- Introduction
- Materials and Methods
- Infecting larval D. variabilis with F. tularensis A1b, A2, and type B.
- Evaluation of the ability of nymphal D. variabilis to transmit F. tularensis.
- Evaluation of F. tularensis-induced mortality and feeding success in immature D. variabilis.
- Statistical analyses.
- Results
- Larval infection.
- Transstadial transmission.
- Survivorship of uninfected and A1b-, A2-, and type B-infected D. variabilis.
- Overall feeding success of uninfected, A1b-, A2-, and type B-infected nymphs.
- Comparison of transmission efficiency among A1b, A2, and type B.
- Bacterial kinetics of infection—bacterial acquisition through nymphal blood meal.
- Discussion
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Hopla CE, 1974. The ecology of tularemia. Adv Vet Sci Comp Med 18: 25–53.
-
2.
Morner T, 1992. The ecology of tularaemia. Rev Sci Tech 11: 1123–1130.
-
3.
Petersen JM, Mead PS, Schriefer ME, 2009. Francisella tularensis: an arthropod-borne pathogen. Vet Res 40: 7.
-
4.
Saliba GS, Harmston FC, Diamond BE, Zymet CL, Goldenbe M, Chin TDY, 1966. An outbreak of human tularemia associated with American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 15: 531–538.
-
5.
de la Cruz P, Cummings L, Harmon D, Mosier D, Johannes P, Lawler J, Pintz F, Senger K, Dosch T, 1984. Outbreak of tick-borne tularemia—South Dakota. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 33: 601–602.
-
6.
Eisen L, 2007. A call for renewed research on tick-borne Francisella tularensis in the Arkansas–Missouri primary national focus of tularemia in humans. J Med Entomol 44: 389–397.
-
7.
Goethert HK, Shani I, Telford SR, 2004. Genotypic diversity of Francisella tularensis infecting Dermacentor variabilis ticks on Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts. J Clin Microbiol 42: 4968–4973.
-
8.
Green RG, 1931. The occurrence of Bacterium tularense in the eastern wood tick, Dermacentor variabilis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 14: 600–613.
-
9.
Goethert HK, Telford SR, 2009. Nonrandom distribution of vector ticks (Dermacentor variabilis) infected by Francisella tularensis. PLoS Pathog 5: e1000319.
-
10.
Staples JE, Kubota KA, Chalcraft LG, Mead PS, Petersen JM, 2006. Epidemiologic and molecular analysis of human tularemia, United States, 1964–2004. Emerg Infect Dis 12: 1113–1118.
-
11.
Kugeler KJ, Mead PS, Janusz AM, Staples JE, Kubota KA, Chalcraft LG, Petersen JM, 2009. Molecular epidemiology of Francisella tularensis in the United States. Clin Infect Dis 48: 863–870.
-
12.
Smith CN, Cole MM, Gouck HK, 1946. Biology and Control of the American Dog Tick. Washington, DC: United States Department of Agriculture, 1–74.
-
13.
Bishop FC, Trembley HL, 1945. Distribution and hosts of certain North American ticks. J Parasitol 31: 1–54.
-
14.
Farlow J, Wagner DM, Dukerich M, Stanley M, Chu MC, Kubota KA, Petersen JM, Keim P, 2005. Francisella tularensis in the United States. Emerg Infect Dis 11: 1835–1841.
-
15.
Bell JF, 1945. The infection of ticks (Dermacentor variabilis) with Pasteurella tularensis. J Infect Dis 72: 83–95.
-
16.
Philip CB, Jellison WL, 1934. The American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis, as a host of Bacterium tularense. Public Health Rep 49: 386–392.
-
17.
Eisen RJ, Yockey B, Young J, Reese SM, Piesman J, Schriefer ME, Ben Beard C, Petersen JM, 2009. Short report: time course of hematogenous dissemination of Francisella tularensis A1, A2, and type B in laboratory mice. Am J Trop Med Hyg 80: 259–262.
-
18.
Hahn N, Eisen RJ, Eisen L, Lane RS, 2005. Ketamine-medetomidine anesthesia with atipamezole reversal: practical anesthesia for rodents under field conditions. Lab Anim (NY) 34: 48–51.
-
19.
Petersen JM, Carlson J, Yockey B, Pillai S, Kuske C, Garbalena G, Pottumarthy S, Chalcraft LG, 2009. Direct isolation of Francisella spp. from environmental samples. Lett Appl Microbiol 48: 663–667.
-
20.
Soares CAG, Zeidner NS, Beard CB, Dolan MC, Dietrich G, Piesman J, 2006. Kinetics of Borrelia burgdorferi infection in larvae of refractory and competent tick vectors. J Med Entomol 43: 61–67.
-
21.
Petersen JM, Schriefer ME, Carter LG, Zhou Y, Sealy T, Bawiec D, Yockey B, Urich S, Zeidner NS, Avashia S, Kool JL, Buck J, Lindley C, Celeda L, Monteneiri JA, Gage KL, Chu MC, 2004. Laboratory analysis of tularemia in wild-trapped, commercially traded prairie dogs, Texas, 2002. Emerg Infect Dis 10: 419–425.
-
22.
Meiners T, Hammer B, Gobel UB, Kahl O, 2006. Determining the tick scutal index allows assessment of tick feeding duration and estimation of infection risk with Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in a person bitten by an Ixodes ricinus nymph. Int J Med Microbiol 296: 103–107.
-
23.
Biggerstaff BJ, 2006. PooledInfRate, Version 3.0: A Microsoft Excel Add-In to Compute Prevalence Estimates from Pooled Samples. Fort Collins, CO: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
-
24.
Petrov VG, 1960. Experimental study of Dermacentor marginatus Sulz and Rhipicephalus rossicus Jak. Et K. Jak. ticks as vectors of tularemia. J Parasitol 46: 877–884.
-
25.
Sonenshine DE, 1991. Biology of Ticks, volume 2. New York: Oxford University Press.
-
26.
Hall JD, Craven RR, Fuller JR, Pickles RJ, Kawula TH, 2007. Francisella tularensis replicates within alveolar type II epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo following inhalation. Infect Immun 75: 1034–1039.
-
27.
Hojgaard A, Eisen RJ, Piesman J, 2008. Transmission dynamics of Borrelia burgdorferi s.s. during the key third day of feeding by nymphal Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae). J Med Entomol 45: 732–736.
-
28.
Maupin GO, Fish D, Zultowsky J, Campos EG, Piesman J, 1991. Landscape ecology of Lyme disease in a residential area of Westchester County, New York. Am J Epidemiol 133: 1105–1113.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 545 | 473 | 301 |
| Full Text Views | 329 | 15 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 131 | 16 | 0 |
Transmission Dynamics of Francisella tularensis Subspecies and Clades by Nymphal Dermacentor variabilis (Acari: Ixodidae)
Sara M. Reese
Sara M. Reese
Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado
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Gabrielle Dietrich
Gabrielle Dietrich
Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado
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Marc C. Dolan
Marc C. Dolan
Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado
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Sarah W. Sheldon
Sarah W. Sheldon
Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado
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Joseph Piesman
Joseph Piesman
Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado
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Jeannine M. Petersen
Jeannine M. Petersen
Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado
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Rebecca J. Eisen
Rebecca J. Eisen
Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado
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In the United States, the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis (Say) is considered an important biological vector of Francisella tularensis, the etiologic agent of tularemia. In this study, we evaluated the vector efficiency of nymphal D. variabilis infected as larvae with differing clades and subspecies (A1b, A2, and type B) of F. tularensis. In all cases, D. variabilis larvae were able to acquire, maintain, and transstadially transmit F. tularensis. Significant replication of the bacteria also occurred in infected nymphs. Transmission of F. tularensis to Swiss Webster mice was not observed with A1b, and low rates were observed with A2 (8.0%) and type B (13.5%). Negative effects on tick survivorship were also observed for A1b, A2, and type B infections. Our results provide evidence of a high fitness cost and low transmission rates during the immature stages, suggesting that D. variabilis may play a limited role in enzootic maintenance of F. tularensis.
Author Notes
Authors' addresses: Rebecca J. Eisen, Sara M. Reese, Gabrielle Dietrich, Marc C. Dolan, Sarah W. Sheldon, Joseph Piesman, and Jeannine M. Petersen, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, E-mails: dyn2@cdc.gov, Sreese@smtpgate.dphe.state.co.us, eid7@cdc.gov, mcd4@cdc.gov, sara.sheldon@cdc.gov, jfp2@cdc.gov, and nzp0@cdc.gov.
- Introduction
- Materials and Methods
- Infecting larval D. variabilis with F. tularensis A1b, A2, and type B.
- Evaluation of the ability of nymphal D. variabilis to transmit F. tularensis.
- Evaluation of F. tularensis-induced mortality and feeding success in immature D. variabilis.
- Statistical analyses.
- Results
- Larval infection.
- Transstadial transmission.
- Survivorship of uninfected and A1b-, A2-, and type B-infected D. variabilis.
- Overall feeding success of uninfected, A1b-, A2-, and type B-infected nymphs.
- Comparison of transmission efficiency among A1b, A2, and type B.
- Bacterial kinetics of infection—bacterial acquisition through nymphal blood meal.
- Discussion
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Hopla CE, 1974. The ecology of tularemia. Adv Vet Sci Comp Med 18: 25–53.
-
2.
Morner T, 1992. The ecology of tularaemia. Rev Sci Tech 11: 1123–1130.
-
3.
Petersen JM, Mead PS, Schriefer ME, 2009. Francisella tularensis: an arthropod-borne pathogen. Vet Res 40: 7.
-
4.
Saliba GS, Harmston FC, Diamond BE, Zymet CL, Goldenbe M, Chin TDY, 1966. An outbreak of human tularemia associated with American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 15: 531–538.
-
5.
de la Cruz P, Cummings L, Harmon D, Mosier D, Johannes P, Lawler J, Pintz F, Senger K, Dosch T, 1984. Outbreak of tick-borne tularemia—South Dakota. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 33: 601–602.
-
6.
Eisen L, 2007. A call for renewed research on tick-borne Francisella tularensis in the Arkansas–Missouri primary national focus of tularemia in humans. J Med Entomol 44: 389–397.
-
7.
Goethert HK, Shani I, Telford SR, 2004. Genotypic diversity of Francisella tularensis infecting Dermacentor variabilis ticks on Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts. J Clin Microbiol 42: 4968–4973.
-
8.
Green RG, 1931. The occurrence of Bacterium tularense in the eastern wood tick, Dermacentor variabilis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 14: 600–613.
-
9.
Goethert HK, Telford SR, 2009. Nonrandom distribution of vector ticks (Dermacentor variabilis) infected by Francisella tularensis. PLoS Pathog 5: e1000319.
-
10.
Staples JE, Kubota KA, Chalcraft LG, Mead PS, Petersen JM, 2006. Epidemiologic and molecular analysis of human tularemia, United States, 1964–2004. Emerg Infect Dis 12: 1113–1118.
-
11.
Kugeler KJ, Mead PS, Janusz AM, Staples JE, Kubota KA, Chalcraft LG, Petersen JM, 2009. Molecular epidemiology of Francisella tularensis in the United States. Clin Infect Dis 48: 863–870.
-
12.
Smith CN, Cole MM, Gouck HK, 1946. Biology and Control of the American Dog Tick. Washington, DC: United States Department of Agriculture, 1–74.
-
13.
Bishop FC, Trembley HL, 1945. Distribution and hosts of certain North American ticks. J Parasitol 31: 1–54.
-
14.
Farlow J, Wagner DM, Dukerich M, Stanley M, Chu MC, Kubota KA, Petersen JM, Keim P, 2005. Francisella tularensis in the United States. Emerg Infect Dis 11: 1835–1841.
-
15.
Bell JF, 1945. The infection of ticks (Dermacentor variabilis) with Pasteurella tularensis. J Infect Dis 72: 83–95.
-
16.
Philip CB, Jellison WL, 1934. The American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis, as a host of Bacterium tularense. Public Health Rep 49: 386–392.
-
17.
Eisen RJ, Yockey B, Young J, Reese SM, Piesman J, Schriefer ME, Ben Beard C, Petersen JM, 2009. Short report: time course of hematogenous dissemination of Francisella tularensis A1, A2, and type B in laboratory mice. Am J Trop Med Hyg 80: 259–262.
-
18.
Hahn N, Eisen RJ, Eisen L, Lane RS, 2005. Ketamine-medetomidine anesthesia with atipamezole reversal: practical anesthesia for rodents under field conditions. Lab Anim (NY) 34: 48–51.
-
19.
Petersen JM, Carlson J, Yockey B, Pillai S, Kuske C, Garbalena G, Pottumarthy S, Chalcraft LG, 2009. Direct isolation of Francisella spp. from environmental samples. Lett Appl Microbiol 48: 663–667.
-
20.
Soares CAG, Zeidner NS, Beard CB, Dolan MC, Dietrich G, Piesman J, 2006. Kinetics of Borrelia burgdorferi infection in larvae of refractory and competent tick vectors. J Med Entomol 43: 61–67.
-
21.
Petersen JM, Schriefer ME, Carter LG, Zhou Y, Sealy T, Bawiec D, Yockey B, Urich S, Zeidner NS, Avashia S, Kool JL, Buck J, Lindley C, Celeda L, Monteneiri JA, Gage KL, Chu MC, 2004. Laboratory analysis of tularemia in wild-trapped, commercially traded prairie dogs, Texas, 2002. Emerg Infect Dis 10: 419–425.
-
22.
Meiners T, Hammer B, Gobel UB, Kahl O, 2006. Determining the tick scutal index allows assessment of tick feeding duration and estimation of infection risk with Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in a person bitten by an Ixodes ricinus nymph. Int J Med Microbiol 296: 103–107.
-
23.
Biggerstaff BJ, 2006. PooledInfRate, Version 3.0: A Microsoft Excel Add-In to Compute Prevalence Estimates from Pooled Samples. Fort Collins, CO: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
-
24.
Petrov VG, 1960. Experimental study of Dermacentor marginatus Sulz and Rhipicephalus rossicus Jak. Et K. Jak. ticks as vectors of tularemia. J Parasitol 46: 877–884.
-
25.
Sonenshine DE, 1991. Biology of Ticks, volume 2. New York: Oxford University Press.
-
26.
Hall JD, Craven RR, Fuller JR, Pickles RJ, Kawula TH, 2007. Francisella tularensis replicates within alveolar type II epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo following inhalation. Infect Immun 75: 1034–1039.
-
27.
Hojgaard A, Eisen RJ, Piesman J, 2008. Transmission dynamics of Borrelia burgdorferi s.s. during the key third day of feeding by nymphal Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae). J Med Entomol 45: 732–736.
-
28.
Maupin GO, Fish D, Zultowsky J, Campos EG, Piesman J, 1991. Landscape ecology of Lyme disease in a residential area of Westchester County, New York. Am J Epidemiol 133: 1105–1113.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 545 | 473 | 301 |
| Full Text Views | 329 | 15 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 131 | 16 | 0 |