiago M, Rigau-Perez JG, Reiter P, 1998. Exploratory space-time analysis of reported dengue cases during an outbreak in Florida, Puerto Rico, 1991–1992. Am J Trop Med Hyg 58: 287–298.
Neff JM, Morris L, Gonzalez-Alcover R, Coleman PH, Lyss SB, Negron H, 1967. Dengue fever in a Puerto Rican community. Am J Epidemiol 86: 162–184.
Schreiber MJ, Holmes EC, Ong SH, Soh HS, Liu W, Tanner L, Aw PP, Tan HC, Ng LC, Leo YS, Low JG, Ong A, Ooi EE, Vasudevan SG, Hibberd ML, 2009. Genomic epidemiology of a dengue virus epidemic in urban Singapore. J Virol 83: 4163–4173.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 2630 | 2465 | 27 |
Full Text Views | 367 | 14 | 0 |
PDF Downloads | 119 | 15 | 0 |