ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
World Health Organization, 2003. Malaria Entomology and Vector Control. Learner's Guide. Part 1. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
2.
Service MW, 1977. A critical review of procedures for sampling populations of adult mosquitoes. Bull Entomol Res 67: 343–382.
-
3.
Mboera LEG, 2005. Sampling techniques for adult Afrotropical malaria vectors and their reliability in the estimation of entomological inoculation rates. Tanzan Health Res Bull 7: 117–124.
-
4.
Geissbühler Y, Chaki P, Emidi B, Govella NJ, Shirima R, Mayagaya V, Mtasiwa D, Mshinda H, Fillinger U, Lindsay SW, Kannady K, Caldas de Castro M, Tanner M, Killeen GF, 2007. Interdependence of domestic malaria prevention measures and mosquito-human interactions in urban Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Malar J 6: 126.
-
5.
Fillinger U, Kannady K, William G, Vanek MJ, Dongus S, Nyika D, Geissbuhler Y, Chaki PP, Govella NJ, Mathenge EM, Singer BH, Mshinda H, Lindsay SW, Tanner M, Mtasiwa D, Castro MC, Killeen GF, 2008. A tool for operational mosquito larval control; preliminary results and early lessons from the Urban Malaria Control Programme in Dar es salaam. Malar J 7: 20.
-
6.
Kleinschmeidt I, Schwabe C, Shiva M, Segura JL, Sima V, Mabunda SJA, Coleman M, 2009. Combining indoor residual spraying and insecticide-treated nets interventions. Am J Trop Med Hyg 81: 519–524.
-
7.
World Health Organization, 2005. Roll Back Malaria Partnership. Global Strategic Plan 2005–2015. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
8.
World Health Organization, 2005. Resolution 58.2. Malaria Control. Fifty-Eighth World Health Assembly, Resolutions and Decisions Annex. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
9.
World Health Organization, 2000. Roll Back Malaria Partnership The African Summit on Roll Back Malaria. Abuja, Nigeria, April 25th. Geneva: World Health Organization, WHO/CDS/RBM/2000.17.
-
10.
Feachem R, Sabot O, 2008. A new global malaria eradication strategy. Lancet 371: 1633–1635.
-
11.
Ceesay S, Casals-Pascual C, Erskine J, Anya SE, Duah NO, Fulford AJC, Sesay SSS, Abubakar I, Dunyo S, Sey O, Palmer A, Fofana M, Corrah T, Bojang KA, Whittle HC, Greenwood BM, Conyway DJ, 2008. Changes in malaria indices between 1999 and 2007 in The Gambia: a retrospective analysis. Lancet 372: 1545–1554.
-
12.
O'Meara WP, Bejon P, Mwangi TW, Okiro EA, Peshu N, Snow RW, Newton CRJC, Marsh K, 2008. Effect of a fall in malaria transmission on morbidity and mortality in Kilifi, Kenya. Lancet 372: 1555–1562.
-
13.
Battarai A, Ali AS, Kachur SP, Martensson A, Abbas AK, Khatib R, Al-mafazy A, Ramsan M, Rottlant G, Gerstenmaier JF, Molteni F, Abdulla S, Montgomery SM, Kaneko A, Bjorkman A, 2007. Impact of artemisinin-based combination therapy and insecticide-treated nets on malaria burden in Zanzibar. PLoS Med 4: e309.
-
14.
Fegan GW, Noor AM, Akhwale WS, Cousens S, Snow RW, 2007. Effect of expanded insecticide-treated bednet coverage on child mortality in rural Kenya: a longitudinal study. Lancet 370: 1035–1039.
-
15.
Sharp BL, Kleinschmidt I, Streat E, Maharaj R, Barnes KI, Durrheim DN, Ridl FC, Morris N, Seocharan I, Kunene S, La Grange JJ, Mthembu JD, Maartens F, Martin CL, Barreto A, 2007. Seven years of regional malaria control collaboration–Mozambique, South Africa, and Swaziland. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76: 42–47.
-
16.
Beier JC, Killeen GF, Githure J, 1999. Short report: entomologic inoculation rates and Plasmodium falciparum malaria prevalence in Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 61: 109–113.
-
17.
Geissbühler Y, Kannady K, Chaki PP, Emidi B, Govella NJ, Mayagaya V, Kiama M, Mtasiwa D, Mshinda H, Lindsay SW, 2009. Microbial larvicide application by a large-scale, community-based program reduces malaria infection prevalence in Urban Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania. PLoS One 4: e5107.
-
18.
Govella NJ, Chaki PP, Geissbühler Y, Kannady K, Okumu FO, Charlwood JD, Anderson RA, Killeen GF, 2009. A new tent trap for sampling exophagic and endophagic members of the Anopheles gambiae complex. Malar J 8: 157.
-
19.
Sikulu M, Govella NJ, Ogoma SB, Mpangile J, Kambi SH, Kannady K, Chaki PP, Mukabana WR, Killeen GF, 2009. Comparative evaluation of the Ifakara tent trap-B, standardized resting boxes and human landing catch for sampling malaria vectors and other mosquitoes in urban Dar es Salaam. Malar J 8: 197.
-
20.
World Health Organization, 1975. Manual of Practical Entomology in Malaria. Part 1. Vector Bionomics and Organisation of Antimalarial Activities. Geneva: World Health Organization, No. 13; 1975a.
-
21.
Killeen GF, Tami A, Kihonda J, Okumu FO, Kotas ME, Grundmann H, Kasigudi N, Ngonyani H, Mayagaya V, Nathan R, Abdulla S, Charlwood JD, Smith TA, Lengeler C, 2007. Cost-sharing strategies combining targeted public subsidies with private-sector delivery achieve high bednet coverage and reduced malaria transmission in Kilombero valley, southern Tanzania. BMC Infect Dis 7: 121.
-
22.
Ferguson HM, Ng'habi KR, Walder T, Kadungula D, Moore SJ, Lyimo I, Russell TL, Urassa H, Mshinda H, Killeen GF, Knols BGJ, 2008. Establishment of a large semi-field system for experimental study of African malaria vector ecology and control in Tanzania. Malar J 7: 158.
-
23.
Okumu FO, Killeen GF, Ogoma SB, Biswaro L, Smallegange RC, Mbeyela E, Titus E, Munk C, Ngonyani H, Takken W, Mshinda H, Mukabana WR, Moore SJ, 2010. Development and field evaluation of synthetic mosquito lure that is more attractive than humans. PLoS One 5: e8951.
-
24.
Gillies MT, Coetzee M, 1987. A Supplement to the Anophelinae of Africa South of the Sahara (Afrotropical Region). Johannesburg: South African Medical Research Institute.
-
25.
Scott JA, Brogdon WG, Collins FH, 1993. Identification of single specimens of Anopheles gambiae complex by polymerase chain reaction. Am J Trop Med Hyg 49: 520–529.
-
26.
Snow WF, 1987. Studies on the house-entering habits of mosquitoes in The Gambia, West Africa: experiments with prefabricated huts with varied wall apertures. Med Vet Entomol 1: 9–21.
-
27.
Tirados I, Costantini C, Gibson G, Torr SJ, 2005. Blood-feeding behaviour of the malarial mosquito Anopheles arabiensis: implications for malaria control. Med Vet Entomol 20: 425–427.
-
28.
Mukabana WR, Kannady K, Kiama GM, Ijumba JN, Mathenge EM, Kiche I, Nkwengulila G, Mboera L, Mtasiwa D, Yamagata Y, van Schayk I, Knols BG, Lindsay SW, Caldas de Castro M, Mshinda H, Tanner M, Fillinger U, Killeen GF, 2006. Ecologists can enable communities to implement malaria vector control in Africa. Malar J 5: 9.
-
29.
Service MW, 1993. Mosquito Ecology: Field Sampling Methods. London and New York: Elsevier Applied Science.
-
30.
Lines JD, Curtis CF, Wilkes TJ, Njunwa KJ, 1991. Monitoring human-biting mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Tanzania with light-traps hung beside mosquito nets. Bull Entomol Res 81: 77–84.
-
31.
World Health Organization, 1975. Manual on Practical Entomology. Part 2. Methods and Techniques. Geneva: World Health Organization No. 13.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 801 | 701 | 11 |
| Full Text Views | 268 | 11 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 76 | 8 | 0 |
An Exposure-Free Tool for Monitoring Adult Malaria Mosquito Populations
Nicodem J. Govella
Nicodem J. Govella
Ifakara Health Institute, Coordination Office, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Disease Control and Vector Biology Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Jason D. Moore
Jason D. Moore
Ifakara Health Institute, Coordination Office, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Disease Control and Vector Biology Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Gerry F. Killeen
Gerry F. Killeen
Ifakara Health Institute, Coordination Office, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Disease Control and Vector Biology Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
Search for other papers by Gerry F. Killeen in
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Search for other papers by Gerry F. Killeen in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Catches of Anopheles gambiae and An. arabiensis with the Ifakara Tent Trap-model B (ITT-B) correlate better with human landing catches than any other method but fail to reduce the proportion of blood-fed mosquito caught, which indicates that users are exposed to bites during collection. An improved C model (ITT-C) was developed and evaluated by comparing with ITT-B in semi-field and full-field conditions in southern Tanzania. The sensitivity of the ITT-C was approximately two times that of the ITT-B: relative rate (95% confidence interval) = 1.92 (1.52–2.42), 1.90 (1.48–2.43), and 2.30 (1.54–3.30) for field populations of An. arabiensis, Culex spp., and Mansonia spp., respectively. The ITT-C caught 73% less blood-fed An. arabiensis than the ITT-B in open field experiments and none in semi-field experiments, which confirmed that the C design is a safe trapping method. Validation of ITT-C by comparison with human landing catches and parasitologic measures of human infection status may be necessary to confirm that this design produces consistent and epidemiologically meaningful results.
Author Notes
Financial support: The work was supported by the Wellcome Trust (Research Career Development Fellowship no. 076806 awarded to Gerry F. Killeen) and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation through the Malaria Transmission Consortium (Award no. 45114), coordinated by Dr. Neil Lobo and Professor Frank Collins at Notre Dame University (Notre Dame, IN). The funding source had no involvement in the study design, analysis, writing of the manuscript, or decision to submit for publication.
Authors' addresses: Nicodem J. Govella and Gerry F. Killeen, Ifakara Health Institute, Coordination Office, Mikocheni, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania and Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, United Kingdom, E-mails: govella@ihi.or.tz and gkilleen@ihi.or.tz. Jason D. Moore, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara Branch, Ifakara, Morogoro, Tanzania and Disease Control and Vector Biology Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, E-mail: jdmoore@gmail.com.
Reprint requests: Nicodem J. Govella, Ifakara Health Institute, Coordination Office, PO Box 78373, Kiko Avenue, Mikocheni, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, E-mail: govella@ihi.or.tz.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
World Health Organization, 2003. Malaria Entomology and Vector Control. Learner's Guide. Part 1. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
2.
Service MW, 1977. A critical review of procedures for sampling populations of adult mosquitoes. Bull Entomol Res 67: 343–382.
-
3.
Mboera LEG, 2005. Sampling techniques for adult Afrotropical malaria vectors and their reliability in the estimation of entomological inoculation rates. Tanzan Health Res Bull 7: 117–124.
-
4.
Geissbühler Y, Chaki P, Emidi B, Govella NJ, Shirima R, Mayagaya V, Mtasiwa D, Mshinda H, Fillinger U, Lindsay SW, Kannady K, Caldas de Castro M, Tanner M, Killeen GF, 2007. Interdependence of domestic malaria prevention measures and mosquito-human interactions in urban Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Malar J 6: 126.
-
5.
Fillinger U, Kannady K, William G, Vanek MJ, Dongus S, Nyika D, Geissbuhler Y, Chaki PP, Govella NJ, Mathenge EM, Singer BH, Mshinda H, Lindsay SW, Tanner M, Mtasiwa D, Castro MC, Killeen GF, 2008. A tool for operational mosquito larval control; preliminary results and early lessons from the Urban Malaria Control Programme in Dar es salaam. Malar J 7: 20.
-
6.
Kleinschmeidt I, Schwabe C, Shiva M, Segura JL, Sima V, Mabunda SJA, Coleman M, 2009. Combining indoor residual spraying and insecticide-treated nets interventions. Am J Trop Med Hyg 81: 519–524.
-
7.
World Health Organization, 2005. Roll Back Malaria Partnership. Global Strategic Plan 2005–2015. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
8.
World Health Organization, 2005. Resolution 58.2. Malaria Control. Fifty-Eighth World Health Assembly, Resolutions and Decisions Annex. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
9.
World Health Organization, 2000. Roll Back Malaria Partnership The African Summit on Roll Back Malaria. Abuja, Nigeria, April 25th. Geneva: World Health Organization, WHO/CDS/RBM/2000.17.
-
10.
Feachem R, Sabot O, 2008. A new global malaria eradication strategy. Lancet 371: 1633–1635.
-
11.
Ceesay S, Casals-Pascual C, Erskine J, Anya SE, Duah NO, Fulford AJC, Sesay SSS, Abubakar I, Dunyo S, Sey O, Palmer A, Fofana M, Corrah T, Bojang KA, Whittle HC, Greenwood BM, Conyway DJ, 2008. Changes in malaria indices between 1999 and 2007 in The Gambia: a retrospective analysis. Lancet 372: 1545–1554.
-
12.
O'Meara WP, Bejon P, Mwangi TW, Okiro EA, Peshu N, Snow RW, Newton CRJC, Marsh K, 2008. Effect of a fall in malaria transmission on morbidity and mortality in Kilifi, Kenya. Lancet 372: 1555–1562.
-
13.
Battarai A, Ali AS, Kachur SP, Martensson A, Abbas AK, Khatib R, Al-mafazy A, Ramsan M, Rottlant G, Gerstenmaier JF, Molteni F, Abdulla S, Montgomery SM, Kaneko A, Bjorkman A, 2007. Impact of artemisinin-based combination therapy and insecticide-treated nets on malaria burden in Zanzibar. PLoS Med 4: e309.
-
14.
Fegan GW, Noor AM, Akhwale WS, Cousens S, Snow RW, 2007. Effect of expanded insecticide-treated bednet coverage on child mortality in rural Kenya: a longitudinal study. Lancet 370: 1035–1039.
-
15.
Sharp BL, Kleinschmidt I, Streat E, Maharaj R, Barnes KI, Durrheim DN, Ridl FC, Morris N, Seocharan I, Kunene S, La Grange JJ, Mthembu JD, Maartens F, Martin CL, Barreto A, 2007. Seven years of regional malaria control collaboration–Mozambique, South Africa, and Swaziland. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76: 42–47.
-
16.
Beier JC, Killeen GF, Githure J, 1999. Short report: entomologic inoculation rates and Plasmodium falciparum malaria prevalence in Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 61: 109–113.
-
17.
Geissbühler Y, Kannady K, Chaki PP, Emidi B, Govella NJ, Mayagaya V, Kiama M, Mtasiwa D, Mshinda H, Lindsay SW, 2009. Microbial larvicide application by a large-scale, community-based program reduces malaria infection prevalence in Urban Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania. PLoS One 4: e5107.
-
18.
Govella NJ, Chaki PP, Geissbühler Y, Kannady K, Okumu FO, Charlwood JD, Anderson RA, Killeen GF, 2009. A new tent trap for sampling exophagic and endophagic members of the Anopheles gambiae complex. Malar J 8: 157.
-
19.
Sikulu M, Govella NJ, Ogoma SB, Mpangile J, Kambi SH, Kannady K, Chaki PP, Mukabana WR, Killeen GF, 2009. Comparative evaluation of the Ifakara tent trap-B, standardized resting boxes and human landing catch for sampling malaria vectors and other mosquitoes in urban Dar es Salaam. Malar J 8: 197.
-
20.
World Health Organization, 1975. Manual of Practical Entomology in Malaria. Part 1. Vector Bionomics and Organisation of Antimalarial Activities. Geneva: World Health Organization, No. 13; 1975a.
-
21.
Killeen GF, Tami A, Kihonda J, Okumu FO, Kotas ME, Grundmann H, Kasigudi N, Ngonyani H, Mayagaya V, Nathan R, Abdulla S, Charlwood JD, Smith TA, Lengeler C, 2007. Cost-sharing strategies combining targeted public subsidies with private-sector delivery achieve high bednet coverage and reduced malaria transmission in Kilombero valley, southern Tanzania. BMC Infect Dis 7: 121.
-
22.
Ferguson HM, Ng'habi KR, Walder T, Kadungula D, Moore SJ, Lyimo I, Russell TL, Urassa H, Mshinda H, Killeen GF, Knols BGJ, 2008. Establishment of a large semi-field system for experimental study of African malaria vector ecology and control in Tanzania. Malar J 7: 158.
-
23.
Okumu FO, Killeen GF, Ogoma SB, Biswaro L, Smallegange RC, Mbeyela E, Titus E, Munk C, Ngonyani H, Takken W, Mshinda H, Mukabana WR, Moore SJ, 2010. Development and field evaluation of synthetic mosquito lure that is more attractive than humans. PLoS One 5: e8951.
-
24.
Gillies MT, Coetzee M, 1987. A Supplement to the Anophelinae of Africa South of the Sahara (Afrotropical Region). Johannesburg: South African Medical Research Institute.
-
25.
Scott JA, Brogdon WG, Collins FH, 1993. Identification of single specimens of Anopheles gambiae complex by polymerase chain reaction. Am J Trop Med Hyg 49: 520–529.
-
26.
Snow WF, 1987. Studies on the house-entering habits of mosquitoes in The Gambia, West Africa: experiments with prefabricated huts with varied wall apertures. Med Vet Entomol 1: 9–21.
-
27.
Tirados I, Costantini C, Gibson G, Torr SJ, 2005. Blood-feeding behaviour of the malarial mosquito Anopheles arabiensis: implications for malaria control. Med Vet Entomol 20: 425–427.
-
28.
Mukabana WR, Kannady K, Kiama GM, Ijumba JN, Mathenge EM, Kiche I, Nkwengulila G, Mboera L, Mtasiwa D, Yamagata Y, van Schayk I, Knols BG, Lindsay SW, Caldas de Castro M, Mshinda H, Tanner M, Fillinger U, Killeen GF, 2006. Ecologists can enable communities to implement malaria vector control in Africa. Malar J 5: 9.
-
29.
Service MW, 1993. Mosquito Ecology: Field Sampling Methods. London and New York: Elsevier Applied Science.
-
30.
Lines JD, Curtis CF, Wilkes TJ, Njunwa KJ, 1991. Monitoring human-biting mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Tanzania with light-traps hung beside mosquito nets. Bull Entomol Res 81: 77–84.
-
31.
World Health Organization, 1975. Manual on Practical Entomology. Part 2. Methods and Techniques. Geneva: World Health Organization No. 13.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 801 | 701 | 11 |
| Full Text Views | 268 | 11 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 76 | 8 | 0 |